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Articles 66661 - 66690 of 2913358
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
The Effects Of Grading Equity Professional Development On Student Outcomes, Sarah R. Morris, Sarah Mckenzie, Jonathan Wai, Robert A. Maranto
The Effects Of Grading Equity Professional Development On Student Outcomes, Sarah R. Morris, Sarah Mckenzie, Jonathan Wai, Robert A. Maranto
Journal of Global Education and Research
This study examines the impact of a 6-hour professional development (PD) program on grading equity and student outcomes. The PD aimed to enhance teachers’ grading practices to foster fairness and inclusivity, based on the growing advocacy for reform to address systemic inequities in traditional grading systems. Utilizing a randomized control trial, the study compared student perceptions of grading equity, academic achievement, and psychosocial outcomes between groups whose teachers either received or did not receive the training. Results indicated no significant improvements in student outcomes post-PD, suggesting the duration of the intervention may be insufficient for substantial changes in grading practices. …
Examining The Contextual Factors Influencing Self-Efficacy Of The 21st Century School Principal: A Phenomenological Study, Jessica J. M. English
Examining The Contextual Factors Influencing Self-Efficacy Of The 21st Century School Principal: A Phenomenological Study, Jessica J. M. English
All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to identify the contextual influences contributing to principals’ sense of self-efficacy. This research study addressed the research questions, "What contextual conditions currently influence principal self-efficacy?” and “Do contemporary challenges impact principal self-efficacy?” The themes that emerged from the research could help stakeholders such as school districts, policymakers, and principal preparation programs create programs, policies, resources, and support to enhance the development of principal self-efficacy. The study participants were all current public-school principals with five or more years of experience as a principal. The study participants served in school districts across the United States, with …
December 2025 Library & Learning Newsletter, Minnesota State University, Mankato. Library & Learning Dean’S Office Communications Team
December 2025 Library & Learning Newsletter, Minnesota State University, Mankato. Library & Learning Dean’S Office Communications Team
Library & Learning Newsletters
PDF version of the December 2025 (Volume 4, Issue 5) Library & Learning Newsletter.
Bridging Conservation And Planning: State Wildlife Action Plans Analyzed Using Wildlife Value Orientation, Ciara Nelson-Forcade
Bridging Conservation And Planning: State Wildlife Action Plans Analyzed Using Wildlife Value Orientation, Ciara Nelson-Forcade
Community and Regional Planning Program: Theses
Wildlife conservation in the United States has transitioned from managing resources for human use to prioritizing ecosystem preservation and species protection. However, the ways in which conservation values and attitudes are reflected in state-level policy documents remain insufficiently examined. This thesis investigates how Wildlife Value Orientations (WVO) are expressed within State Wildlife Action Plans (SWAPs). Using a qualitative content analysis and flexible coding approach, fifteen SWAPs representing all eight U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service regions were analyzed to identify conservation themes, value orientations, and structural characteristics such as plan length, departmental budgets, and political context. Findings reveal that most plans …
Evaluating The Preparedness Of Local Zoning Regulations For Flood Risk Reduction In The Most Affected Local Jurisdictions In Nebraska, Md Asaduzzaman Noor
Evaluating The Preparedness Of Local Zoning Regulations For Flood Risk Reduction In The Most Affected Local Jurisdictions In Nebraska, Md Asaduzzaman Noor
Community and Regional Planning Program: Theses
Flooding has profound social, economic, and environmental impacts on local communities, and zoning plays a critical role in mitigating these risks. The 2019 Nebraska floods, among the most severe in the state’s history, highlighted the urgent need to strengthen local preparedness and mitigation strategies. This study assesses the extent to which local zoning regulations in Nebraska’s most affected jurisdiction, including rural areas, address flood risk reduction. A systematic review of 117 zoning ordinances from counties, cities, towns, and villages, we applied a structured analytical framework encompassing regulatory and permitting policies, voluntary and incentive-based measures, and nature-based solutions. The results show …
Bridging Conservation And Disaster Recovery: A Dual Study On Wetland Program Plans Evaluation And Midwest Post Disaster Recovery Assessment, Rao Nargis Jahan
Bridging Conservation And Disaster Recovery: A Dual Study On Wetland Program Plans Evaluation And Midwest Post Disaster Recovery Assessment, Rao Nargis Jahan
Community and Regional Planning Program: Theses
Wetlands provide essential ecological, social, and economic benefits for our society. In the United States, states and tribes play crucial roles in wetland protection, restoration, and management. However, no research has systematically measured state-level wetland planning efforts towards national conservation goals. This study is the first to comprehensively evaluate how state-level Wetland Program Plans (WPPs) align with national missions, particularly the "no-net-loss" of wetlands goal. Our research assesses the EPA-approved state-level WPPs from 42 out of 50 states in the United States during the period from 2015 to 2024. Using a protocol of 30 indicators across five categories, this study …
Flood Resilience Through Working-Land Conservation: Assessment Of Wetland Inundation Dynamics Across Wrp, Wma, Wpa, Padus And Crp Lands In Nebraska (2018–2024), Pranjay Joshi
Community and Regional Planning Program: Theses
This study first confirms whether Nebraska’s wetlands are still functioning hydrologically in ways that reduce flood impacts. Wetlands are known to lessen flood damage by storing water, slowing runoff, and moderating peak flows, but these benefits depend on the wetlands’ ability to maintain inundation and saturation through time. Many wetlands across the state have undergone drainage, hydrologic alteration, or isolation from surrounding watersheds, raising uncertainty about their present-day functioning. Using seven years of Sentinel-2 imagery processed in Google Earth Engine, this research establishes a clear, long-term record of inundation patterns across thousands of wetland parcels. This analysis verifies which wetlands …
Telford, Tennessee: The Evolution Of An Agrarian Community, Jeffrey D. Banks
Telford, Tennessee: The Evolution Of An Agrarian Community, Jeffrey D. Banks
Master of Arts in Appalachian Studies Applied Projects
This qualitative paper explores the overlooked history of Telford, Tennessee, a small unincorporated Appalachian community confronting the erosion of its distinctive identity. Drawing from oral history interviews with lifelong elder residents and newly unearthed archival materials, the study complicates the prevailing narrative of 20th-century decline. Instead, it reveals a more nuanced evolution, where diminished local commerce and fading social cohesion were offset by expanded regional access and emergent forms of civic engagement. Among the study’s most significant discoveries is the rediscovery of Franklin Academy--a nearly forgotten 19th-century institution whose advanced debates on Native American rights illuminate an unexpectedly progressive intellectual …
2024-2025 Annual Report, Stephanie C. Miller
2024-2025 Annual Report, Stephanie C. Miller
Law Library Annual Reports and Assessments
No abstract provided.
From Quid Post Quo To Quid Pro Quo: Toward An Evidentiary Standard For 18 U.S.C. § 666 After Snyder, Luke Henkel
From Quid Post Quo To Quid Pro Quo: Toward An Evidentiary Standard For 18 U.S.C. § 666 After Snyder, Luke Henkel
University of Chicago Law Review
This Comment addresses a question left unanswered by the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Snyder v. United States. Snyder held that the federal funds bribery statute, 18 U.S.C. § 666, covers only bribes, not gratuities. That is, an agreement to exchange payment for an official act by a state or local government official is criminally prohibited (if the official’s agency receives a certain amount of federal funding). But § 666 does not prohibit payments made after official acts so long as there was no agreement to conduct a quid pro quo exchange beforehand. Thus, the key issue in cases with …
Pardoning Corporations, Brandon Stras
Pardoning Corporations, Brandon Stras
University of Chicago Law Review
In 1977, a company convicted of conspiring with the mob asked President Jimmy Carter for a pardon. Government officials speculated that the President could grant the request, but ultimately the President decided that the company did not deserve clemency. Nearly fifty years later, President Donald Trump pardoned a company and commuted the sentence of another. People are again wondering whether the pardon power covers companies, but no one can offer evidence either way.
History shows that the pardon power covers companies. Before the Founding, the King would often pardon corporations. Both the City of London and the Massachusetts Bay Company …
Sincerity Or Substantial Burden? Investigating The Proper Threshold Test For Prisoner Free Exercise Claims, David Wang
Sincerity Or Substantial Burden? Investigating The Proper Threshold Test For Prisoner Free Exercise Claims, David Wang
University of Chicago Law Review
When prison officials violate the free exercise rights of prisoners, prisoners can seek recourse under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. However, due to the specialized and restrictive nature of prisons, courts adjudicate these claims under a reasonableness test set out in the case Turner v. Safley instead of under a strict scrutiny standard. While circuits agree on using the Turner test for prisoner free exercise claims, there is a deep circuit split on the proper threshold test for these types of claims.
While some circuits hold that inmates need to show that their religious practice was substantially burdened, other circuits hold …
Effect Of Successive Subculturing On Virulence, Growth, And Germination Of Fungus Metarhizium Rileyi For Biological Control Of Fall Armyworm, Joanna Marie E. Valeros, Trisha Anne P. Garcia, Noel G. Sabino, Marcela M. Navasero, Melissa P. Montecalvo
Effect Of Successive Subculturing On Virulence, Growth, And Germination Of Fungus Metarhizium Rileyi For Biological Control Of Fall Armyworm, Joanna Marie E. Valeros, Trisha Anne P. Garcia, Noel G. Sabino, Marcela M. Navasero, Melissa P. Montecalvo
The Philippine Agricultural Scientist
This study explored the impact of successive subcultures of Metarhizium rileyi (Farl.) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber on its cultural traits, spore germination, and virulence against fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a key pest in agricultural systems. The mass production of infective propagules is essential for effective biological control. Notable changes were observed in the texture and mycelial appearance of the fungus across subcultures. Initially, the fungus exhibited a powdery texture up to the 6th subculture. However, the fungal growth became fluffy and cottony by the 8th and 10th subcultures. Additionally, sporulation rates (7.05 × 108 …
Graduates List - December 2025, University Of Nebraska At Omaha
Graduates List - December 2025, University Of Nebraska At Omaha
Commencement Lists
No abstract provided.
Creating A Virtual Event Website, Timothy Sorensen
Creating A Virtual Event Website, Timothy Sorensen
Student Projects for Graduate Degrees
This Best of 10 Virtual Race project involved creating a virtual athletic event website designed to motivate participants to engage in multiple types of physical activity while providing a fair and engaging leaderboard system. Traditional virtual events often favor participants who specialize in a single activity, such as cycling or running long distances, making it difficult for multi-sport athletes to compete. This project addressed that gap by implementing a scoring system across multiple categories such as cardio, ball sports, racket sports, weight training, outdoor activities, etc. where lower cumulative scores indicate better overall performance. This approach encourages participants to improve …
West Susitna Access Road Project 2025 Cultural Resources Report: Culturally Modified Trees, Nicholas Maness
West Susitna Access Road Project 2025 Cultural Resources Report: Culturally Modified Trees, Nicholas Maness
Student Projects for Graduate Degrees
The Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (DOT&PF) is undertaking the proposed West Susitna Access Road Project which aims to construct a new road that extends from West Susitna Parkway in Big Lake, Alaska through State Lands west of the Susitna River. The project would include land clearing and construction of transportation infrastructure across waterways including the Little Susitna River, Fish Creek, Susitna River, and Alexander Creek.
The proposed project footprint lies in the traditional ancestral territory of several Upper Cook Inlet Alaska Native cultures, and project activities have the potential to adversely affect cultural and natural resources in …
Applied Project Management Methodologies To Create A Volunteer Engagement Guide For New Hope Nonprofit Organization's Volunteer Program, Carlos San Miguel
Applied Project Management Methodologies To Create A Volunteer Engagement Guide For New Hope Nonprofit Organization's Volunteer Program, Carlos San Miguel
Student Projects for Graduate Degrees
Nonprofit organizations (NPOs) rely on volunteers to sustain operations and fulfill their missions, yet many realize persistent challenges in recruiting, training, and keeping them. New Hope Compassionate Ministries (NHCM), a nonprofit organization in Alaska, has struggled to attract and keep volunteers for inventory and restock days—limitations that directly impact its ability to combat food insecurity. This project applies structured project management methodologies to find and address NHCM’s volunteer engagement gap. Through mixed-methods research, including surveys and interviews, the project analyzes current volunteer recruitment and retention practices to uncover underlying barriers. Findings inform the development of a Volunteer Engagement Guide designed …
Application Of A Nonprofit Project Management Methodology To Solid Rock Bible Camp Infrastructure Planning, Austin Laber
Application Of A Nonprofit Project Management Methodology To Solid Rock Bible Camp Infrastructure Planning, Austin Laber
Student Projects for Graduate Degrees
Over the last decade, several costly infrastructure issues have been presented to Solid Rock Bible Camp (SRBC) due to deferred maintenance, poor record-keeping, and short-term, donation-based funding. This has cost the organization substantial time and money and has risked its ability to obtain insurance for its infrastructure. The application of project management principles to SRBC’s unique nonprofit structure and values identified SRBC's current infrastructure needs, pursued future infrastructure solutions, and prioritized future project recommendations. This project documented the campus’s current state and compared its inventory to industry standards and the needs of its stakeholders to find deficiencies. These deficiencies were …
Evaluating Intersectional Variation Of Hpv-Associated Cancers In Rural America, Jason Semprini, Gabriel A. Benavidez, Whitney E. Zahnd, Heather M. Brandt
Evaluating Intersectional Variation Of Hpv-Associated Cancers In Rural America, Jason Semprini, Gabriel A. Benavidez, Whitney E. Zahnd, Heather M. Brandt
Public Health
Purpose: For decades, incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers has been increasing in rural communities across the United States. Although emerging evidence shows a widening rural-urban disparity, rural intersectionality has been understudied. Our study examined the incidence of HPV-associated cancers within rural communities to identify differences by race/ethnicity for males and females, and explore how these differences varied by cancer type, socioeconomic, and geographic factors.
Methods: We accessed age-adjusted cancer incidence rates (2010–2019) from the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR) for HPV-associated cancers (cervical, vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, oropharyngeal) in rural counties. Stratifying by sex, we calculated …
Earnings, Ethics, And Fast Fashion: How Does Income Affect Consumers’ Decisions?, Ava M. Minton
Earnings, Ethics, And Fast Fashion: How Does Income Affect Consumers’ Decisions?, Ava M. Minton
All Theses
This thesis examines if annual earnings influence consumers’ likelihood of avoiding clothing brands associated with labor exploitation. To examine this question, the study draws on four major U.S. datasets that together capture two decades of consumer attitudes and self-reported behaviors. The results show that income has a strong and statistically significant effect: household income increases the odds of avoiding exploitative brands by roughly 27 percentage points. Education, ideology, and gender also exhibit meaningful positive associations with ethical consumption, while age slightly reduces the likelihood of boycott participation. Overall, the analysis provides evidence that ethical consumption behaves like a normal good …
Single-Cell Landscape Of Sex-Specific Drivers Of Alzheimer's Disease., Yiyang Wu, Kyle J Travaglini, Mariano Gabitto, C Dirk Keene, Amy R Dunn, Catherine C Kaczorowski, Philip L De Jager, Vilas Menon, Julie A Schneider, David A Bennett, Logan Dumitrescu, Timothy J Hohman
Single-Cell Landscape Of Sex-Specific Drivers Of Alzheimer's Disease., Yiyang Wu, Kyle J Travaglini, Mariano Gabitto, C Dirk Keene, Amy R Dunn, Catherine C Kaczorowski, Philip L De Jager, Vilas Menon, Julie A Schneider, David A Bennett, Logan Dumitrescu, Timothy J Hohman
Faculty Research 2025
INTRODUCTION: We investigated sex-specific gene expression associations with the neuropathology and cognitive manifestation of Alzheimer's disease (AD) leveraging single-nucleus transcriptomic datasets including 2.84 million nuclei from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC).
METHODS: We delineated the full scope of sex-specific transcript associations, differential gene expression, signaling pathway, and cell-cell communication network changes in eight major DLPFC cell types.
RESULTS: Nine female-specific associations were identified and replicated, involving ADGRV1, OR3A3, IFI27L1, LYRM1, STAP2, TSTD2, PDYN, and TMEM50B. We observed the preponderance of protective female-specific associations in neurons. Sex-specific genes were enriched in the immune-, inflammation-, and damage-related stress-response pathways. Six ITGB1-mediated microglia-specific …
Integrated Phenotypic And Proteomic Screening Identifies Top-Tier Alzheimer's Disease Therapeutic Targets., Gregory Cary, Qianjin Li, Jesse C Wiley, Carolyn Paisie, Yuhong Du, Elizabeth L Zoeller, Duc Duong, Haian Fu, Nicholas T Seyfried, Allan I Levey, Ranjita Betarbet, Gregory W. Carter, The Emory-Sage-Sgc-Jax Treat-Ad Center
Integrated Phenotypic And Proteomic Screening Identifies Top-Tier Alzheimer's Disease Therapeutic Targets., Gregory Cary, Qianjin Li, Jesse C Wiley, Carolyn Paisie, Yuhong Du, Elizabeth L Zoeller, Duc Duong, Haian Fu, Nicholas T Seyfried, Allan I Levey, Ranjita Betarbet, Gregory W. Carter, The Emory-Sage-Sgc-Jax Treat-Ad Center
Faculty Research 2025
INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder. Hundreds of therapeutic targets have been nominated through genetic and multi-omic studies, but effective prioritization remains a major bottleneck.
METHODS: We applied an integrative screening framework to assess 29 candidate targets from risk-enriched biological domains. Using disease-relevant murine BV2 microglial cell lines with stable Psen2 knockdown, we performed small interfering RNA-mediated perturbations followed by cellular phenotypic assays and quantitative proteomics.
RESULTS: Twenty-five candidate targets significantly altered at least one phenotype, with stronger effects in Psen2 knockdown cells. Integrated proteomic analyses identified several perturbations that reversed AD-associated molecular patterns. Five targets-Ap2a2, Pdhb, …
General Education Teachers' Perspectives And Practices For Supporting English Language Learners In Memphis Charter Schools, Ijiah Hargrove
General Education Teachers' Perspectives And Practices For Supporting English Language Learners In Memphis Charter Schools, Ijiah Hargrove
Dissertations
The growing enrollment of English Language Learners (ELLs) in U.S. schools, particularly within urban charter settings, presents unique challenges for general education teachers who are often underprepared to meet both linguistic and academic needs. The purpose of this study was to explore the instructional strategies, perspectives of their ability of self-efficacy, and institutional factors that shape how K–8 charter school teachers in Memphis support ELLs. This work is significant because teachers’ beliefs, preparation, and available resources directly impact ELL achievement and equity in education.
A qualitative single-case study design was employed, with twelve general education teachers recruited through purposeful sampling. …
Privacy Preserving-Based Artificial Intelligence For Precision Agriculture, Partha P. Sengupta
Privacy Preserving-Based Artificial Intelligence For Precision Agriculture, Partha P. Sengupta
Dissertations
The research work finds a solution to precision agriculture of cotton cultivation using artificial intelligence (AI) models. Two sets of model performance based on the application are selected namely a low resource and a high resource setting. This is because using drone surveys to capture images identifying the classes of stressed and unstressed cotton plantation requires limited model architecture and CPU based computation. Thus, traditional AI models were selected for low resource settings. Again, for high computation intensive models like transfer learning-convolution neural network (CNN) based architectures were grouped into high resource settings. There was another issue of class imbalance …
The Malonate Template: The Key To Unlocking Novel Amino Acids, Thomas Owens
The Malonate Template: The Key To Unlocking Novel Amino Acids, Thomas Owens
Dissertations
The “Malonate Template” provides access to various amino acids, all from a common intermediate. Herein, demonstrates the use of the malonate template to establish a synthetic route to both 2-thiohistidine and 2-thio-3-N-methyl-histidine from a benzyl methyl malonate derived intermediate. Furthermore, efforts exploiting the applicability of the malonate template for the of both 2-thiohistidine and 2-thio-3-N-methyl-histidine as a suitable alternative to methods previously described by Erdelmeier are described.
The method presented incorporates modifications to the biomimetic pathway described by Erdelmeier for the synthesis of 2-thiohisidine. By exploiting the biomimetic formation of 2-thiohisitidne’s mechanism via mass spectrometry, we …
Understanding Crystallization Behaviors Of Polyethylene-Derived Vitrimers, Sara Valdez
Understanding Crystallization Behaviors Of Polyethylene-Derived Vitrimers, Sara Valdez
Dissertations
Polyolefins (POs), particularly polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), are among the most widely utilized polymers globally, valued for their low production costs and favorable mechanical properties stemming from their semicrystalline microstructure. However, their extensive use and improper disposal have raised serious environmental and human health concerns. In response, PO-derived covalent adaptable networks (CANs) have emerged, integrating dynamic chemistries to enable recyclability and sustainable end-of-life strategies. While existing literature has largely focused on novel CAN systems, structure–property relationships, and network rearrangement in relation to thermal transitions (e.g., topological freezing temperature), the influence of network formation on crystallinity and crystallization kinetics remains …
An Exploration Of Enablers, Barriers, And Strategies Influencing Black College Alumni's Sense Of Belonging Through The Lens Of Cultural Competence, Marc' C. Bady
Dissertations
According to Pew research, 53% of Black students in the United States are enrolled in predominantly White institutions, or PWIs (Hatfield & Anderson, 2024). Black alumni who attend PWIs are one among many marginalized and underrepresented vulnerable populations (Tucker, 2021). The purpose of this study was to engage with Black alumni who attended and graduated from PWIs to learn about their experiences with academic enablers, barriers, and strategies for success as a PWI student. The researcher interviewed six alumni who graduated from a Southeastern research one institution to explore their lived experiences at a PWI. The researcher chose to use …
Motivators And Work Role Satisfaction Among A Post-Pandemic Multi-Generational Sports And Entertainment Industry Workforce, Christopher J. Kinnan
Motivators And Work Role Satisfaction Among A Post-Pandemic Multi-Generational Sports And Entertainment Industry Workforce, Christopher J. Kinnan
Dissertations
This quantitative causal-comparative study explored intrinsic and extrinsic motivators and work-role satisfaction among a post-pandemic, multigenerational workforce in the North American sports and entertainment industry. Using an adapted version of the Sports Grounds Safety Authority’s (SGSA, 2022) Evaluation of Systematic Stewarding Challenges instrument, the study analyzed data from 560 participants representing safety, security, and service roles across sports and entertainment venues. The research examined generational differences in motivation, satisfaction, and barriers to retention within the framework of Human Capital Theory, Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, and Self-Determination Theory.
Principal component and confirmatory factor analyses verified the reliability and validity of the adapted …
Impact Of Community College Size And Meeting Types On Leader-Member Conversation Quality In Career And Technical Education (Cte) Leaders: A Mixed Methods Study, Kenneth Wayne Kirkland Jr.
Impact Of Community College Size And Meeting Types On Leader-Member Conversation Quality In Career And Technical Education (Cte) Leaders: A Mixed Methods Study, Kenneth Wayne Kirkland Jr.
Dissertations
Community colleges are complex institutions with the primary mission of workforce preparation and academic transfer. In many cases, community colleges produce the majority of their local workforces. Political influences upon workforce priorities, increased national calls for transparency in higher education training, complicated infrastructure, and technical expertise requirements for faculty have created substantial challenges for career and technical education (CTE) leaders. These complexities require the 21st-century CTE leader to be as externally focused as their presidents, highlighting the importance of communication effectiveness in both leaders.
The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to investigate the influence of community college enrollment levels …
Sight-Singing Requirements Of Choral Festivals: A Fifty-State Comparison Of The Methods Used To Adjudicate Ensemble Literacy, William Griswold Jr
Sight-Singing Requirements Of Choral Festivals: A Fifty-State Comparison Of The Methods Used To Adjudicate Ensemble Literacy, William Griswold Jr
Dissertations
Standardized testing in the United States has permeated all levels of education including the choral music classroom. Across the country, state music organizations have implemented yearly evaluations of high school choral ensembles in which directors prepare choirs to be judged against a particular standard. While many organizations utilize similar methods of evaluating performances at adjudicated choral festivals, the methods used for evaluating sight-singing vary greatly from state to state. Throughout the country, various types of rhythmic, melodic, and harmonic exercises are used to evaluate an ensemble’s ability to sight-sing, however in certain states no form of sight-singing is required for …