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Response Of Stargrass To Grazing Management, P Mislevy, F G. Martin, B J. Downs, K L. Singer Jun 2025

Response Of Stargrass To Grazing Management, P Mislevy, F G. Martin, B J. Downs, K L. Singer

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grazing management as it relates to stubble height (SH) and plant height above the stubble (PH) is important in maintai­ning herbage in a juvenile stage while producing high forage yield and maintaining good species persistence (Adjei et al., 1980, Crowder, 1985). The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of grazing management treatments (SH and PH) on yield, quality and persistence of three stargrass cultivars. However, due to brevity, quality will not be presented in this paper.

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Seasonal Variation Of Cattle Daily Gain, Plant Characteristics And Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency In Grazing Pastures Of Dactylis Glomerata And Of Festuca Arundinacea, T Okubo, Y Kurokawa, M Hirakawa, K Matsui Jun 2025

Seasonal Variation Of Cattle Daily Gain, Plant Characteristics And Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency In Grazing Pastures Of Dactylis Glomerata And Of Festuca Arundinacea, T Okubo, Y Kurokawa, M Hirakawa, K Matsui

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Herbage intake, digestibility and leafiness or bulk density are well known as the main factors affecting the performance of grazing animals. But even in case where these factors are not so different, daily gain still varies among seasons or individuals (Blaser et al., 1981). In order to solve these problems by modeling approach (Okubo & Jacquard, 1985), seasonal changes in plant production, daily gain of cattle live-weight and seasonal variations in solar energy conversion into cattle gain were measured, and the importance (Okubo et al., 1985) of gross efficiency of digestible energy to net energy was discussed.

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Effect Of Grazing Interval On Yield, Quality And Persistence Of Swazigrass (Digitaria Swazilandensis Stent) In Southern Ghana, A Larbi, M B. Adjei, F K. Fianu Jun 2025

Effect Of Grazing Interval On Yield, Quality And Persistence Of Swazigrass (Digitaria Swazilandensis Stent) In Southern Ghana, A Larbi, M B. Adjei, F K. Fianu

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Swazigrass ( D. swazilandensis Stent) is a little known peren­nial grass introduced to Ghana from South Africa. It spreads rapidly, forms a low dense sward and grows well on poor soils (White et al., 1959; Bogdan, 1977). Therefore, it has a high potential for pasture improvement in the grassland regions of Ghana, which are dominated by grass species of low pro­ductivity, growing on soils deficient in nitrogen and phos­phorus (Nye and Bertheu.i-, 1957). Swazigrass compared favor­ably in yield and quality to most introduced and native species under cutting management (Nkrumah-Antiedu, 1981). Since cutting provides an imperfect guide to grazing, this …

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Hay Quality And Marketing Improved With Wyoming Hay Evaluation And Listing Service, A M. Gray Jun 2025

Hay Quality And Marketing Improved With Wyoming Hay Evaluation And Listing Service, A M. Gray

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Hay production in the United States of America (US) is about 140 million metric tons/year. In 1987 most US hay producers had fewer marketing opportunities because of surplus production and lower demand due to a continuing national decline in livestock numbers. In Wyoming, marketing hay on the basis of forage quality is becoming critical for the economic survival of many hay­growers, particularly in years of low demand for hay. Demand for high quality hay by specialty markets (dairy and horse hay) is greater than supply throughout the US. However, buyers for such markets insist that quality hay is difficult to …

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Conditioning Effects And Field Variation In Dry Matter Concentration Of Alfalfa Hay, M Collins Jun 2025

Conditioning Effects And Field Variation In Dry Matter Concentration Of Alfalfa Hay, M Collins

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Research indicates that precipitation causes losses of yield and quality during field curing of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay (Collins, 1983 ; 1985). Time requirement for field curing is positively associated with the probability that rain damage will occur during haymaking. Thus, desiccants that hasten field dry­ing could reduce the probability of rain damage. Preservatives, such as propionic acid, could also reduce curing time by allowing baling at higher moisture levels (Knapp et al., 1976). Variable topography, yield and moisture levels in the standing crop may cause variation in hay DM and make determination of effective preservative rates difficult. …

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Effects Of Ammoniation Of Rice Straw On Its Feeding Value For Lambs, J Q. Ferreira, R Garcia Jun 2025

Effects Of Ammoniation Of Rice Straw On Its Feeding Value For Lambs, J Q. Ferreira, R Garcia

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Great quantities of crop residues are produced in Brazil at harvest time. The production of rice straw reachs approxi­mately ten million of tons each year and very small quantity is used for animal feeding. The interest on utilization of rice straw increased in the last years mainly due to possibility of ammonia use for improvement of nutritive value of crop residues (Sund­stol el al., 1978 ; Saenger el al., 1983 ; Herrera-Saldana el al., 1982; Streeter and Horn, 1984; Grotheer el al., 1986; Horton and Steacy, 1979). The objective of this study was to measure the effect to ammoniation on …

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Effect Of Ammonia Level, Time Of Exposure To Ammonia And Period Of Storage On Chemical Composition And Digestibility Of Two Tropical Grasses Hay, R A. Reis, R Garcia Jun 2025

Effect Of Ammonia Level, Time Of Exposure To Ammonia And Period Of Storage On Chemical Composition And Digestibility Of Two Tropical Grasses Hay, R A. Reis, R Garcia

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The production of good quality hay in Central Brazil has been limited by the nature of cultivated species and constant presence of rainfalls. However, at the end of summer and part of fall seasons the environmental conditions are adequate for hay making but the forages show lower nutritive value. An alternative to improve the quality of tropical grasses hay would be the use of ammonia. Several studies (Buettner et al., 1982; Grotheer et al., 1986; Brown et al., 1987; Moore and Lechtenberg, 1987), showed decreases in NDF and hemicellulose on forages treated with ammonia. The influence of levels of ammonia …

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Effect Of Windrow Inversion On Hay Drying And Losses, P Savoie, S Beauregard Jun 2025

Effect Of Windrow Inversion On Hay Drying And Losses, P Savoie, S Beauregard

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Mowing-conditioning alone is not enough to adequately dry high quality hay windrows in Eastern Canada conditions. Young leafy forages tend to pack down in the windrow and dry very slowly (Savoie et al., 1984). Additional mechanical hand­ling is necessary to fluff or turn the windrow. The hay tedder increases the drying rate by about 40 % on the day it is applied (Pattey et al., 1988). Tedding losses per application are about 0,5 % in grass but can be higher than 4 % in alfalfa (Savoie, 1988). In addition, close to 75 % of the alfalfa losses are composed of …

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Haymaking From Tropical Grasses, J L. Costa, J A. Gomide Jun 2025

Haymaking From Tropical Grasses, J L. Costa, J A. Gomide

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Haymaking from pasture growth surplus is an alternative way to provide winter feeding to cattle. Some interest has recently been developed toward making hay from tropical grasses in their vegetative stage. The main hazard with this approach being the occurence of likely rains during field dry­ing. This can be helped by shortening drying time through the use of appropriate harvester (Savoie et al., 1982) as well as selection fo species with higher drying rate (Morris, 1972; Per­son and Sorenson, 1970).

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Hayval : A Microcomputer Program For Evlauting The Winter Feeding Needs Of Beef, Sheep, And Horses, D B. Hannaway, S A. Dahl, P J. Ballerstedt, P E. Shuler, W Rogers, F Shafabakhsh, J Smith, M Lawyer Jun 2025

Hayval : A Microcomputer Program For Evlauting The Winter Feeding Needs Of Beef, Sheep, And Horses, D B. Hannaway, S A. Dahl, P J. Ballerstedt, P E. Shuler, W Rogers, F Shafabakhsh, J Smith, M Lawyer

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

HA YV AL is a microcomputer programm which was developed to teach concepts of hay quality and animal nutrition. HA YV AL answers the question, 'Will the hay I have available meet the nutritional needs of the animals I am feed­ing ?'. It does so by using an interactive teaching technique ; asking questions about the animals and the hay being fed.

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Culture Et Utilization Du Sorgho Grain Ensile En Plante Entiere Pour L'Alimentation Des Ruminants En Zones Seches Du Sud De La France, G Didier Jun 2025

Culture Et Utilization Du Sorgho Grain Ensile En Plante Entiere Pour L'Alimentation Des Ruminants En Zones Seches Du Sud De La France, G Didier

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Le sorgho grain est cultive dans de nombreux pays du monde pour l'alimentation humaine, l'alimentation animale et l'in­dustrie. Dans le sud de la France, cette culture s'est developpee a partir de 1960 (Cotte, 1966) et !es travaux conduits par l'INRA et l'ITCF concernaient son adaptation a la zone consi­deree ainsi que !'utilisation du grain par !es monogastriques. A partir de 1972, des essais d'utilisation de la plante entiere par des bovins-viande ont ete entrepris dans le cadre du Centre Experimental d'Elevage du Sud-Ouest (Soual-Tarn) avec des varietes riches en tannins (Bonnefoy et Didier, 1978). Mais c'est en fait des 1981 …

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Increasing The Contribution Of Grass Silage For Milk Production, C Thomas, A Reeve Jun 2025

Increasing The Contribution Of Grass Silage For Milk Production, C Thomas, A Reeve

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The conservation of grass as silage rather than hay has become increasingly popular in Northern Europe. The increase in silage making has been associated with the increased intensi­fication of animal production and improvements in our knowl­edge of the fermentation process. Despite the ability to produce grass silages with consistently high metabolisable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) contents it has been calculated that on UK dairy farms silage barely meets the maintenance require­ment of the cow (Phipps, 1986). The objective of the work reported here is to devise methods to increase the contribution of silage in the diet of the …

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The Influence Of Nitrogen Fertilization On Fermentation And Digestibility Of Wilted Grass Silage, S Knotek, J Zilakova Jun 2025

The Influence Of Nitrogen Fertilization On Fermentation And Digestibility Of Wilted Grass Silage, S Knotek, J Zilakova

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Ensiling characteristics of herbage are reduced by increasing nitrogen fertilization (Gordon et al., 1969; Izumi et al., 1982; Knotek and Zilakova, 1981; Knotek and Zilakova, 1986). From practical point of view, the evaluation of devided N fert­ilization in three cuts system is very important.

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Influence Of N Fertilization On The Chemical And Microbial Composition Of Wilted Grass Silage, M Zimkova Jun 2025

Influence Of N Fertilization On The Chemical And Microbial Composition Of Wilted Grass Silage, M Zimkova

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In many countries of Europe more and more forage has been made into silage in the past 25 years. Silage-making developed as a technology which enables feed of a more predictable qual­ity to be made from herbage than was possible before. Silage quality depends also on moisture content of harvested grass and it can be manipulated by fertilization and wilting. The advantages and disadvantages of using unwilted and wilted grass for ensiling have been discussed for many years. System of direct cutting of short prewilting and ensiling at 15 to 25 % dry matter (DM) is preferred in rnaritirne and …

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An Evaluation Of The Silage Additive < Kofasil Plus > Applied To First Cut Grass Under Northern Ireland Conditions, T A. Stewart, S J. Kennedy Jun 2025

An Evaluation Of The Silage Additive < Kofasil Plus > Applied To First Cut Grass Under Northern Ireland Conditions, T A. Stewart, S J. Kennedy

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The silage additive« Kofasil Plus», manufactured by Deuts­che Atochem Werke, has been used for many years in various European countries, particularly in West Germany and Norway with favourable results. It was first introduced to Ireland in 1988 following the outcome of the trial reported here, where it is marketed by Co.rbeca Ltd under the trade name« Kofasalt ». « Kofasil Plus » is a white, free flowing, non-caustic powder containing 61 % calcium formate, 25 % sodium nitrite, 14 % hexamethylene tetramine, sodium chloride and trace elements.

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Chemical And Nutritive Values Of Three Ensiled Residues (Broad Beans, Peas And Soybean) In Comparison With Yellow Lupin Silage, J Efe Serrano Jun 2025

Chemical And Nutritive Values Of Three Ensiled Residues (Broad Beans, Peas And Soybean) In Comparison With Yellow Lupin Silage, J Efe Serrano

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The agro-industrial residues of legumes in Portugal has increased recently in animal feeding, but with little information about the nutritive values of these diets. The few values from literature (Economides and Had­jidemetriou, 1974; Boza and Guerreiro, 1981 ; Escandon et al., 1983) or in Tables of Food Composition are quite different. In south of Portugal, the yellow lupin is an expanding forage used in sheep diets as hay or silage. The purpose of this work, and others in progress, was to compare the feeding value of silages made from three important residues with the yellow lupin silage.

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Ensiling Losses In Fresh Grass Silage, K Rinne Jun 2025

Ensiling Losses In Fresh Grass Silage, K Rinne

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grass-based silage is considered both a satisfactory and economical roughage for dairy cattle, especially in Northern Europe. The greatest risks to efficient and economical silage making are ensiling losses. Ensiling losses emerge immediately after cutting. If the grass is ensiled directly after cutting, respiration losses on the field will ne negligible. Instead, respiration losses may occur within the silo during ensiling and also thereafter. These will persist until the silage is compacted enough, or airtight, or on the other hand, until the additive has rendered the conditions for plant enzyme and aerobic microbial activity impossible. Silage produces a considerable quantity …

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L'Ensilage En Balles Roundes Sous Film Etirable, F Gaillard Jun 2025

L'Ensilage En Balles Roundes Sous Film Etirable, F Gaillard

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

L'ensilage d'herbe en balles rondes est connu depuis de nom­breuses annees (Gaillard, 1981) et a donne lieu a des experimen­tations CEMAGREF/INRA (Andrieu et al., 1981; Dulphy et al., 1984). Les enrubanneuses relancent l'interet de cet ensilage par !es pertes limitees qu'elles entrainent (Gaillard et Zwaene­poel, 1987). Les enrubanneuses realisent un emballage integral des balles rondes a partir d'un film etirable de 50 cm de large. Devant la multiplication de ces appareils en Europe du nord et leur venue probable en France, ii est apparu necessaire d'eva­luer l'interet de cette technique.

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The Occurrence Of Lactic Acid Bacteria On Forage Crops, Barbara Ruser Jun 2025

The Occurrence Of Lactic Acid Bacteria On Forage Crops, Barbara Ruser

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Lactic acid serves as a conserving agent in silage production. It is produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) developing from the epiphytic flora of the ensiled plant material. Therefore silage quality depends - besides silage management and plant composition - on the natural LAB occurrence on the crop. Up to now only little information is available about the epi­phytic LAB population, which seems to grow rarely on plants (Stirling, 1953; Nilson and Nilson, 1956; Mundt, 1970; Weise and Wermke, 1973). Studies of the last ten years have shown that LAB counts vary within a wide range, also indicating high population …

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Effect Of Inoculation Of Lactic Acid Bacteria On Silage Fermentation, T Masuko, K Awaya Jun 2025

Effect Of Inoculation Of Lactic Acid Bacteria On Silage Fermentation, T Masuko, K Awaya

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Many commercial preparations containing lactic acid bac­teria are used by the farmers as a silage additive. The trials of inoculation for silage have been employed by many researchers since the beginning of this century. However, the definite con­clusion of the value of inoculants for silage is not obtained yet. Most of these inoculants are based on mixed cultures of lactic acid bacterium. Beneficial effect of inoculated silage must be discussed in connection with water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content or carbohydrate source addition. The present study was carried out in order to know whether the effect of inoculation of lactic bacteria …

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Effect Of Cellulase And Microbial Inoculant On The Quality And Digestibility Of Maize And Mixed Maize-Sorghum Silages, F Baintner, B Kissno, G Kelemen, F Harangozo Jun 2025

Effect Of Cellulase And Microbial Inoculant On The Quality And Digestibility Of Maize And Mixed Maize-Sorghum Silages, F Baintner, B Kissno, G Kelemen, F Harangozo

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The digestible energy content of silages is always less than that of the original green fodder. This energy difference can only be balanced in the daily fodder ration of dairy cows by the use of cereal grain supplement. Recently, there is a growing interest in mixed maize/sorghum silage cropping in Hungary and in Northern USA. The emphasized advantages of the system are: enhanced total silage production in drought prone regions and soils, higher protein content, crop diversification and lower seed costs (Scheuring, 1987). A big drawback of the system is undoubtedly that the digestible energy content of the mixture decreases …

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Direct And Delayed Sealing Of Round Bales Of Lucerne At Low Degrees Of Wilting, A Ciotti, A Canale, M E. Valente, P G. Peiretti Jun 2025

Direct And Delayed Sealing Of Round Bales Of Lucerne At Low Degrees Of Wilting, A Ciotti, A Canale, M E. Valente, P G. Peiretti

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the process of ensiling round bales, delayed sealing leads to a greater degree of aeration, oxidation of sugars, and heating. To check the effects of delayed sealing on the quality of con­servation, a trial was set up on bales wrapped either one or 24 hours after harvesting, these times being considered the reason­able limits in practice. Lucerne, at a moderate level of wilting, was used to operate under limiting conditions for successful ensiling.

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Improvement Of Lucerne Silage By Addition Of Inoculants And Different Carbohydrate Sources, M Gonzalez-Raurich, Conchita Carpintero Jun 2025

Improvement Of Lucerne Silage By Addition Of Inoculants And Different Carbohydrate Sources, M Gonzalez-Raurich, Conchita Carpintero

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Silage fermentation is an uncontrolled process and its outcome is controlled by factors such as random inoculation by natural lactic acid bacteria and also crop composition. Chemi­cal and biological additives such as inoculants allow a degree of control and manipulation of the fermentation process. As substrata for lactic acid production is the main factor limiting the effectiveness ofinoculants, to increase the available sugar by the addition of carbohydrate-rich materials or a sugar source, such as molasses, could solve the problem. This study was undertaken to compare the effects of two commercial inoculants and the level of three fermentable sugars that …

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Computer-Aided Prediction Of The Wilting Period Of Fodder Crops, H Thons, A Rubensam, J Pickert Jun 2025

Computer-Aided Prediction Of The Wilting Period Of Fodder Crops, H Thons, A Rubensam, J Pickert

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

From the view of the farm economy and environment pro­tection it is necessary in the silage production to make maximum use of all the advantages of wilting before silage additives are applied to support the conservation process. Reaching dry matter (DM) contents of 28 - 35 % and 40 - 45 % is one of the most important factors and the most essential cri­terion for the management of silage production from grasses and legumes, respectively. In recent years, only 60 % of all silages from grasses and legumes produced in the G.D.R. had the required DM content. The other silages …

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Effects Of Wilting And Formic Acid On The Chemical Composition And Nutritive Value Of Elephant Grass Silage Pennisetum Purpureum Schum) Purple Cultivar, W Lavezzo, Otavia E.N.M Lavezzo, C Rossi, I A. Bonassi Jun 2025

Effects Of Wilting And Formic Acid On The Chemical Composition And Nutritive Value Of Elephant Grass Silage Pennisetum Purpureum Schum) Purple Cultivar, W Lavezzo, Otavia E.N.M Lavezzo, C Rossi, I A. Bonassi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

At the beginning of the growth the Elephant grass had a good dry matter production and a good nutritive value and due to this it is often used for ensilage in Brazil. However, when best suited age for ensilage (50-60 days), its water content is high making normally difficult to get suitable silages. Although reasonable silages of Elephant grass have been obtained with no additives (Tosi et al., 1983), the wilting and formic acid utili­zation during the ensilage have resulted in good quality silages (Silveira et al., 1979) with good nutritive value (Lavezzo et al., 1984). The purpose of this …

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The Effect Of The Crude Fiber The Quality Of The Silage, Marianna V. Kota Jun 2025

The Effect Of The Crude Fiber The Quality Of The Silage, Marianna V. Kota

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

By increasing the yield of the intensively fertilized and repeatedly utilized roughage, we get a product with relatively high protein and low fibre content. It does not meet the cow's demand for optimum crude protein - crude fibre rate, and it also makes good quality silage producing difficult. From the technological point of view, crude fibre plays a most important role in density (Dernedde, 1983). So, as the process of self-oxy­dation is made shorter, there remains plenty of sugar to provide for natural fermentation, (Murdoch, 1966). In our experiment, we examined what quality silage could be made of pure alfalfa …

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Effect Of Combining Hay Cube On The Digestibility Of Whole Crop Paddy Rice Haylage At The Ripe Stage, L F. Quinitio, K Taji Jun 2025

Effect Of Combining Hay Cube On The Digestibility Of Whole Crop Paddy Rice Haylage At The Ripe Stage, L F. Quinitio, K Taji

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The study of paddy rice (PR) as feedstuff started at the National Agricultural Experiment Station in 1962. The original subject of the study was the utilization method of green PR by soiling as roughage. Subsequently, many results in the feeding value of PR soiling, hay, silage and grain have been reported by many workers. The structure of PR, as it results from the plants' growth and development, determines the foliage and grain parts, the former is roughage and latter is concentrate. In a series of PR utilization trials as feedstuff, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of …

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Corn Crop Grown With And Without Tropical Legumes For Silage Making, J A. Obeid, M E. Cruz Jun 2025

Corn Crop Grown With And Without Tropical Legumes For Silage Making, J A. Obeid, M E. Cruz

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Under Brasilian conditions the beef and milk production rely almost exclusively upon the use of natural or cultivated pastures. However, due to the characteristics of the climate with a warm and rainy season and a cool and dry season, the forage growth rate and animal production presents both high and low peaks, resulting in slaughtering age of 4-5 years and a low average milk production (Pedreira, 1973). Improvement of forage production has been one approach for increasing animal production. However, the above measure brings a higher attention to the feeding of the animals in the dry season. Most often, use …

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Changes In The Chemical Composition Of Wheat For Silage During Development In A Warm Climate, G Ashbell, Z G. Weinberg Jun 2025

Changes In The Chemical Composition Of Wheat For Silage During Development In A Warm Climate, G Ashbell, Z G. Weinberg

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Wheat for silage in Israel is usually grown as a winter crop in a double-cropping system. In such a system, the wheat is harvested before it reaches maturity and the land is then ready for the summer crop. The periods between the various matu­ration stages of wheat are relatively short, especially in a warm climate. Ash bell (1984) and Ashbell et al. (1985) found that the greatest changes in nutritive components of the whole wheat plant occurred between the flowering and the milk ripening stages. During that period there is an increase in dry matter (DM) and water soluble carbohydrates …

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The Chemical Composition And Cellulase Digestibility Of Pressed Crops Obtained In The Process Of Green Crop Fractionation, R N. Joshi, V R. Deshmukh Jun 2025

The Chemical Composition And Cellulase Digestibility Of Pressed Crops Obtained In The Process Of Green Crop Fractionation, R N. Joshi, V R. Deshmukh

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Although green crop fractionation (GCF) has been shown to increase the yields of dry matter (DM) and protein per unit area of a small farm per unit time, this process has attracted very little interest in India despite over four decades of research (Joshi, 1983). This is because almost all work on GCF has been carried out with an intention to extract leaf protein (LP) for human consumption and no attempts have been made to utilise the other two products obtained in the process viz., the pressed crop (PC) and the whey which carry with them over 85 % of …

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