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Essays On Information Economics, Weicheng Min Apr 2022

Essays On Information Economics, Weicheng Min

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation consists of three independent essays that examine how to improveinformation transmission and how to incentivize learning. In Chapter 2, I study the role of a recommender’s career concerns in his relation-ship with a consumer when the recommender has a private type in expertise. An informed type has valuable expertise for the consumer, whereas an uninformed type does not. The uninformed type cannot mimic the informed type, suggesting that the informed type can build a reputation for competence. However, I find that the relationship breaks down completely if the recommender is sufficiently patient. In Chapter 3, which is co-authored …

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An Intellectual History Of Black Literary Discourse 1910-1956, Shayne Mcgregor Apr 2022

An Intellectual History Of Black Literary Discourse 1910-1956, Shayne Mcgregor

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation examines the first forty-six years of black literary discourse in the American twentieth century. Beginning with Benjamin Brawley’s The Negro in Literature and Art (1910), I begin the dissertation by identifying black literary discourse’s original goal. In the parlance of the time, the goal of black literary discourse was to solve the “Negro Problem.” I then discuss how further into the twentieth century other critics and artists like James Weldon Johnson and Sterling Brown expanded on Brawley’s ideas in ways that attempted to get at the underlying philosophical thought that underpinned the Problem. By the 1930s a competing …

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Identification And Characterization Of Legionella Pneumophila Effector Proteins Important For In Vivo Pathogenesis And Persistence, Luying Liu Apr 2022

Identification And Characterization Of Legionella Pneumophila Effector Proteins Important For In Vivo Pathogenesis And Persistence, Luying Liu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Legionella pneumophila is a natural pathogen of freshwater protozoa and an opportunistic pathogen of humans. Legionella is the causative agent of Legionnaires’ disease, a potentially fatal atypical pneumonia. This bacteria lives a unique intracellular lifestyle that involves internalization via phagocytosis, rapid avoidance of endocytic degradation, and subversion of host pathways to decorate its compartment into an ER-like, replication-permissive vacuole called the Legionella-Containing Vacuole (LCV). This process is largely mediated by a special secretion machinery called the Dot/Icm type IVb secretion system. This system is predicted to secrete over 300 effector proteins into the host cytosol during intracellular infection and is …

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Investigating The Impact Of Maternal Antiviral Responses On Pregnancy And Fetal Development, Alice Lu-Culligan Apr 2022

Investigating The Impact Of Maternal Antiviral Responses On Pregnancy And Fetal Development, Alice Lu-Culligan

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The maternal-fetal interface during pregnancy is an underexplored environment rich in immunological factors that must propel developmental processes while simultaneously providing protection from invading pathogens such as viruses. Almost half of all cells in the maternal decidua in pregnancy are leukocytes, which are required for successful pregnancy, and the placenta has increasingly become recognized as an immunological organ. Viral infections during pregnancy are associated with significant mortality and morbidity, both for the pregnant female and the developing fetus. Notably, impacts on fetal development have typically been attributed to direct viral damage to cells and tissues during the course of infection, …

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4pi Single-Molecule Switching Nanoscopy For Live-Cell Imaging, Kevin Hu Apr 2022

4pi Single-Molecule Switching Nanoscopy For Live-Cell Imaging, Kevin Hu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

plays a critical role in cell biology due to its ability tovisualize molecules of interest inside living cells with high specificity and contrast. However, diffraction of light limits spatial resolution to ~250 nm. Super-resolution microscopy bypasses this physical limit to achieve resolutions of ~10 nm, which is nearly the size of many biological macromolecules. Notably, 4Pi single-molecule switching nanoscopy achieves this resolution in all three spatial dimensions, finally making it possible to resolve specific proteins within convoluted structures like the Golgi. However, the current implementation is only compatible with dead or fixed cell samples, restricting experimental design. To explore the …

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Essays On Information Economics, Weicheng Min Apr 2022

Essays On Information Economics, Weicheng Min

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation consists of three independent essays that examine how to improveinformation transmission and how to incentivize learning. In Chapter 2, I study the role of a recommender’s career concerns in his relation-ship with a consumer when the recommender has a private type in expertise. An informed type has valuable expertise for the consumer, whereas an uninformed type does not. The uninformed type cannot mimic the informed type, suggesting that the informed type can build a reputation for competence. However, I find that the relationship breaks down completely if the recommender is sufficiently patient. In Chapter 3, which is co-authored …

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Some Are Guilty, All Are Responsible': A Theory And Ethics Of Prophetic Citizenship, Alex Ozar Apr 2022

Some Are Guilty, All Are Responsible': A Theory And Ethics Of Prophetic Citizenship, Alex Ozar

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

When it comes to injustices in free societies, Abraham Joshua Heschel says, “some are guilty, but all are responsible.” This dissertation asks what responsibility individuals in fact bear for societal injustices of which they are not guilty, and offers a construction of the prophetic vocation as the answer. We are each responsible for caring about (those suffering under) injustice, and we are each responsible for holding each other responsible for so caring. We effectively address demands to others to care by manifestly caring ourselves, which turns out to require the assumption of some measure of cost, risk, or sacrifice in …

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Network Approaches To The Study Of Genomic Variation In Cancer, Hussein Mohsen Apr 2022

Network Approaches To The Study Of Genomic Variation In Cancer, Hussein Mohsen

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Advances in genomic sequencing technologies opened the door for a wider study of cancer etiology. By analyzing datasets with thousands of exomes (or genomes), researchers gained a better understanding of the genomic alterations that confer a selective advantage towards cancerous growth. A predominant narrative in the field has been based on a dichotomy of alterations that confer a strong selective advantage, called cancer drivers, and the bulk of other alterations assumed to have a neutral effect, called passengers. Yet, a series of studies questioned this narrative and assigned potential roles to passengers, be it in terms of facilitating tumorigenesis or …

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The Role Of Metabolism In Embryonic Development: Mitochondria Determine The Fate Of The Spemann-Mangold Organizer, Alexandra Elizaberth Maccoll Garfinkel Apr 2022

The Role Of Metabolism In Embryonic Development: Mitochondria Determine The Fate Of The Spemann-Mangold Organizer, Alexandra Elizaberth Maccoll Garfinkel

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Carbon metabolism is critical for complex multicellular life. Therefore, mitochondria, and the aerobic metabolism that they perform, have long been a focus of developmental biologists. The discovery of the Spemann-Mangold Organizer, a powerful embryonic patterning center in the dorsal region of the vertebrate embryo, first inspired the idea that embryonic patterning and aerobic metabolism may be connected almost 100 years ago. However, the advent of modern molecular genetics overshadowed this work, and metabolism in development has only recently resurfaced as a focus in the field. A permissive role for mitochondria has been well studied in development. However, it remains unclear …

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Religion And Contested Cultural Heritage: The Rotunda And Hagia Sophia As Church, Mosque, And Museum, Stephanie Machabee Apr 2022

Religion And Contested Cultural Heritage: The Rotunda And Hagia Sophia As Church, Mosque, And Museum, Stephanie Machabee

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This project uses the fourth-century Rotunda in Thessaloniki, Greece and the sixth-century Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey as case study sites for exploring conflicts over religious heritage. These two sites have a shared history of repurposing, from pre-Christian sites, to churches, to mosques, to museums, and to hybrid religious/heritage spaces today. These transformations are the outcome of shifting political powers and changing religious priorities over the centuries. As a result of these complex histories, the Rotunda and Hagia Sophia are notable examples of “dissonant heritage” (Tunbridge and Ashworth 1996). That is, they are loci of competing narratives and public representations …

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Structural Analysis Of Complex Bacterial Secretion Systems, Donghyun Park Apr 2022

Structural Analysis Of Complex Bacterial Secretion Systems, Donghyun Park

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

From the moment Anton van Leeuwenhoek saw bacteria for the first time to the modern era of the ‘resolution revolution’ by the Nobel prize-winning method single particle cryo-electron microscopy (EM), advances in microscopy have led to visual observations that enhance our understanding of life at a wide range of scales, from millimeters to angstroms. The increasingly popular imaging technique cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) is uniquely suited for visualizing protein complexes and cellular features at high resolution in their native environment. This technology presents great potential for visualizing host-pathogen interactions. The work within this dissertation utilizes cutting-edge cryo-ET technologies to visualize different …

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Applications Of Dynamic Modeling And Statistical Analysis To Infectious Diseases, Alyssa Sholeh Parpia Apr 2022

Applications Of Dynamic Modeling And Statistical Analysis To Infectious Diseases, Alyssa Sholeh Parpia

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In this dissertation, I explore the disproportionate burden of infectious disease outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics and the projected impact of interventions for mitigating their harm on populations in Cameroon and the United States. The spatial heterogeneity in vaccination coverage and access to care in Cameroon creates areas that are highly susceptible to measles transmission. In the US, the HIV epidemic is increasingly concentrated in the southern states in addition to larger cities with variable levels of prevention and linkage to sustained treatment. Disparities in COVID-19 burden exist by race and geography across Michigan, in part due to systemic racism and …

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Essays On Discrimination And Spatial Inequality, Luca Perdoni Apr 2022

Essays On Discrimination And Spatial Inequality, Luca Perdoni

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The Effects of Federal “Redlining” Maps: a Novel Estimation Strategy, with Disa M. Hynsjö Redlining, the systematic denial of credit to residents of a community, is often cited by activists and policymakers as one cause of enduring urban inequality. It is widely understood that the federal government started redlining in the 1930s. Government maps, identifying disadvantaged neighborhoods with the color red, have become a symbol of institutional discrimination. However, historians have disputed the ultimate influence of such maps on access to credit, and evidence of any causal economic impacts is scarce due to a lack of data and estimation challenges. …

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Witnessing The Evolution Of Rna, Xavier Portillo Apr 2022

Witnessing The Evolution Of Rna, Xavier Portillo

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The RNA World theory postulates that at a certain point around 4 billion years ago during an RNA World period, a molecule, possibly RNA, developed the ability to self-replicate via polymerization. The theory also suggests that all extant life evolved from this initial RNA-based predecessor. No geological evidence from this RNA World period remains, and a self-replicating RNA polymerase has yet to be discovered or created. However, there is ample evidence from extant life pointing to an RNA-based predecessor. For example, the ribosome is a ribozyme, RNA functions as precursor signaling molecules, riboswitches regulate transcription and translation, and many more. …

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Phenol Exposure And Time To Pregnancy, Early Pregnancy Loss, And The Periconceptional Urinary Metabolome, Ana Katherine Rosen Vollmar Apr 2022

Phenol Exposure And Time To Pregnancy, Early Pregnancy Loss, And The Periconceptional Urinary Metabolome, Ana Katherine Rosen Vollmar

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Phenols are endocrine-disrupting chemicals that have been used in everyday consumer products for decades. Exposure is widespread, with detectable levels in populations worldwide. Studies suggest phenols can influence reproductive function through endocrine-disrupting mechanisms. This dissertation focuses on seven less-studied phenols: methyl paraben (MPB), propyl paraben (PPB), butyl paraben (BPB), triclosan (TCS), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP-24), and 2,5-dichlorophenol (DCP-25). These chemicals are found in a range of products including foods, personal care products, cosmetics, soaps, sunscreens, herbicides, and mothballs. Despite plausible mechanisms by which phenols could impact reproductive function, there are inconsistent results across limited epidemiologic studies. Though metabolomics is a …

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Insights Into The Allosteric Regulation And Exploitation Of The Mapk Phosphatases As Therapeutic Targets, Shanelle Rashida Shillingford Apr 2022

Insights Into The Allosteric Regulation And Exploitation Of The Mapk Phosphatases As Therapeutic Targets, Shanelle Rashida Shillingford

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), while important regulatory enzymes, have proven a challenge to elucidate their mechanisms of actions, distinct functions, as well as their potential inhibition. These enzymes, responsible for the removal of phosphate groups from tyrosine residues, share high domain and sequence homology and a charged active site. Two factors that increase the difficulty in using small molecules, either as activators or inhibitors, to investigate their functions in cells. A subclass of the PTPs is the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) phosphatases (MKPs), responsible for the dephosphorylation and inactivation of the three groups of MAPKs: ERK, p38 MAPK, and JNK. …

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Critical Theory In Revolt: Angela Davis, Rudi Dutschke, Hans-Jürgen Krahl And The Frankfurt School, 1964-1972, Cecilia Sebastian Apr 2022

Critical Theory In Revolt: Angela Davis, Rudi Dutschke, Hans-Jürgen Krahl And The Frankfurt School, 1964-1972, Cecilia Sebastian

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation charts an alternative history of Frankfurt School Critical Theory through its critical reception and appropriation by students involved in anti-authoritarian, anti-capitalist, and anti-imperialist social movements in the United States and West Germany in the 1960s and 1970s. There, many student readers of the tradition, including those named in the title, found opportunities to refine and critique their mentors’ ideas about capitalism and the state, racism and fascism, technology and mass culture, and the nexus of theory and praxis. They resisted the domestication of Critical Theory into the purely academic discourse of philosophy, sociology, and political theory, and instead …

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Contact Tracing In The Era Of Covid-19: Implementation Of Traditional Strategies In Novel Contexts And Innovative Approaches To Address Existing Barriers, Tyler James Shelby Apr 2022

Contact Tracing In The Era Of Covid-19: Implementation Of Traditional Strategies In Novel Contexts And Innovative Approaches To Address Existing Barriers, Tyler James Shelby

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Background: Contact tracing is an evidence-based intervention that became a core component of many COVID-19 response plans throughout the globe. Despite its demonstrated success within other disease contexts, early studies of COVID-19 contact tracing have reported mixed results regarding the effectiveness and impact of contact tracing on ultimate pandemic objectives such as case incidence or mortality. Yet, there remains a knowledge gap regarding contextual factors that influence implementation outcomes of contact tracing that may in turn influence its ultimate impact. The primary objective of this dissertation is to address this knowledge deficit by evaluating an emergency contact tracing program developed …

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Aesthetics And Asceticism: The Paradox Of The Bodily Senses In The Catholic Reformation, Thomas Joseph Santa Maria Apr 2022

Aesthetics And Asceticism: The Paradox Of The Bodily Senses In The Catholic Reformation, Thomas Joseph Santa Maria

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

According to most accounts, following the reformations Protestant worship and tradition became asensual by emphasizing encounters with biblical texts through reading the Bible or hearing sermons. Conversely, Early Modern Catholicism became synonymous with the sensuous, meaning it exploited the senses of faithful Catholics through its incense, art, music, sacraments, and practices. This dissertation challenges these assumptions by demonstrating that there were two sides to Catholic piety that existed in a paradoxical relationship. Surely, Catholic worship appealed to the senses to teach the faith, to meditate and contemplate in prayer, and to move Catholics to greater piety by emulating the saints …

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Understanding Liberty: The Constitution’S Neoliberal Turn, Amanda Shanor Apr 2022

Understanding Liberty: The Constitution’S Neoliberal Turn, Amanda Shanor

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The three major essays and two smaller pieces that form this dissertation focus on the recent deregulatory turn in U.S. constitutional law. They analyze changing, and often competing, understandings of liberty and its relationship to concepts of welfare, choice, democracy, and the purposes of the state. Over the past forty years plaintiffs have increasingly invoked the Constitution, and the free speech clause in particular, in efforts to avoid economic regulation. Areas of life that were once thought irrelevant to the Constitution have become the fodder of pitched litigation, circuit splits, top appellate practices, and United States Supreme Court review. This …

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Quilting Topological Phases Of Matter With Quantum Thread: A Luttinger Liquid Love Letter, Joseph Mccabe Ulysses Sullivan Apr 2022

Quilting Topological Phases Of Matter With Quantum Thread: A Luttinger Liquid Love Letter, Joseph Mccabe Ulysses Sullivan

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Kicked off by the discovery of the quantum Hall effect in the early 1980s, the study of topological phases of matter has captured the attention of the condensed matter physics community for over four decades. With topologically ordered phases, symmetry-protected topological phases and, most recently, fracton phases, examples of states of matter beyond the Landau-Ginzburg symmetry breaking paradigm abound. One approach for constructing these novel states of matter is to employ a layered approach; 2-dimensional phases can be built by coupling together 1-dimensional "wires", 3-dimensional phases can be built by coupling together 2-dimensional "layers" and/or 1-dimensional "wires" and so on. …

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Deep Risk Prediction And Embedding Of Patient Data: Application To Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Dennis Shung Apr 2022

Deep Risk Prediction And Embedding Of Patient Data: Application To Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Dennis Shung

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Acute gastrointestinal bleeding is a common and costly condition, accounting for over 2.2 million hospital days and 19.2 billion dollars of medical charges annually. Risk stratification is a critical part of initial assessment of patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Although all national and international guidelines recommend the use of risk-assessment scoring systems, they are not commonly used in practice, have sub-optimal performance, may be applied incorrectly, and are not easily updated. With the advent of widespread electronic health record adoption, longitudinal clinical data captured during the clinical encounter is now available. However, this data is often noisy, sparse, and heterogeneous. …

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Three Essays In African Politics, Constantine Msisiri Manda Apr 2022

Three Essays In African Politics, Constantine Msisiri Manda

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation advances scholarship on identity politics in sub-Saharan Africa by showing how characteristics of ethnic groups interact with historical events to produce new identities, beliefs and behaviors. Comparisons are centered either on political hierarchy; relative size of ethnic groups; and political, economic, and geographic dimensions with relevant decisions made by pre-colonial and post-colonial African political rulers as they select the extent to which they may use religion to justify their political rule; the extent to which they may favor co-ethnics in cabinets; and the extent to which they take appropriate actions or implement appropriate policies as it relates to …

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Exploring Electrocatalytic Co2 Reduction: From Material Design To Mechanistic Understanding, Zixu Tao Apr 2022

Exploring Electrocatalytic Co2 Reduction: From Material Design To Mechanistic Understanding, Zixu Tao

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction, owing to its mild and controllable working conditions and compatibility with renewable energy sources, is a promising approach to CO2 utilizations. This thesis presents studies on electrocatalytic CO2 reduction from catalyst designs to mechanistic understandings. The exploration of CO2 reduction electrocatalysts starts by studying strong interactions between two different types of metal nanoparticles, which can dramatically change their electrocatalytic properties but are underexplored. We show that interactions with Au can turn Cu, which by itself is neither selective nor active for electrochemical CO2 reduction to formate, into a much improved electrocatalyst for the same reaction. Understandings …

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Essays On Information Asymmetries In Labor Markets, Sourav Sinha Apr 2022

Essays On Information Asymmetries In Labor Markets, Sourav Sinha

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

My dissertation examines the role of private information available to workers and firms in labor markets. In particular, I study three policies in the US, Austria, and Germany which either restrict or allow one side of the market to access information available to the other side. I evaluate the causal effects of these policies on different labor market outcomes, and particularly on pay disparity. In Chapter 1, I study the effects of US salary history bans which restrict employers from inquiring about job applicants' pay history during the hiring process but allow candidates to voluntarily share information. Using a difference-in-differences …

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"All Kinds Of Money": Black Women On The Moving And The Policing Of Urban Alley Workers, 1900-1935, Jub Sankofa Apr 2022

"All Kinds Of Money": Black Women On The Moving And The Policing Of Urban Alley Workers, 1900-1935, Jub Sankofa

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

“All Kinds of Money”: Black Women on the Move and the Policing of Urban Alley Workers, 1900-1935 is a story about labor refusal, informal wage earning, and the rise of “criminal” identification in North America. My dissertation examines the migration, working, and carceral histories of Black women dubbed by police and press as “rollers” and “alley workers.” By the turn of the 20th century, white newspaper outlets regularly printed articles with headlines such as “Rolled by a Negress,” “Caught White Man in Alley,” and “Gang of Negresses Prey On White Men.” The racializing and labeling of rollers as a professional …

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Resonant Integrated Nonlinear Photonics For The Development Of Compact And Stable Soliton Microcombs, Joshua Brian Surya Apr 2022

Resonant Integrated Nonlinear Photonics For The Development Of Compact And Stable Soliton Microcombs, Joshua Brian Surya

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Nonlinear nanophotonic devices are crucial building blocks of a fully integrated photonic system. They enable high-speed, high-throughput and customizable transfer of information, with applications ranging from biology to cutting edge quantum information technologies. A particularly important nanophotonics component is the micro-resonator. Not only do micro-resonators confine light and allow an effective increased length of interaction with a desired material platform, they are also highly compact. Through the amplification of light-matter interaction, nonlinear phenomena such as soliton comb generation, record breaking second and third harmonic generation as well as electro-optic frequency conversion have been observed on an integrated on-chip platform. The …

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Hegel’S Institutional Enlightenment: A Study Of The Political Institutions In Hegel’S Philosophy Of Right, Darren King Zhuan Nah Apr 2022

Hegel’S Institutional Enlightenment: A Study Of The Political Institutions In Hegel’S Philosophy Of Right, Darren King Zhuan Nah

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

“Hegel’s Institutional Enlightenment: A Study of the Political Institutions of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right” examines how Hegel responded to Prussian feudal elites who employed the ideas of “liberty” and “parliaments” to advance their interests. In contrast to other scholars who argue that Hegel sought to moderate the radical individualism of bourgeois liberalism, this work finds that he is instead better understood as responding to aristocratic liberalism. This approach frames Hegel’s political thought as a response to feudal reaction and the rise of Junker-led agrarian capitalism rather than problems of bourgeois and industrial society per se. I demonstrate how Hegel had …

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The Formats Of Spatial Representations, Sami Yousif Apr 2022

The Formats Of Spatial Representations, Sami Yousif

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Mental representations are the essence of cognition. Yet, to understand how the mind works, we must understand not just the content of mental representations (i.e., what information is stored), but also the format of those representations (i.e., how that information is stored). If we want to understand how sensory information is translated into symbolic representations, if we want to know how the mind forms ‘cognitive maps’, if we want to know how the firing of neurons can lead to the emergent phenomenon of human cognition — all of these things require us to understand how information is organized in the …

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Mixed Methods Evaluation Of Data Systems For Tuberculosis In Uganda, Elizabeth Bennett White Apr 2022

Mixed Methods Evaluation Of Data Systems For Tuberculosis In Uganda, Elizabeth Bennett White

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Surveillance is a cornerstone of public health, providing the data required to monitor disease trends, evaluate the impact of interventions, inform policy, and guide programmatic decision making. In order for this data to be informative and useful, however, it must be timely, accurate, and complete. In the context of tuberculosis (TB), which continues to cause millions of cases of disease and deaths each year, surveillance data is known to have gaps including undercounting cases and incomplete reporting by health facilities. To accelerate TB control and elimination, reliable data is needed to improve quality of TB care. Furthermore, challenges with unique …

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