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Prevalence And Risk Factors Association Of Babesiosis In Cattle And Buffaloes In District Naushahro Feroze, Sindh, Pakistan, Kazim Raza, Amjad Hussain, Sajid Moin, Huzaifa Arain, Muhammad Mohsen, Maria Abubakar, Erum Bughio, Barkat Ali

Journal of Bioresource Management

Background: Bovine babesiosis is a protozoan disease that is transmitted by ticks and has significant veterinary and economic impacts on tropical livestock systems. Prior to this study, no epidemiological data was available of Sindh, Pakistan.

Purpose: To estimate the Babesia spp. prevalence and estimate the risk factors with respect to cattle and buffaloes in five tehsils of District Naushahro Feroze, Sindh, Pakistan.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using 200 blood samples (100 Thari cattle; 100 Kundhi buffaloes; both sexes) in five tehsils (Kandiaro, Moro, Mehrabpur, Bhiria and Naushahro Feroze). Thin blood smears under Giemsa stain were viewed under oil-immersion …

Evaluation Of Heavy Metal And Health Risks Of Well Water In Abobo, Osara And Osaragada Communities In Kogi State, North-Central, Nigeria, Muhammed Haruna Isah, Blessing Ahmed, Dauda Tanko, Adang Kombe Lucas

Journal of Bioresource Management

Human health may be at risk if drinking water contains excessive amounts of heavy metals (HMs). To determine risks related to heavy metals, fifteen water samples were taken every month between July and September, 2024 from the communities of Abobo (Site A), Osara (Site B) and Osaragada (Site C) close to Confluence University of Science and Technology, Osara. These samples were tested for ten HMs (Cu, Fe, Ni, Zn, Co, Cd, As, Cr, Hg, Pb) with the aid of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The average concentration ranges as follows: Fe (0.378-0.511 mg/l), Cu (1.643-1.720 mg/l), Ni (0.31-0.556 mg/l), Zn (0.17-0.271 mg/l), …

Nanotechnology In Wound Healing And The Rising Role Of Bionanocomposites, Humaira Yasmeen, Saher Mahmood, Iqra Munir, Hubza Ruatt Khan, Iram Asim, Abeera Abid, Kashaf Junaid, Asif Raheem, Sara Janiad

Journal of Bioresource Management

Nanotechnology holds considerable promise in the field of biomedical research, particularly in the creation of innovative materials. Its influence extends significantly to medication formulation, drug delivery systems, and the realm of nanomedicine. These materials are being increasingly investigated for a range of applications; nevertheless, it is essential to conduct thorough assessments of their safety and environmental implications. Globally, millions of people suffer from slow wound healing, which leads to heightened mortality rates and escalated healthcare expenses. The primary factors contributing to impaired wound healing include microbial infection, unstable inflammation, and persistent inflammation. Regrettably, these critical issues have not been adequately …

The Multifaceted Medicinal Properties Of Momordica Charantia: Insights Into Phytochemistry And Therapeutic Applications, Maham Ashfaq, Haroon Ur Rashid, Javaria Ashfaq, Shazia Ramzan, Fatma Hussain

Journal of Bioresource Management

Momordica charantia (bitter melon) is a significant medicinal plant, having been long used in traditional medicine in Asian, African and South American systems. M. charantia is more than a traditional medicine; by consolidating existing evidence, it is a promising source of drug discovery and can serve as a complementary in contemporary therapeutics. Over the last several decades, it has become the subject of contemporary biomedical studies due to its abundance of phytochemicals, such as saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and polypeptides. These bioactive compounds present a wide range of pharmacological processes that M. charantia can be a natural solution to some of …

Fungal-Associated Deterioration Of Polythene Bags Collected From The Dumping Sites Of District Sialkot: A Preliminary Screening Study, Zarish Fatima, Brian Gagosh Nayyar, Ayesha Sarwar, Mah-E- Noor Abbas, Saira Fiaz, Wajiha Seerat

Journal of Bioresource Management

Polythene bags are highly inert plastic materials made from monomers of ethylene. Due to their durability, lightweight, and low-weight characteristics, polythene bags are in high demand among consumers and retailers worldwide. This widespread use of polythene bags has led to the generation of polythene waste in the environment. This study focused on the degradation of polythene bags through fungal strains in the desired region.  In this research, three identified fungal strains, namely Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Fusarium oxysporum, were screened using two synthetic media for degradation, such as the culture plate method (CPM) and Liquid media degradation (LMD). A …

Grade Level Differences In The Impact Of A Mental Health And Substance Use Program Among Filipino Junior High School Students, Trixia Anne C. Co, Maria Regina Hechanova, Jayson A. Soliman, Jerame N. Gamboa, Plato B. Mercado, Rodel T. Alimurong, Joan N. Puebla, Criselda G. Nicdao

Asia-Pacific Social Science Review

No abstract provided.

A Mathematical Model For Managing Diphtheria Outbreaks In Nigeria Via Vaccination, Enhanced Surveillance, Effective Quarantine, And Social Distancing Measures, Hycienth Ortser Orapine, Nyiutya Cephas Ine, Dekera Jacob Washachi, Ali Audu Baidu, Lubem Matthew Kwaghkor

Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation with Applications

Diphtheria is a highly infectious respiratory and skin disease that poses a significant threat to global public health. In Nigeria, children and adults with low immunity remain at high risk due to recurring annual outbreaks in the last decade, with a death rate of as high as 68.8\%. This paper presents a deterministic compartmental model to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions implemented by the Nigerian government. The model's mathematical and epidemiological validity is established through proofs of non-negativity and boundedness. The basic reproduction number ($R_0$) is derived, and stability analysis confirms that the diphtheria-free equilibrium is locally and globally asymptotically …

Ai-Enhanced Heat Transfer Optimization In Magnetic Bio-Nanofluids, Hasan Attyah Shaboot

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Engineering Sciences

This study presents a hybrid Artificial Intelligence–Computational Fluid Dynamics (AI-CFD) framework for optimizing heat transfer in magnetic bio-nanofluids subjected to external magnetic fields. Magnetic bio-nanofluids, composed of biocompatible base fluids containing superparamagnetic nanoparticles, exhibit tunable thermal and flow behavior, making them promising for biomedical and micro-cooling applications. Conventional optimization methods based on experiments or brute-force CFD are computationally expensive and limited in exploring the full design space. To overcome these challenges, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) surrogate model was developed to predict two key performance indicators, the Nusselt number and the friction factor, with high accuracy (R² > 0.997). The …

Association Between Body Mass Index, Vitamin D3 And Lipid Profile In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Eman Ali Hussein, Hulia Kanan Mohammed, Zainab Abduljabbar Ridha Al-Ali, Qater Alnada Jassim Mohammed, Alaa Al-Noori, Tarik Muhammad Ali, Noor Thair Tahir

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Dyslipidemia and vitamin D Deficiency are one of the most common disorders among type 2 DM patients, this study was conducted to investigate in the relationship between lipid profile and vitamin D status and body mass index (BMI) Among DM patients in Baghdad province / Iraq. study was madeon 120 subjects (diabetic as well non diabetic). The fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, glycated HbA1c), lipid profile including total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL andVLDL levels and serum vitamin D level were analyzed. Current study observied that the values for FBG, HbA1c, insulin, HOMOIR, TC, TG, HDL, LDL, VLDL, and Vitamin D, …

Effect Of High Protein Diets On Kidney Health Among Athletes And Bodybuilders With Normal Kidney Function, Mustafa Mehdi Alqazzaz, Sajad Abdullah Jleep, Nouran Hussein Mutlaq, Ali Jabbar Jassem

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

This study emphasizes the effect of high-protein diets(HPD) on kidney function, focusing on key biomarkers (Albumin, Urea, Creatinine & GFR). A HPD is defined as a protein consumption >1.5g/kg per day. Results indicated variations in certain biomarkers among the participants (healthy athletes & bodybuilders with normal kidney function) suggesting potential changes in renal workload. Many studies in resistance-trained athletes focusing at HPD, concluded that there are no harmful effects of HPD on renal health. While no immediate kidney damage was observed, we suggest further investigation into the long -term implications of HPD, particularly for individuals with specific health conditions.

Epidemiology, Classification, Risk Factors, Pathophysiology And Management Of Diabetes Mellitus: A Review, Mohammed Raad Khalaf, Tariq Muhammed Ali, Entedhar K. Hussain, Alaa Al-Noori

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder, remains a global health challenge with escalating prevalence rates, necessitating a thorough understanding of its multifaceted aspects for effective management. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the epidemiology, classification, risk factors, pathophysiology, and management strategies of diabetes. The epidemiology highlights the rising global prevalence of DM and its regional variations, emphasizing the socio-economic and demographic factors contributing to this epidemic. The classification provides an in-depth analysis of the evolving classification systems, encompassing Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes. Risk factors associated with the development of diabetes are explored, encompassing genetic predisposition, lifestyle …

Mapping The Evidence Base Of Kidney, Prostate And Urinary Tract Tumours To Inform The Who Classification Of Tumours, Sophie Gruber, Karolina Worf, Inga Trulson, Laura Knoblauch, Tobias Gruber, Kirstina Schwamborn, Fiona Campbell, Richard Colling, Alex Inskip, Elena Plans-Beriso, Oana M. Craciun, Magdalena Chechlińska, Magdalena Kowalewska, Kateryna Maslova, Puay Hoon Tan, Harshima Wijesinghe, Ian A. Cree, Dilani Lokuhetty, Blanca Iciar Indave Ruiz, Stefan Holdenrieder

Peninsula Medical School

BackgroundThe project ‘World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumours (WCT): a Living Evidence Gap Map by Tumour Type’ applies the Evidence and Gap Map (EGM) methodology to systematically synthesise evidence to support iterative refinements of the WCT. As part of this work, we created the first EGM for the WCT of Urinary and Male Genital Tumors, covering clear cell renal cell carcinoma, non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma, glandular neoplasms of the prostate and urothelial tumours.MethodsSystematic searches in PubMed and Ovid Embase were conducted and harmonised to a 2020 to 2024 publication time period. Following title and abstract screening, reviewers coded …

The Pivotal Role Of Artificial Intelligence In Optimizing Pharmaceutical Formulation And Delivery, Ali Khidher Abbas, Mustafa M. Noori, Ibtihal Abdulkadhim Dakhil, Mohammed Hussain Al-Mayahy

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technological paradigm within the pharmaceutical sciences, offering innovative and forward-looking solutions to surmount the inherent limitations associated with conventional drug development, formulation design, and therapeutic delivery systems. Traditional pharmaceutical methodologies frequently entail protracted development timelines, extensive experimental procedures, and substantial financial expenditures, particularly within the domains of formulation optimization and drug delivery design. The integration of AI-driven technologies – encompassing machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), artificial neural networks (ANNs), and predictive analytics – has considerably accelerated pharmaceutical research by refining decision-making processes, alleviating experimental burden, and enhancing formulation efficiency. The present …

The Pathological Interaction Between Diabetes And Hypertension: Mechanisms And Clinical Complications, Alaa Al-Noori, Ayad Ahmed Al-Taweel, Qater Alnada Jassim Mohammed, Tarik Muhammad Ali, Majeed Mihsin B. Al-Hamdani, Noor Thair Tahir

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Among the most prevalent chronic conditions, diabetes and hypertension frequently coexist in a single patient, aggravating vascular problems and hastening the deterioration of target organs, especially the kidneys. By raising intraglomerular pressure, impairing endothelial function, and triggering oxidative stress and inflammation, hypertension directly increases the chance of developing diabetes sequelae, including diabetic nephropathy. Chronic kidney disease advances more quickly when poorly managed hyperglycemia and hypertension combine to cause a decrease in glomerular filtration rate and an increase in urine albumin excretion. Other consequences like retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease are also encouraged by this pathological occurrence. Reducing the advancement of …

Clinical Significance Of Liver Enzyme Biomarkers In Chronic Statin Users, Muayad Khaleel Ibrahim, Saad Mahmoud Saeed

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

It is possible that statins, by their dual capacity to modulate (both stimulate and suppress) immune responses, could play a role in influencing the course of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, our investigation was designed to explore how statins impact both the innate and adaptive branches of the immune system, as well as their effect on the crucial mechanism of self-tolerance. This was achieved through the comprehensive measurement of various antibody profiles, specifically including the detection and quantification of autoantibodies, such as antinuclear antibodies and Creatinine kinase, Aldolase, HMGCR antibody, Albumin and Bilirubin and Alanine transaminase, Aspartate aminotransferase, Our investigation employed a …

Measuring The Concentration Of Heavy Metals In The Serum Of Traffic Police And Their Impact On Heart Disease In The Future, Hanaa Khalil Sacheat

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

The spread of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and nickel is a clear danger that threatens the earth and disrupts the ecological balance. In this research, we evaluated the danger of these metals present in the areas of traffic points for traffic policemen who are present for long periods at traffic points. 25 blood samples were collected from traffic policemen present at traffic points, with information about age, date of joining the job, and smoking, The comparison was made with the same number of samples of people who were in a job inside buildings, The results showed a significant …

Dynamical Behavior, Extinction And Persistence In A Stochastic Delayed Two-Strain Epidemic Model With A Generalized Crowley-Martin Incidence Rate, Amina Allali, Dounia Bentaleb, Saida Amine

Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation with Applications

This paper develops and analyzes a novel delayed stochastic SIR epidemic model with two interacting strains and general incidence functions. By establishing the existence and uniqueness of a positive global solution, the well-posedness of the model under stochastic perturbations is ensured. Extinction occurs when the stochastic reproduction number falls below unity, as demonstrated through Itô calculus and martingale convergence theorems, while persistence is guaranteed under the Crowley–Martin incidence when it exceeds one. Numerical experiments based on the Positive Preserving Truncated Euler–Maruyama (PPTEM) scheme confirm the analytical predictions and highlight the influence of time delay and noise intensity on the long-term …

Tumor–Immune Dynamics With Memory And Time Delay: A Fractional-Order Model With Ctla-4 Regulation, Mutaz Mohammad, Mohyeedden Sweidan, Alexander Trounev, Fathalla Rihan

Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation with Applications

This study develops a fractional-order tumor-immune interaction model incorporating Caputo memory effects, delayed immune activation, and CTLA-4 checkpoint regulation. The model describes the coupled dynamics of tumor cells, CD4$^{+}$ T cells, IFN-$\gamma$, and CTLA-4, and extends classical integer-order tumor-immune models by accounting for hereditary immune responses and biologically motivated latency effects. Theoretical properties, including positivity, boundedness, equilibrium structure, and fractional-order stability, are examined to establish the biological and mathematical consistency of the model. The delayed fractional system is then investigated computationally by comparing several numerical methods, including finite difference discretization, Daubechies wavelet collocation, Euler wavelet collocation, and a predictor-corrector scheme. …

Numerical Method For Strongly Variable-Density Flows At Low Mach Number: Flame-Sheet Regularisation And A Mass-Flux Immersed Boundary Method, Matheus P. Severino, Fernando F. Fachini, Elmer M. Gennaro, Daniel Rodríguez, Leandro F. Souza

Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation with Applications

A low-Mach-number flow, in the laminar regime, has intrinsically two characteristic spatial scales for a given time scale, or two characteristic temporal scales for a given spatial scale, and these dual scales are very different due to the disparity between the flow and acoustic speed. Therefore, low-Mach-number flows impose mathematical and computational challenges in their description. Standard numerical methods for compressible flows, which are typically designed for problems with a single dominant spatial and temporal scale, require alternative approaches, such as preconditioning techniques or solvers tailored for low-Mach-number equations. The present work introduces a simplified fluid dynamics model for flows …

Usa V. Zachary Williams

2026 Decisions

USDC for the District of New Jersey

Crispr/Cas9-Based Genome Editing: Understanding Differences In Dna Repair Pathways, Profiles, And Outcomes, Samuel Effah, Shirley Barrera, Nahia Urturi Ortiz, Will Dampier, Michael Nonnemacher, Brian Wigdahl

Kimmel Cancer Center Faculty Papers

Over a decade of advances in Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-based technologies have culminated in the first-ever FDA-approved CRISPR/Cas-based therapy. Aside from this approved therapy for sickle cell anemia, several CRISPR/Cas-based therapies are currently under development or testing for a range of chronic diseases, including viral diseases like human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, genetic diseases like familial hypercholesterolemia, and cancer. The success of these therapies hinges on the effective delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 components to target regions, efficient Cas endonuclease editing, repair profiles generated, and their resulting outcomes. Here, we discuss the …

The Impact Of Using Artificial Intelligence Tools On Enhancing Female Students’ Interaction And Participation In Online Learning, Haya Meshal Rajah Albaqami

University of Tabuk Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences

This study explores how artificial intelligence (AI) tools support student interaction and participation in online learning, through the lens of Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). Sixteen female undergraduates (aged 19–23) from Turabah University College, Taif University, all experienced in using AI tools (ChatGPT, Grammarly, Canva), took part in individual interviews. Using reflexive thematic analysis, seven themes were identified describing students’ experiences: (1) Widespread AI Tool Use, (2) Enhanced Understanding of Content, (3) Facilitated Peer/Teacher Interaction, (4) Increased Academic Engagement, (5) Stimulated Independent Exploration, (6) Concerns and Challenges, and (7) AI as Support, Not Substitute. The AI tools were perceived …

Evaluation Of A Vortex Flow Device On A Center Pivot Irrigation System, Ankit Chandra, Derek M. Heeren, Tyler Smith

Department of Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering: Presentations and White Papers

This study presents the first independent field evaluation of a passive vortex flow device designed to reduce hydraulic friction in pressurized irrigation systems. Experiments were conducted on a full-scale, groundwater-fed center pivot irrigation system at the Eastern Nebraska Research, Extension, and Education Center (ENREEC). A paired comparison approach was used to quantify differences in flow rate, energy consumption, and pressure distribution along the pivot lateral under baseline (no device) and treatment (device installed) conditions. Results showed negligible change in system flow rate (621 vs. 618 gpm) and energy consumption (~1.2% difference), consistent with expectations for pressure-regulated irrigation systems. However, the …

Psoriasis Effects On Psychological And Daily Activities In Patients Attending To Outpatient Clinics In Aldiwaniyah Teaching Hospital, Saja Abbas Musa, Hassan Raji Jallab, Akeel Hamid Jabur

Al-Qadisiyah Medical Journal

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic immune-related skin disorder affecting 2–3% globally, linked to heart disease, joint issues, metabolic syndrome, and psychological disorders. It also impacts social life, mental health, and work productivity, with added challenges in Middle Eastern patients due to stigma and limited healthcare access. Aim: To assess the psychological and functional impact of psoriasis on patients attending Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital. It focuses on anxiety, depression, social disengagement, and effects on daily activities like work, exercise, sleep, and hygiene. The study also explores the relationship between disease severity and impairment levels. Material and Methods: The study was conducted at …

Correlation Of Norepinephrine With Some Biochemical Parametric In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Aqeel Abed Nour Hadi, Ferdous A. Jabir, Muhammad Abd-Alwahab

Al-Qadisiyah Medical Journal

Background: Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) resulting from the body's reduced ability to produce or use insulin effectively. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels, and in type 2 diabetes, the body either does not produce enough insulin or becomes resistant to its effects. This causes a buildup of glucose in the bloodstream, which can eventually harm organs and tissues. This study was carried out on patients who attended the Diabetes and Endocrinology Specialist Center of Marjan City for Medical Education in Babil Province; all patients were diagnosed …

Oncocytic Intraductal Carcinoma Of The Parotid Gland With Strn::Alk Fusion, Reham H Soliman, Chris Shi, Kevin E Fisher, Hong Yu, Fouad El-Dana, Xu Cao, Li Liang, Pei Ying, Songlin Zhang

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Intraductal carcinoma (IDC) of the salivary gland is an uncommon epithelial neoplasm characterized by a predominantly intraductal or intracystic proliferation rimmed by a myoepithelial cell layer. Advances in molecular profiling have revealed recurrent gene fusions in IDC, most frequently involving RET, although fusions implicating other kinase genes have also been described. Among these, ALK rearrangements are rare and remain poorly characterized. Herein, we report a case of oncocytic IDC of the parotid gland harboring a STRN::ALK fusion, further expanding the molecular landscape of this tumor. Although this fusion has been previously reported in intercalated duct IDC, to our knowledge, this …

Isolation, Quantification, And Characterization Of Microplastics In Atmospheric Fallout Across Different Areas Of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, Muhammad Rizwan, Aqib Javed, Muhammad Javed Islam, Kashif Riaz, Asif Bilal, Muhammad Nasir, Ayesha Ali

Journal of Bioresource Management

Microplastics have become widely dispersed in our environment, and even in the air we breathe. The present research aims at identifying and determining the amounts of microplastics present in atmospheric fallout over Lahore city, which is characterized by a large population and several manufacturing industries. In order to find out the existence of microplastics, samples of atmospheric fallout were collected from various sites across hustling municipalities of Lahore that included urbanized settlements. The analysis disclosed that there are various forms of microplastic fibers, fragments and granules indicating different sources of pollution. The identified ones varied from 114.485 µm to 2034.731 …

A Review On Nanoparticles: Classification And Roles In Plant Systems, Muhammad Junaid Zafar, Muhammad Shafiq, Muhammad Azeem Rana

Journal of Bioresource Management

Nanotechnology has been a new paradigm of the twenty-first century with several good breakthroughs. These tiny particles, known for their outstanding qualities, are enjoying an increasing influence in many research fields concerning foodstuff, cosmetics, electronics, and pharmacology. Synthesis of nanoparticles includes utilizing chemical processes with reducing agents, alongside employing physical techniques such as top-down and bottom-up approaches for NP formation. The biological approach, known as green synthesis, utilizes plant extracts to ensure increased safety. Biological methods also involve bacteria and fungi, known as the major sources of nanoparticles. It is acknowledged as the most effective and environmentally conscious approach, attributed …

Metabolic Markers And Gut Microbiota In Big Cats: A Relationship Between Diet, Health And Environment, Javeria Saman, Saima Sharif, Bushra Nisar, Shagufta Naz

Journal of Bioresource Management

The wild animals that occupy large territories were found to adapt less easily to captive environments compared to those with small home ranges. Among big cats, captivity posed a range of challenges, with stress emerging as central factor influencing overall welfare. Transition into captive environment was shown to alter both behavior and physiological processes, largely due to changes in their natural habitat, environmental complexity and diet. Several health issues reported in big cats including alopecia, gastrointestinal issues, neuromuscular disorders such as hindquarter paralysis were associated with underlying metabolic dysregulation. Metabolic health was recognized as critical component of overall well-being, closely …

Sensitivity Of The Mangrove Forest In The Joal-Fadiouth Marine Protected Area (Senegal) To Climate Variability (Rainfall And Temperatures), Eugenie Marie Mossane Sene, Elhadji Faye, Sylvie Brizard Zongo, Hippolyte Ditona Tsumbu, Jean-Claude Micha

Journal of Bioresource Management

Mangroves provide coastal communities with a multitude of ecosystem services. This is the case in Joal-Fadiouth. A study on its mangrove dynamics revealed a decline in area between 1974 and 2004, followed by a gradual trend after it acquired Marine Protected Area (MPA) status in 2004. Given the importance of this mangrove, the research focused on analyzing its evolution associated with rainfall and temperature variability. To do this, Spearman’s Rho correlation coefficient was performed between mangrove areas in 10-year increments from 1974 to 2024 and values of climate parameters studied for each increment, with n (number of pairs) = 6. …