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Articles 100861 - 100890 of 2913357
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Chicago Detective Explorers: Examining The Effects Of Applied Social Emotional Learning Practices On Project-Based Forensic Science, Technology, Engineering, And Math Education Within Out-Of-School Time Programs, Jesus Roberto Magallon
Chicago Detective Explorers: Examining The Effects Of Applied Social Emotional Learning Practices On Project-Based Forensic Science, Technology, Engineering, And Math Education Within Out-Of-School Time Programs, Jesus Roberto Magallon
Theses and Dissertations from DePaul University
This dissertation investigates the impact of a project-based forensic science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) course that utilized social-emotional learning (SEL) as part of its curriculum design during an out-of-school time (OST) summer program designed for high school students on Chicago’s far Northwest side. Although Durlak et al. (2011) showed that SEL improves academic achievement and well-being, its intersection with STEM remains underexamined. The Chicago Detective Explorers (CDE) program—designed and taught by the researcher—included a project-based forensic STEM curriculum (broadly defined as practice and analysis of physical evidence found at crime scenes) woven with SEL activities in areas such as …
Ricketts V. Holloway
All Decisions
In this no-grounds holdover proceeding, the court granted the tenant's motion to dismiss because the petition contained an incorrect description of the premises. The tenant provided conclusive evidence, including prior court records and physical apartment labels, that he resides on the third floor, Apartment 3, not the second floor, Apartment 2, as alleged by the landlord. The court rejected the landlord's argument that a 2012 lease with the incorrect address should control, citing established caselaw requiring an accurate description for marshal identification, and noting the landlord provided no personal knowledge to refute the tenant's claims.
A Joint Geometric Topological Analysis Network (Jgta-Net) For Detecting And Segmenting Intracranial Aneurysms, Xinyue Zhang, Zonghan Lyu, Yang Wang, Bo Peng, Jingfeng Jiang
A Joint Geometric Topological Analysis Network (Jgta-Net) For Detecting And Segmenting Intracranial Aneurysms, Xinyue Zhang, Zonghan Lyu, Yang Wang, Bo Peng, Jingfeng Jiang
Michigan Tech Publications
Objective: The rupture of intracranial aneurysms leads to subarachnoid hemorrhage. Detecting intracranial aneurysms before rupture and stratifying their risk is critical in guiding preventive measures. Point-based aneurysm segmentation provides a plausible pathway for automatic aneurysm detection. However, challenges in existing segmentation methods motivate the proposed work. Methods: We propose a dual-branch network model (JGTANet) for accurately detecting aneurysms. JGTA-Net employs a hierarchical geometric feature learning framework to extract local contextual geometric information from the point cloud representing intracranial vessels. Building on this, we integrated a topological analysis module that leverages persistent homology to capture complex structural details of 3D objects, …
Gender And Climate Change, Amanda Roth
Gender And Climate Change, Amanda Roth
Climate Change and the Individual, 2025-26
This recorded lesson explores how and why climate change is a feminist issue with attention to how climate change disproportionately impacts women globally, how some theoretical approaches to feminism center climate change as a feminist issue, and how women are acting as change-makers around climate.
Elv-N34, Rvd6-Isomer, Or Npd1 Halt Replication Of Sars-Cov-2 Omicron Ba.5 Virus In Human Lung And Nasal Cells, Jorgelina M. Calandria, Haydee E. Bazan, Surjyadipta Bhattacharjee, Marie-Audrey I. Kautzmann, Nicholas J. Maness, Nicolas G. Bazan
Elv-N34, Rvd6-Isomer, Or Npd1 Halt Replication Of Sars-Cov-2 Omicron Ba.5 Virus In Human Lung And Nasal Cells, Jorgelina M. Calandria, Haydee E. Bazan, Surjyadipta Bhattacharjee, Marie-Audrey I. Kautzmann, Nicholas J. Maness, Nicolas G. Bazan
School of Medicine Faculty Publications
Current vaccines rely on the sequence of Spike (S) protein to induce immunity against the severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. Because of the high mutation rate of the viral S protein, new mutant strains are developed to generate new infectivity profiles. Bioactive lipid mediators (LMs) derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are synthesized on demand to sustain homeostasis. The purpose of this study was to determine the action of selected LMs in the viral replication of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 variant in human lung and nasal epithelial cells. Cells from healthy donors were infected with Omicron BA.5 for one hour and …
An Antidote To Populist Ill-Rule? Polycentricity, And Excess Mortality In The Covid-19 Pandemic, Michael Lee
An Antidote To Populist Ill-Rule? Polycentricity, And Excess Mortality In The Covid-19 Pandemic, Michael Lee
Publications and Research
It has often proven difficult for scholars of populist governance to untangle the policy results produced by populist governments from the conditions that might lead voters to elect populist leaders. The COVID-19 pandemic – an exogenous event occurring amidst the rise of populist governments to power in many of the world’s democracies – offers a unique window into populist crisis management. Are populists less effective crisis managers when the stakes are high? And if so, what factors might mitigate populist ill-rule? In this paper I present evidence that populist-led governments experienced greater levels of excess mortality in the COVID-19 pandemic …
A Jus Ad Bellum Analysis Of The American Revolution, Lindsey Allen
A Jus Ad Bellum Analysis Of The American Revolution, Lindsey Allen
Senior Honors Theses
America is a rose among the thorns of history, owing her existence to her remarkable victory in the Revolutionary War. However, America's end cannot necessarily justify the means of her creation. This qualitative thesis will determine whether the American Revolution was just by examining the jus ad bellum perspective of Just War Theory. This philosophical purview will focus on the justness of the colonists’ initiation of the American Revolution, with its criteria being last resort, legitimate authority, just cause, probability of success, right intention, and proportionality. This thesis will synthesize the contributing elements and arguments for the defense of the …
Creation's Jubilee: The Reconciliation Of All Things Through The Work Of Christ, Darrell Wayne Murphy
Creation's Jubilee: The Reconciliation Of All Things Through The Work Of Christ, Darrell Wayne Murphy
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Many have taken it upon themselves to discover the meaning of the biblical teaching of reconciliation and deduced various theories. The topic has reached an impasse for many years. This dissertation will show that God is always the subject, and that man is the object of reconciliation. Through Jesus Christ’s work, God intends to reconcile all things to himself. This assertion claims that Christ’s redemptive work extends to all categories of intelligent beings but does not propose a universal salvation for all. Instead, God has supplied the provision whereby all categories of creatures are offered the work of redemption procured …
Compassion Fatigue And Secondary Traumatization On Foster Mothers’ Perceived Quality Of Provided Care: A Phenomenological Study, Gabrielle Hines
Compassion Fatigue And Secondary Traumatization On Foster Mothers’ Perceived Quality Of Provided Care: A Phenomenological Study, Gabrielle Hines
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Compassion fatigue and secondary traumatization are related phenomenon that contribute to the emotional and mental exhaustion of people in caring professions and roles. Of care, feminist ethicist Gilligan says that care is a reciprocal act that can repair the damage of past wrongs yet benefit both parties involved. This study examined the testimonies of eight foster mothers in the United States Midwest regarding their experiences with compassion fatigue and secondary traumatization and their manifestations of quality care, as the literature lacks thorough descriptions of both. Through hermeneutical phenomenological research, specifically interviews, this study confirmed that the foster mothers experienced compassion …
Judicial Deference In Immigration Cases: A Qualitative Inquiry Into How Judicial Decision Making Shapes Immigration Policy, Jurgen R. Soekhoe
Judicial Deference In Immigration Cases: A Qualitative Inquiry Into How Judicial Decision Making Shapes Immigration Policy, Jurgen R. Soekhoe
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
In the United States, the inherent right of a sovereign nation to regulate immigration and naturalization has been a privilege long recognized. The judicially established plenary power doctrine affirmed that right in 1889, only to be forgotten to history through shifting judicial focus. This study analyzed the connection between the political branch’s constitutional and statutory authority on immigration regulation and the influence of the federal judiciary on that power by reviewing immigration law, executive action, and judicial decisions. Increased judicial review into immigration-related matters has affected immigration policy. Soliciting firsthand insight from 17 federal judges provided unparalleled insight when investigating …
Curriculum As A Tool To Enhance Self-Efficacy And Instructional Practices: A Phenomenological Study Of The Lived Experiences Of Elementary Math Teachers, Twana P. Young
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of elementary math teachers to investigate their use of curriculum as a tool to enhance self-efficacy and instructional practices in second through fourth grade classrooms. The theory guiding this study was Bandura’s social cognitive theory, particularly the tenet of self-efficacy, as it addresses the confidence teachers have as they enact the curriculum and instructional practices. Teacher self-efficacy is both shaped by and shapes their application of what they learn from the professional learning embedded in the curriculum. This study was designed to explore the central research question, …
Emotional And Spiritual Support Assessment For Clinical Outpatient Staff At Lower Cape Fear Lifecare, Jamie Champion
Emotional And Spiritual Support Assessment For Clinical Outpatient Staff At Lower Cape Fear Lifecare, Jamie Champion
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This action project in the field of pastoral counseling is designed to assess the level of emotional and spiritual support that clinical outpatient workers receive at Lower Cape Fear Lifecare. The problem is that clinical outpatient workers do not utilize spiritual care services for themselves, and the purpose of this study is to create and implement tools to increase chaplain utilization amongst team members. This action project utilizes qualitative and quantitative methods to collect data including surveys and interviews and a workshop, newsletters, and videos to disseminate to team members for education and encouragement. This project will help to identify …
A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study Of Understanding Charter School Teachers’ Experiences With Increasing Expectations Of Students’ Learning Outcomes And Attrition Rate, Pamella Pauline Pindling
A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study Of Understanding Charter School Teachers’ Experiences With Increasing Expectations Of Students’ Learning Outcomes And Attrition Rate, Pamella Pauline Pindling
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This hermeneutic phenomenological study focuses on understanding charter school teachers’ experiences with increasing expectations of the students’ learning outcomes. This hermeneutic phenomenological study addressed the influence of these factors on organizational and student learning outcomes. The investigation provides valuable insights by thoroughly examining the connection between these factors and the education system. A comprehensive review of pertinent literature and empirical evidence was undertaken to achieve these goals. The study focused on a hermeneutic phenomenological design, using semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and journal prompts as primary data collection methods. The gathered data undergo thematic analysis to discern prevailing patterns and …
Self-Perception, Socioeconomic, And Gender Factors In Third Grade Rhythm Improvisation, Patrick W. Thames
Self-Perception, Socioeconomic, And Gender Factors In Third Grade Rhythm Improvisation, Patrick W. Thames
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This quantitative causal-comparative research design examines differences in rhythmic improvisational skills and self-perception among third graders from different socioeconomic backgrounds. This study includes participants from two different socioeconomic backgrounds: an affluent private elementary school and an elementary school with low socioeconomic status in Pulaski County, Arkansas. (N=32) This study includes the administration of the Rhythmic Improvisational Readiness Record (RIRR), which includes self-perception components and peer evaluation. Researchers use two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to examine differences in gender and socioeconomic status and analyze causal comparative data that reveal the relationship between self-perceived ability and the participants' actual improvisational skills. This …
Development And Pilot Testing Of An Addiction Clinic-Based Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Uptake And Adherence Intervention For Women With Substance Use Disorders: Protocol For A Pilot Randomized Trial, Angela M Heads, Diane Santa Maria, Mandy J Hill, Robert Suchting, Kimberly N Evans, Zaneta Gaul, Luba Yammine, Constanza De Dios, Joy M Schmitz
Development And Pilot Testing Of An Addiction Clinic-Based Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Uptake And Adherence Intervention For Women With Substance Use Disorders: Protocol For A Pilot Randomized Trial, Angela M Heads, Diane Santa Maria, Mandy J Hill, Robert Suchting, Kimberly N Evans, Zaneta Gaul, Luba Yammine, Constanza De Dios, Joy M Schmitz
Faculty, Staff and Student Publications
Background: Black and Hispanic women in the United States continue to bear disproportionate incidence of HIV related to sexual transmission and injection drug use. Specifically, women with substance use disorders (SUDs) are more likely to engage in vaginal or anal condomless sex associated with HIV transmission. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective HIV prevention tool but is not widely used by racial or ethnic minority women. Effective interventions for engaging women with SUDs in HIV prevention interventions that are culturally appropriate and, therefore, more appealing to racial or ethnic minority women with SUDs are critically needed.
Objective: This 3-phased …
Using A Novel, Multi-Method Approach To Evaluate The Quality Of Self-Report Survey Data In Organizational Readiness Research, Derek W Craig, Jocelyn Hunyadi, Timothy J Walker, Lauren Workman, Maria Mcclam, Andrea Lamont, Joe R Padilla, Pamela Diamond, Abraham Wandersman, Maria E Fernandez
Using A Novel, Multi-Method Approach To Evaluate The Quality Of Self-Report Survey Data In Organizational Readiness Research, Derek W Craig, Jocelyn Hunyadi, Timothy J Walker, Lauren Workman, Maria Mcclam, Andrea Lamont, Joe R Padilla, Pamela Diamond, Abraham Wandersman, Maria E Fernandez
Faculty, Staff and Student Publications
Background: Self-report measures are essential in implementation science since many phenomena are difficult to assess directly. Nevertheless, cognitively demanding surveys increase the prevalence of careless and inattentive responses. Assessing response quality is critical to improving data validity, yet recommendations for determining response quality vary. To address this, we aimed to 1) apply a multi-method approach to assess the quality of self-report survey data in a study aimed to validate a measure of organizational readiness, 2) compare readiness scores among responses categorized as high- and low-quality, and 3) examine individual characteristics associated with low-quality responses.
Methods: We surveyed federally qualified health …
Blockchain-Enabled Master Data Management, Shakhawat Hossain
Blockchain-Enabled Master Data Management, Shakhawat Hossain
Theses and Dissertations
Master Data Management (MDM) is essential for maintaining data quality, accuracy, consistency, and governance within organizations. However, traditional centralized MDM systems continue to face challenges related to data integrity, security, and scalability. This research presents a blockchain-enabled MDM framework designed to overcome these limitations by leveraging blockchain’s decentralized, immutable, and secure architecture. The study aims to identify and address the shortcomings of conventional MDM practices, examine the applicability of blockchain technology in enhancing these systems, and develop a functional prototype to validate the proposed model. The framework incorporates decentralized review mechanisms that improve auditability and ensure trusted data verification by …
Staff Education To Improve Quality Of Life For Patients With Dementia, Vanessa Ann Soda
Staff Education To Improve Quality Of Life For Patients With Dementia, Vanessa Ann Soda
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Dementia is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that is incurable and unpredictable. Patients with dementia experience a decline in functional abilities, communication, and social skills. Fifty-five million people worldwide live with dementia with over 6.9 million people over 65 years of age diagnosed in the United States. The practice problem identified by a 25-bed assisted living facility in the north-central United States was staff’s lack of knowledge of dementia diagnosis, person-centered care approaches, and optimal care strategies supporting a positive quality of life for patients with dementia. The practice-focused question addressed whether an education program consisting of evidence-based practices using the …
Performance Evaluations, Teacher Salary, And Teacher Retention In Online Alternative Learning Environments, April Renee' Siddique
Performance Evaluations, Teacher Salary, And Teacher Retention In Online Alternative Learning Environments, April Renee' Siddique
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Teacher retention has long been an area of study, as schools struggle with high teacher turnover, adversely affecting students’ quality of education. Researchers have demonstrated that low scores on evaluations and low salary adversely affect general education teacher retention, but there is little literature on how these variables influence teachers in online alternative learning environments (ALEs). The problem addressed in this study was low teacher retention, leading to a shortage of teachers. Guided by Ryan and Deci’s self-determination theory, the purpose of this quantitative, correlational, nonexperimental study was to examine the relationship between teacher performance evaluation outcomes, salary, and retention …
Developing A Contextualized Discipleship Pathway For Spiritual Formation And Multiplication Through A Culturally Relevant And Sustainable Model, Evans Jean
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Philadelphia Church of the Newborns (PCN) is a multigenerational Haitian church that has been serving the Haitian community for over 36 years. The church has an average of 375 members who regularly attend Sunday services. Since its establishment, PCN has embraced a traditional approach to discipleship, which is conducted through Sunday school and Bible study. Its ministry context includes Baby Boomers, Gen X, Millennials, and Gen Z. Many members were raised in Haiti and understand how church traditions operate within the Haitian context. Discipleship takes place through church activities rather than structured programs. PCN is recognized for its solid biblical …
Entrepreneurs’ Inability To Address Employee Grievances In The Small Business Industry, Tedford Hope
Entrepreneurs’ Inability To Address Employee Grievances In The Small Business Industry, Tedford Hope
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Grievances are common in work, indicating major impediments to employee performance. Employee grievances lower productivity, motivation, and work happiness, damaging firms. This flexible design qualitative study investigated and improved understanding of entrepreneurs' failure to resolve employee concerns in Los Angeles' small businesses, resulting in lower organizational performance. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 participants—4 executives and 11 junior staff. A thematic analysis identified eight main themes: Small business employee grievances; reasons for grievances; consequences of grievances; resolving grievances; leaders' responsibilities in handling grievances; leaders' mindsets that hinder or improve grievance management; and how to improve leaders' mindsets. Data from this …
Mental Health: A Phenomenological Study Of African American Christian’S Perception Of Mental Health And Utilization Of Mental Health Treatment, Justina Mcintosh
Mental Health: A Phenomenological Study Of African American Christian’S Perception Of Mental Health And Utilization Of Mental Health Treatment, Justina Mcintosh
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The goal of this phenomenological study is to describe African American Christian’s knowledge of mental health and mental health treatment. The goal is to explore more effective ways to increase African American Christians' awareness of mental illnesses and the use of mental health treatment. The research included 20 participants from the state of Texas. The theory leading this research is the self-labeling theory as it describes the connection between social networks and the utilization of mental health treatment. Participants were interviewed to analyze one’s knowledge, and views of mental illness and the utilization of services. The information from the interviews …
Pastoral Resilience Of The Igbo Clergy In The United States, Anthony Eboh
Pastoral Resilience Of The Igbo Clergy In The United States, Anthony Eboh
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The research provided a description of the pastoral resilience of the Igbo clergy in the United States. It began with an exploration of pastoral stresses and coping strategies employed in mitigating the impacts associated with the exercise of their priestly ministries in the States. The study was theoretically grounded in the framework of Job Resources (JD-R), which integrated positive psychology to guide the research process. The JD-R framework is a model for work that shows how stress in ministry happens when the demands on clergy are greater than the resources they have, including positive psychology, to handle those demands. The …
Shaping Music Education: Insights From High School And Collegiate Band Directors On Russell Boone's Influence, Devanon Petallio Fitzgerald
Shaping Music Education: Insights From High School And Collegiate Band Directors On Russell Boone's Influence, Devanon Petallio Fitzgerald
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Despite the valuable contributions and impacts that Historically Black Colleges and Universities band directors have made toward collegiate and high school band programs, there is little research on the contributions and implications of Russell Boone, a former band director and pioneer of the marching band program at Mississippi Valley State University. While many secondary school and collegiate band directors employ his techniques, only a few have highlighted his importance. Under the leadership of Russell Boone, the MVSU marching band made history as the first band from an HBCU to participate in the Rose Bowl parade. Additionally, the band participated in …
Transforming The Challenges Of Improvisation For Sacramento Elementary Music Teachers, Monta Monique Saïd
Transforming The Challenges Of Improvisation For Sacramento Elementary Music Teachers, Monta Monique Saïd
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Despite the widespread consensus among music teachers that improvisation is a crucial skill for children to learn, there have been multiple challenges integrating improvisation into daily teaching practice in general elementary music classrooms. This research, conducted across multiple public schools in the Greater Sacramento Area Unified School District, aimed to identify these challenges and provide actionable solutions based on teacher feedback to improve the situation. Using phenomenological research design as explained by Creswell, this study analyzed, synthesized, and identified patterns of experience among general elementary music teachers through observations, interviews, and collected artifacts. The study found that lack of time, …
Territorial Scars: The Legacy Of The Eugenics Movement In Puerto Rico, Audra Desiree Edwards
Territorial Scars: The Legacy Of The Eugenics Movement In Puerto Rico, Audra Desiree Edwards
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The United States-Puerto Rico relationship was strongly impacted by the eugenics movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The groundwork for the paternalistic relationship that the United States imposed on the island was set by the Spanish colonization. Once the United States gained the territory in 1898, many assumed that it would progress to statehood through the same process as former U.S. territories. However, the impact of the eugenics concerns over race, population density, and undesirable genetics had affected U.S. imperialism. The lack of white migration to the island, in combination with the perceived undesirable and overly dense …
The Lack Of Awareness And Effects Of Peripheral Artery Disease And Systematic Barriers Of Black Americans: The Need To Increase Clinical Trial Recruitment And Retention Of Black Americans 40 Years Of Age And Over, Cheron Jackson
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this qualitative narrative study was to understand Black American men and women 40 years old and over perceptions of participating in clinical trials and evaluating the extent of awareness about Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD). Normative and explanatory theoretical framework was used to set the norms that understand most Black American behavior and explain causes of behaviors. This in turn helped sponsors, investigators, and researchers improve recruitment plans, outreach programs, and increase marketing to attract this population. Using MAXQDA software this research gathered qualitative data from 20 Black American men and women participants 40 years old and over, …
Early Childhood Music Education By Formal Design: Idea To Experience, Ladislao D. Prado
Early Childhood Music Education By Formal Design: Idea To Experience, Ladislao D. Prado
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Academic readiness, measurable growth, and reflective transferable knowledge are hallmarks of a successful music classroom. Yet sound pedagogical and curricular practices are the catalyst for achieving this success. Across the U.S., music programs are thriving in settings where these themes coalesce, save for one: the early childhood music program. At present, no comprehensive music program frameworks exist for this learning environment. Thus, this study aims to identify gaps in early childhood music education literature and national pedagogical and curricular practices, determine why formal music instruction is deficient for this demographic, and examine ways to address this learning community’s needs. As …
A Phenomenological Study Examining The Effects Of Restrictive Factors On Previously Incarcerated Individuals’ Chances Of Recidivism, Tawanda Shantell Heim-Jones
A Phenomenological Study Examining The Effects Of Restrictive Factors On Previously Incarcerated Individuals’ Chances Of Recidivism, Tawanda Shantell Heim-Jones
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this phenomenological study is to describe the effects of perpetual restrictions and stigmatization for previously incarcerated individual’s vulnerability and efforts to reduce recidivism in society. The theories guiding this study are Bandura’s (1986) social theory as it explains the relationship between the theory of self-efficacy and motivation, and Maslow’s (1954) hierarchy of needs accompanied by humanistic and existential theorists Viktor Frankl’s (1946) logotherapy and Carl Roger’s (1951) humanistic psychology as it emphasizes basic needs for human existence and success which are contradicted by hinderance of perpetual restrictions. Because of the mass stigmatization of people who have been …
Self-Care As An Indicator Of Success For The Undergraduate Music Education Major, Sonya Lynn Comer
Self-Care As An Indicator Of Success For The Undergraduate Music Education Major, Sonya Lynn Comer
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Despite rising awareness of stress and mental health issues, many undergraduate music education majors struggle to connect self-care to resilience in personal and professional areas of their lives. Students may perceive self-care as an extra luxury, if they have time after their work is completed, but they fail to recognize self-care as a potential source of energy, creativity, and joy for their work. The missing self-care component creates an internal deficit hindering students’ ability to bring their best self to the classroom, their student teaching placements, and interpersonal relationships. Omitting self-care compounds issues caused by their multi-faceted workload leaving students …