Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Law (431896)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (403655)
- Arts and Humanities (290047)
- Education (235024)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (203416)
-
- Life Sciences (117116)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (115479)
- History (114485)
- Business (107390)
- Engineering (82849)
- Higher Education (77688)
- Communication (73599)
- Sociology (65445)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (63119)
- Public Health (55725)
- Library and Information Science (53172)
- Religion (50265)
- Medical Specialties (46112)
- United States History (45911)
- Psychology (45478)
- Journalism Studies (35091)
- Political Science (34561)
- Accounting (34241)
- Mass Communication (32985)
- Economics (32856)
- Social History (31727)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (31408)
- Environmental Sciences (30755)
- Computer Sciences (29951)
- Constitutional Law (29650)
- Institution
-
- University of New Mexico (85694)
- University of Montana (66867)
- University of Mississippi (65955)
- University of South Florida (62447)
- University of New Hampshire (62171)
-
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (60130)
- Utah State University (47134)
- Brigham Young University Law School (42635)
- University of Colorado Law School (35096)
- Georgia Southern University (32682)
- Brigham Young University (31006)
- San Jose State University (27872)
- University of Central Florida (27569)
- Eastern Illinois University (26947)
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (26527)
- University of Kentucky (26340)
- Murray State University (26115)
- University of North Dakota (23546)
- Washington University School of Medicine (23246)
- University of Dayton (22990)
- Purdue University (21928)
- Louisiana State University (21663)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (20671)
- Western Michigan University (20599)
- Western Kentucky University (19829)
- The Texas Medical Center Library (18766)
- University of Michigan Law School (18684)
- Portland State University (18421)
- University of South Carolina (18368)
- Walden University (18114)
- Keyword
-
- Newspaper (44672)
- Press release; media release; press statement; news media information (30839)
- Humans (22188)
- Education (21068)
- Student newspaper (17992)
-
- Newspapers (16983)
- History (16602)
- United States (13844)
- Newsletter (13249)
- COVID-19 (12258)
- Spartan Daily (12028)
- Higher education (11714)
- EIU (11367)
- Bowling Green State University (11262)
- Female (10833)
- Faculty (10146)
- Michigan (9900)
- Latin America (9787)
- Students (9598)
- Eastern Illinois University (9577)
- Pennsylvania (9571)
- Daily Eastern News (9422)
- Periodicals (9143)
- Male (9127)
- Spanish (9044)
- Collegeville (8872)
- BG News (8848)
- Student newspapers (8472)
- University of New Mexico (8455)
- Western Kentucky University (8421)
- Publication Year
-
- 2026 (60715)
- 2025 (88266)
- 2024 (100744)
- 2023 (91547)
- 2022 (93036)
-
- 2021 (95996)
- 2020 (93557)
- 2019 (90543)
- 2018 (89245)
- 2017 (88459)
- 2016 (87671)
- 2015 (82099)
- 2014 (76845)
- 2013 (73703)
- 2012 (73310)
- 2011 (62282)
- 2010 (59714)
- 2009 (55781)
- 2008 (51275)
- 2007 (46421)
- 2006 (44810)
- 2005 (40981)
- 2004 (38239)
- 2003 (35529)
- 2002 (33791)
- 2001 (32115)
- 2000 (30978)
- 1999 (28233)
- 1998 (27617)
- 1997 (26654)
- Publication
-
- Theses and Dissertations (50278)
- University of Montana News Releases, 1928, 1956-present (30909)
- Faculty Publications (27272)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (21002)
- Faculty Scholarship (20584)
-
- Dissertations (17885)
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (16609)
- Articles (14224)
- Session Laws 1951-2000 (13139)
- Open Access Publications (11655)
- Theses (11537)
- Spartan Daily (School of Journalism and Mass Communications) (11107)
- Daily Mississippian (all digitized issues) (10882)
- Masters Theses (10072)
- Documents (9841)
- Montana Kaimin, 1898-present (9454)
- Faculty, Staff and Student Publications (9450)
- African American Funeral Programs (9158)
- BG News (Student Newspaper) (8960)
- All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023 (8856)
- Michigan Law Review (8522)
- Utah Supreme Court Briefs (1965 –) (8082)
- Santa Fe New Mexican, 1883-1913 (8047)
- Master's Theses (7956)
- Honors Theses (7651)
- 2020-Current year OA Pubs (7449)
- WKU Administration Documents (7412)
- News Releases (7291)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (7079)
- Doctoral Dissertations and Projects (7025)
- Publication Type
Articles 76741 - 76770 of 2913340
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Quicknotes October 2025, Southern Adventist University
Quicknotes October 2025, Southern Adventist University
QuickNotes – Advancement e-Newsletter
QuickNotes is an e-newsletter that comes from Advancement at Southern Adventist University. The October 2025 edition recognizes remarkable alumni and provides an overview of the university's annual gala.
Prolific, Issue 4
Prolific
Contents:
--- Word from the Editors
--- Team Credits
--- Hispanic Heritage Month
--- Telenovela
--- Chicano Fashion
--- Sustainable Fashion
--- Aquatic
--- Ethereal Fashion
--- Prolific in Red
--- Native American Heritage Month
Fs Agenda 2025-10-01, Northern Illinois University
Fs Agenda 2025-10-01, Northern Illinois University
Faculty Senate Archives
No abstract provided.
Stress On Healthcare Workers During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Tim Frink
Stress On Healthcare Workers During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Tim Frink
Expo Student Presentations
2025 Fall Expo Online Poster Presentation
- Health Sciences & Health Professions
- Social & Behavioral Sciences
Nymc Synapse Issue 54, School Of Medicine Student Senate, New York Medical College
Nymc Synapse Issue 54, School Of Medicine Student Senate, New York Medical College
The Synapse
No abstract provided.
The Role Of Green Target Costing In Achieving Sustainable Competitive Advantage In Economic Units, Raad Abidmuslim Hraiga, Ahmad Najah Hadi, Ali Abdulhassan Abbas
The Role Of Green Target Costing In Achieving Sustainable Competitive Advantage In Economic Units, Raad Abidmuslim Hraiga, Ahmad Najah Hadi, Ali Abdulhassan Abbas
Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences
Research aims to determine the role of green target costing in enhancing and supporting sustainable competitive advantage in Iraqi economic units and to define the philosophical concepts of green target costing (GTC) and Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SAC). To achieve this, the research relied on an applied descriptive approach, applying it to an actual production environment, namely the "General Company for Fertilizer Industry - Southern Region in Basra," and relying on data for the year 2024. The research concluded that the application of GTC concepts in the reality of the Iraqi industry is in its early stages. One of the most …
Sociocultural And Environmental Changes And Their Biological Impact On Nonelite Polish Individuals, Paige A. Lynch
Sociocultural And Environmental Changes And Their Biological Impact On Nonelite Polish Individuals, Paige A. Lynch
Anthropology ETDs
This dissertation integrates isotopic, biodistance, and skeletal stress data from cemeteries, Gać and Pień to study health and survival in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (PLC). The PLC (16th–18th centuries) in Poland was marked by religious migration, social inequality, and environmental change. Chapter 2 used a multiproxy approach to identify migrant status: most at Pień were local, about half at Gać were migrants, often biologically related to locals. Chapter 3 used stable isotope analyses to find minimal sex-based dietary differences, except for Pień females’ higher millet intake, and showed that market access and feudal systems influenced subsistence strategies. Chapter 4’s survival analyses …
Law School Record, Vol. 72, No. 1 (Fall 2025), Law School Record Editors
Law School Record, Vol. 72, No. 1 (Fall 2025), Law School Record Editors
Law School Record
- Message from the Dean
- How the Law School is Incorporating AI into the Curriculum
- Café D'Angelo Builds Community One Cold Brew at a Time
- Adam Chilton Becomes Dean
- The Corporate Speech Dilemma
- Theory in Practice
- Counselors of Crypto
- Asked & Answered - Richard Robbins, '91 Director of Applied AI
- Seven Alumni Begin Clerkships for Supreme Court Justices
- Professor John Rappaport Discusses his New Criminal Law Casebook
- Two New Faculty Members Join the Law School
- Other Faculty News and Recognition's
- The Law School Launches the Dean's Fellow Program
- Meet the Class of 2028 (by the numbers)
- Development News
- In Memoriam
- Giving …
Integrating Digital And On-Site Fieldwork: Practical Solutions For Scholars With Limited On-Site Access, Mai T. Truong
Integrating Digital And On-Site Fieldwork: Practical Solutions For Scholars With Limited On-Site Access, Mai T. Truong
Political Science Faculty Research and Publications
When faced with unfolding protests, autocrats frequently respond with anti-protest propaganda loaded with negative narratives about protesters. Although a substantial body of literature has suggested that anti-protest propaganda can effectively alter the way the public views protests, few researchers have examined the mechanism through which propaganda negatively affects public support for protests. In this article, the authors explain the role that anti-protest propaganda plays in weakening public support for protests. Using an innovative experiment involving mediation analysis, the authors administered a survey to 950 Vietnamese respondents. The experimental results showed that anti-protest propaganda may deter support for protests more by …
Libraries And Human Trafficking: A Study Of New Jersey’S Public And Academic Library Engagement In Anti-Trafficking Efforts, Christabelle Robinson, Daniela Peterka-Benton
Libraries And Human Trafficking: A Study Of New Jersey’S Public And Academic Library Engagement In Anti-Trafficking Efforts, Christabelle Robinson, Daniela Peterka-Benton
Articles, Presentations, and Reports
This study, conducted through the Global Center on Human Trafficking, explores the underexamined role of public and academic libraries in addressing human trafficking across the state of New Jersey. Despite limited formal guidance on their role in anti-trafficking efforts, libraries are increasingly acting as informal hubs for access to resources, education, and social service referrals. Through a statewide survey and qualitative responses from library professionals, this research examines how libraries are currently engaging in training, social work partnerships, programming, and public awareness initiatives. Findings reveal that while only a small percentage of libraries have received formal training, there is widespread …
University Of Northern Colorado Academic Unit Generative Ai Conversation Toolkit, Stephanie Ward, Kim Black
University Of Northern Colorado Academic Unit Generative Ai Conversation Toolkit, Stephanie Ward, Kim Black
Toolkits
Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) is transforming higher education and requires departments and programs to assess their learning goals, teaching methods, and assignments while ensuring students receive a high-quality, human-centered education. This toolkit helps UNC academic unit chairs and directors lead productive, respectful, and future-focused discussions about GenAI in curriculum, pedagogy, and assessment. Content development was supported by ChatGPT (OpenAI) and was finalized through human review and approval. The toolkit provides facilitation guidance, discussion prompts, activities, and templates to support academic units as they clarify values, prepare students and faculty for emerging GenAI-related skills, and plan next steps for teaching and …
The Extension Newsletter, Issue 118, Fall 2025, Wright State University Retirees Association
The Extension Newsletter, Issue 118, Fall 2025, Wright State University Retirees Association
The Extension Newsletter
An eight page newsletter from the Wright State University's Retirees Association.
Neuronal Activity-Dependent Gene Dysregulation In C9orf72 I3neuronal Models Of Als/Ftd Pathogenesis, Layla T. Ghaffari, Emily A. Welebob, Sarah E. Bond Newton, Ashley V. Boehringer, Kelly L. Cyliax, Piera Pasinelli, Davide Trotti, Aaron R. Haeusler
Neuronal Activity-Dependent Gene Dysregulation In C9orf72 I3neuronal Models Of Als/Ftd Pathogenesis, Layla T. Ghaffari, Emily A. Welebob, Sarah E. Bond Newton, Ashley V. Boehringer, Kelly L. Cyliax, Piera Pasinelli, Davide Trotti, Aaron R. Haeusler
Farber Institute for Neuroscience Faculty Papers
The GGGGCC nucleotide repeat expansion (NRE) mutation in the C9ORF72 (C9) gene is the most common cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Neuronal activity plays an essential role in shaping biological processes within both healthy and neurodegenerative disease scenarios. Here, we show that at baseline conditions, C9-NRE-induced pluripotent stem cell-cortical neurons display aberrations in several pathways, including synaptic signaling and transcriptional machinery, potentially priming diseased neurons for an altered response to neuronal stimulation. Indeed, exposure to two pathophysiologically relevant stimulation modes, prolonged membrane depolarization or a blockade of K+ channels, followed by RNA sequencing, induces …
Last Chance Lawyers: Mercer's Habeas Project And Lessons Learned From A New Generation Of Service Learners, Meagan R. Hurley
Last Chance Lawyers: Mercer's Habeas Project And Lessons Learned From A New Generation Of Service Learners, Meagan R. Hurley
Articles
Late on a Sunday night, the conference table in Mercer Law’s Habeas Project classroom was buried under transcripts, cases and drafts of a soon-to-be finished appellate brief. Third-year law students Chyna Carter and Valerie Pallos sat shoulder-to-shoulder, tightening arguments, double-checking citations and calculating word counts yet again. They’d spent weeks working with classmates, meticulously researching their client’s case and poring over a voluminous record, in preparation of filing a habeas appeal with the Supreme Court of Georgia.
“We thought we had a convincing argument and just needed to get it reflected on paper,” Carter, now an associate at McLain & …
Icipe Monthly Digest – Volume 1, Issue 10, October 2025, International Centre Of Insect Physiology And Ecology (Icipe)
Icipe Monthly Digest – Volume 1, Issue 10, October 2025, International Centre Of Insect Physiology And Ecology (Icipe)
icipe Newsletters
No abstract provided.
Research Guide To Womanist Literature: Historical, Anticolonial, And Fictional Perspectives, Apoliana Da Conceicao Dos Santos
Research Guide To Womanist Literature: Historical, Anticolonial, And Fictional Perspectives, Apoliana Da Conceicao Dos Santos
FIRE Fund Bibliographies
This bibliography was compiled for both research and teaching purposes, organized into three thematic categories reflecting a hemispheric, anticolonial, and womanist approach to knowledge production. The collection centers Black, Afro-Latin American, and feminist voices, offering alternative epistemologies that challenge Eurocentric, patriarchal, and colonial frameworks commonly reproduced in academic syllabi. It invites professors and students across disciplines to engage with scholarship and storytelling that foreground women's histories, theories, and creative expressions.
The first category, Historical Womanist Literature, examines testimonies, resistance, kinship, and survival of Black women under slavery and colonial rule across the Atlantic world, drawing extensively from histories of gendered …
The Determination And Impact Of Placement For Students With Developmental Delays, Christine E. Rogers
The Determination And Impact Of Placement For Students With Developmental Delays, Christine E. Rogers
Master's Theses & Capstone Projects
Prior studies have demonstrated the benefits of increased time spent in the general education environments for students with disabilities. However, the literature lacks information specific to students who qualify under the Developmental Delay (DD) category. Therefore, this study examined the processes for how student placements are determined and implemented, as well as the impacts that various placements have on students with DD. This study utilized quantitative data from eight students’ Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) and Measures of Academic Progress (MAP) assessment scores. Qualitative data were collected from school personnel focus groups and school social worker and case manager questionnaires. The …
Improving Reading Comprehension In Secondary Students, Christina Baggett
Improving Reading Comprehension In Secondary Students, Christina Baggett
Master's Theses & Capstone Projects
Secondary students who persistently read below grade level present a significant challenge for educators, with 69% of eighth-grade students unable to derive meaning from grade-level text according to the National Assessment of Educational Progress. Despite implementing tier 1, 2, and 3 reading interventions, many students continue to struggle with reading comprehension. This study aimed to identify the effectiveness of implementing reciprocal teaching to improve reading comprehension among secondary students reading below grade level. Based on a literature review examining reciprocal teaching efficacy, reading intervention strategies, and factors affecting comprehension, a quasi-experimental intervention was conducted with seven high school students in …
Determining If Trauma-Informed Practices Improve Behavioral, Academic, And Social-Emotional Outcomes For Students, Paige M.K. Newman
Determining If Trauma-Informed Practices Improve Behavioral, Academic, And Social-Emotional Outcomes For Students, Paige M.K. Newman
Master's Theses & Capstone Projects
This capstone project explores the impact of trauma-informed practices (TIP) on middle school students’ academic achievement, social-emotional development, and behavioral growth. Grounded in the understanding that adverse childhood experiences can significantly shape learning and behavior, the study investigates how intentional, school-wide trauma-responsive strategies support student success. Using a mixed-methods design, data were collected through classroom observations, academic performance measures, and social-emotional/behavioral screening tools, complemented by teacher and student surveys. Findings highlight positive correlations between consistent implementation of TIP and improvements in student engagement, emotional regulation, and on-task behavior, as well as modest but meaningful gains in academic outcomes. The project …
The Racialized Retaliatory State: Weaponizing Immigration Law To Criminalize Dissent, Karla Mckanders
The Racialized Retaliatory State: Weaponizing Immigration Law To Criminalize Dissent, Karla Mckanders
William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice
This Essay examines how systemic racism impacts the ways immigration laws operate to retaliate and criminalize immigrants who dissent. Criminalizing dissent—which recently has become more widespread—is one tool within the immigration system that reinforces America’s racialized caste system. This Essay frames immigration exceptionalism as a continual state that excludes nonconforming bodies and ideologies to instill fear as a means of authoritarian governance. This Essay challenges the history of immigration exceptionalism as an objectively neutral system of governance, arguing that it has historically criminalized racialized migrants to suppress dissent and ideological viewpoints that are not aligned with America’s racialized project. Immigration …
Gonzaga Digital Scholarship & Publishing Newsletter, Fall 2025, Foley Center Library
Gonzaga Digital Scholarship & Publishing Newsletter, Fall 2025, Foley Center Library
Foley Library Publications
Volume 2 of the Digital Scholarship & Publishing Newsletter (formerly Gonzaga Institutional Repository Newsletter).
In this issue:
- Learn about Pure Faculty Profiles
- Find out about the Digital Scholarship Lab @ Foley Library
- Read about options for publishing OERs
- Explore how your department’s research and scholarship is represented in the IR
- Find out where to go for Copyright and Intellectual Property questions
- Data Management Plan consultations and options for support
Eng 110 Rhetorical Situation Worksheet, Catrina E. Vininski, Missy Watson
Eng 110 Rhetorical Situation Worksheet, Catrina E. Vininski, Missy Watson
Open Educational Resources
This rhetorical situation worksheet asks students to analyze a text based on the rhetorical situation. Students must identify the significance of the context for which the text was published, the author of the text, the genre, the audience, the purpose, the argument, and the evidence that the author uses to support their claims. This can be used for course readings, films, or other types of texts that you assign over the course of the semester.
The Nourished Initiative: Lessons From A Pilot Program On Food Access And Education, Palak Gupta, Cara Murray, Cindy Jenkins, Kristi Strongo, Macey Bunn, Lea Palmer, Heidi Leblanc
The Nourished Initiative: Lessons From A Pilot Program On Food Access And Education, Palak Gupta, Cara Murray, Cindy Jenkins, Kristi Strongo, Macey Bunn, Lea Palmer, Heidi Leblanc
Outcomes and Impact Quarterly
NourishEd addresses food insecurity in Utah through nutrition education, community partnerships, and the distribution of fresh produce. This article highlights program outcomes, volunteer insights, and strategies for expanding impact and sustainability.
From Insight To Action: Advancing Extension Programming For Utah Agriculture, Melanie Heaton, Cheyenne Reid, Reganne K. Briggs, Rebekah E. Iverson, Kara Thornton-Kurth, Brooke Holgate
From Insight To Action: Advancing Extension Programming For Utah Agriculture, Melanie Heaton, Cheyenne Reid, Reganne K. Briggs, Rebekah E. Iverson, Kara Thornton-Kurth, Brooke Holgate
Outcomes and Impact Quarterly
Utah State University Extension programs, including evening events and a hands-on cattle boot camp, address gender disparities in Utah agriculture education. While open to everyone, these initiatives empower women through skill-building, peer support, and expert instruction, leading to increased confidence and knowledge, which ultimately enhances their roles and profitability in livestock production.
Evaluating The “What’S Up Down South” Economic Summit: Accelerating Growth And Expanding Impact, Paul A. Hill
Evaluating The “What’S Up Down South” Economic Summit: Accelerating Growth And Expanding Impact, Paul A. Hill
Outcomes and Impact Quarterly
This study evaluates the effectiveness of the 2025 What’s Up Down South economic summit, a platform for regional economic development. Data were collected through an online exit survey with a 30% response rate (n = 176), incorporating quantitative ratings and open-ended feedback to assess learning outcomes and program quality. The evaluation examined attendees’ perceptions of keynote and breakout sessions, overall satisfaction, and suggestions for improving the event. Findings indicate that the summit delivered valuable economic insights and programming while citing opportunities to improve speaker diversity, event logistics, and data collection. These insights will guide future planning to sustain the summit’s …
Migraine-Related Disability According To Headache Frequency Subclassifications: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Manjit Singh Matharu, Stephen Silberstein, Hsiangkuo Yuan, Deborah Edgar, Roos Colman, Todd Schwedt, Michel Lanteri-Minet, Mark Obermann
Migraine-Related Disability According To Headache Frequency Subclassifications: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Manjit Singh Matharu, Stephen Silberstein, Hsiangkuo Yuan, Deborah Edgar, Roos Colman, Todd Schwedt, Michel Lanteri-Minet, Mark Obermann
Department of Jefferson Headache Center Papers and Presentations
BackgroundThis systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized migraine-related disability outcomes according to headache frequency subclassifications, including low-frequency episodic migraine (LFEM), high-frequency episodic migraine (HFEM) and chronic migraine (CM).MethodsWe searched the PubMed and Cochrane Library (CENTRAL) up to 16 October 2024 for peer-reviewed non-interventional studies reporting migraine-related disability outcomes in CM and subclassifications of episodic migraine (e.g. LFEM and HFEM). Eligible studies with an HFEM subgroup were grouped by headache frequency measure (monthly migraine days [MMD] or monthly headache days [MHD]), HFEM subgroup, disability parameter and study setting. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted on groups with three or more studies, with the results …
Library News October 2025, Research Medical Library
Library News October 2025, Research Medical Library
Library News 2025
- Celebrating American Archive Month
- Discover IEEE Xplore: A Powerful Resource for Cancer Researchers
- Remote and Hybrid Work: Refreshing Yourself and Your Environment
- A Little Distraction from the Day's Tasks: Learn the Meaning of "dis"
“That’S Not My Name”: The Linguistic Violence Of Misnaming Parties In Court Proceedings, Robert S. Chang, Cecily C. Hazelrigg, Linda Cj Lee
“That’S Not My Name”: The Linguistic Violence Of Misnaming Parties In Court Proceedings, Robert S. Chang, Cecily C. Hazelrigg, Linda Cj Lee
Washington Law Review
This Article calls attention to the harms done when parties are misnamed in legal proceedings. Misnaming, which many might initially consider trivial, is properly understood as a form of linguistic violence that can inflict dignitary harms as well as have material consequences. Misnaming takes on a different valence when it is done by the state. This Article focuses on the misnaming of Indigenous, Asian, and Latine people, beginning first with the way misnaming is done by the administrative state. The authors then discuss misnaming as it has operated in legal proceedings, providing both historical and contemporary examples from federal and …
A State Constitutional Challenge To Washington’S Denial Of Minimum Wage To Incarcerated Workers, Cailin Dahlin
A State Constitutional Challenge To Washington’S Denial Of Minimum Wage To Incarcerated Workers, Cailin Dahlin
Washington Law Review
This Comment challenges as unconstitutional Washington’s exemption of incarcerated individuals from the state Minimum Wage Act. Incarcerated people in Washington, unprotected by minimum wage guarantees, earn low wages in state-run inmate work programs. This statutory carveout is contrary to the rehabilitative purpose of Washington’s prisons because it impedes incarcerated people’s ability to afford necessities, participate in rehabilitative programs, and reintegrate into society. This exemption is unconstitutional under the state’s cruel punishment clause, because it is disproportionately cruel punishment and an excessive fine that incarcerated workers cannot afford. The exemption is also unconstitutional under the state’s privileges and immunities clause, because …