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Equity In Program Evaluation: Equity As A Measure In Program Evaluation, Marco S. Thomas Nov 2020

Equity In Program Evaluation: Equity As A Measure In Program Evaluation, Marco S. Thomas

School of Professional and Continuing Studies Nonprofit Studies Capstone Projects

Changes to equity and inclusion mean, not only including, but also valuing, and sharing power with, community members and stakeholders of various backgrounds. In addition to race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, gender identity, physical and mental abilities, as well as where they intersect, should be represented throughout the entire evaluation process. Countless surveys make assumptions about communities without knowing the culture of the community. This study explores where equity does and does not exist, in the process of creating and conducting the evaluations that are used to measure the successful execution of nonprofit programs. The inclusion of program participants and …


Pedagogy Of The Pandemic: A Case Study Of Emergency Remote Education In A Private Higher Education Institution In Egypt, Rania M Rafik Khalil, Shadia Fahim, Wadouda Badran, Hadia Fakhreldin, Maguid Hassan, Hani Ghali, Attia Attia, Sarah Khalil, Hassan Abdelhamid, Yasmine Abdel Moneim, Omar H. Karam Nov 2020

Pedagogy Of The Pandemic: A Case Study Of Emergency Remote Education In A Private Higher Education Institution In Egypt, Rania M Rafik Khalil, Shadia Fahim, Wadouda Badran, Hadia Fakhreldin, Maguid Hassan, Hani Ghali, Attia Attia, Sarah Khalil, Hassan Abdelhamid, Yasmine Abdel Moneim, Omar H. Karam

English Language and Literature

COVID19 caught almost every higher education institution off guard. The pandemic interrupted the teaching and learning process and required immediate implementation of emergency remote learning strategies. Teaching pedagogy turned to new ways of thinking about learning. Consequently, both academic staff and students had to adapt without warning to the challenges of teaching with advanced technology from home which was taking the world by storm. Overcoming this challenge in Egypt has been much easier for private universities in comparison to state universities because of the availability of facilities, funding, smaller cohorts and validation by partner western universities. This paper shares reflections …


Response To Commentaries On ‘Hard Criteria For Empirical Theories Of Consciousness’, Adrian Doerig, Aaron Schurger, Michael H. Herzog Nov 2020

Response To Commentaries On ‘Hard Criteria For Empirical Theories Of Consciousness’, Adrian Doerig, Aaron Schurger, Michael H. Herzog

Psychology Faculty Articles and Research

In consciousness research, we have a very large number of theories, which exceeds by far the number of theories in other fields. We recently presented a set of criteria for evaluating and comparing theories of consciousness, and then applied the criteria to a number of different theories. Our publication sparked strong responses as evident by the many comments published in Cognitive Neuroscience (this issue). Overall, there seems to be consensus that a theory of consciousness (ToC) needs to have an unconscious alternative, but other criteria sparked controversy. The hottest debate is to what extent consciousness needs to work with purely …


The Use Of It Tools In The Assessment And Development Of Leadership Abilities, Stanisław Stanek, Agnieszka Sabat Nov 2020

The Use Of It Tools In The Assessment And Development Of Leadership Abilities, Stanisław Stanek, Agnieszka Sabat

European Management Studies

This paper aims to present the findings of research into the possibilities of deploying IT tools to support the assessment and development of leadership abilities. The research procedure consisted in an analysis of four case studies from the business and military sectors. The primary research methods were a case study analysis, participant observation, Development Centre, and a source literature analysis. Under individual case studies, the following techniques were applied: individual and group interviews, brainstorming, and role playing. The tools applied included psychometric software (Thomas International, Extended Disc, Thalento) and military simulators. The division of roles between man and computer was …


Priority Concerns For People With Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Sam Tromans, Michael Kinney, Verity Chester, Regi Alexander, Ashok Roy, Josemir W. Sander, Harry Dudson, Rohit Shankar Nov 2020

Priority Concerns For People With Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Sam Tromans, Michael Kinney, Verity Chester, Regi Alexander, Ashok Roy, Josemir W. Sander, Harry Dudson, Rohit Shankar

Peninsula Medical School

Background The approach taken to support individuals during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic needs to take into account the requirements of people with intellectual disabilities and/or autism, who represent a major vulnerable group, with higher rates of co-occurring health conditions and a greater risk of dying prematurely. To date, little evidence on COVID-related concerns have been produced and no report has provided structured feedback from the point of view of people with intellectual disabilities and/or autism or of their family/carers. Aims To provide systemised evidence-based information of the priority concerns for people with intellectual disabilities and/or autism regarding the …


Lions And Tigers And Bears, Oh My!: The Necessity For Uniform Regulations And Training Of Assistance Animals To Curtail Discriminatory And Fraudulent Behaviors Regarding Such Animals, Robert Maines Nov 2020

Lions And Tigers And Bears, Oh My!: The Necessity For Uniform Regulations And Training Of Assistance Animals To Curtail Discriminatory And Fraudulent Behaviors Regarding Such Animals, Robert Maines

Lincoln Memorial University Law Review Archive

With the proliferation of service and emotional support animals fulfilling multiple forms of assistance or comfort, “considerable confusion over the meaning of individual terms used to designate the function and role of service animals, assistance animals, therapy animals, and emotional support animals” is understandable. This is further exacerbated by the terms used by differing agencies, organizations, and innumerable statutes that are meant to ensure the right and privilege of the use of these animals. It is no wonder that public perception would be affected. The affectation of public perception is most evident in the determination of the service animal over …


Resolving The Overlooked Tragedy In Correctional Facilities: Medication Assisted Treatment Access For Inmates, Shianne M. Bowlin Nov 2020

Resolving The Overlooked Tragedy In Correctional Facilities: Medication Assisted Treatment Access For Inmates, Shianne M. Bowlin

Lincoln Memorial University Law Review Archive

Despite the protections laid out in the Eighth Amendment, Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), and American Bar Association (ABA) Standards, individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) who require medication assisted treatment (MAT) while incarcerated continue to be stripped of their right to proper medical treatment. While there is existing scholarship on whether access to MAT violates the Eighth Amendment, this scholarship is relying on one court case that relies on misinterpretation of the Food and Drug Administration regulations. There is scant scholarship addressing access to medication assisted treatment in correctional facilities under the ADA. This article demonstrates the clear discriminatory …


Index Of Documents Related To Fr. Vincent A. Lipinski, Hall & Monagle, Llc Nov 2020

Index Of Documents Related To Fr. Vincent A. Lipinski, Hall & Monagle, Llc

Records related to Fr. Vincent A. Lipinski

No abstract provided.


Arts Education: Benefits, Disparities, And Reaching For Equal Access, Madelaine Shreeman Nov 2020

Arts Education: Benefits, Disparities, And Reaching For Equal Access, Madelaine Shreeman

Senior Honors Theses

Arts education is a unique way to engage students. The arts include, but are not limited to, music, theatre, visual/studio arts, poetry, and dance; they are powerful bridges for students to knowledge and classroom contribution. They assist students with lower academic achievement, problematic behavior, or those who have a likelihood of dropping out of school. While there are plenty of resources displaying the student benefits, there remain inequalities in access to arts education among students across America. Often, areas and schools that generally receive fewer opportunities or less arts funding are ones with more at-risk youth. Disproportionate arts access negatively …


Can I Be Me With You At Work? Examining Relational Authenticity And Discretionary Behaviors In The Workplace, Kathryn Ostermeier, Michele N. Medina-Craven, Kerri M. Camp, Sara E. Davis Nov 2020

Can I Be Me With You At Work? Examining Relational Authenticity And Discretionary Behaviors In The Workplace, Kathryn Ostermeier, Michele N. Medina-Craven, Kerri M. Camp, Sara E. Davis

Applied Psychology Department Faculty Journal Articles

Management scholars have long been interested in the topic of authenticity in the workplace, evidenced by the history of scholarship on authentic leadership and the many new authenticity constructs that have emerged. In this article, we take a narrower view of authenticity and focus on relational authenticity in the workplace, which we define as being genuine in workplace relationships. Adapting a validated relational authenticity scale to the organizational context, we explore the ways in which feeling authentic in workplace relationships has ramifications for discretionary behaviors. Specifically, we build on belongingness theory to posit that relational authenticity will result in an …


This Is My Vision’: How Students Depict Critiques Along With Themselves During Critiques, Jason K. Mcdonald, Esther Michela Nov 2020

This Is My Vision’: How Students Depict Critiques Along With Themselves During Critiques, Jason K. Mcdonald, Esther Michela

Faculty Publications

In this article we consider critiques within the design studio as how students press forward into possible forms of the self that are opened up through studio participation. We contrast this with a view of critiques as primarily being a pedagogical or socialising technique under the control of instructors and other critics. We carried out our inquiry using interviews with six studio students, studying how they depict critiques and how they depict themselves when being critiqued. Students’ depictions of critiques included their being: a) signal in the noise; b) windows into their critics’ character; c) a type of text to …


Innovator - Fall 2014 Nov 2020

Innovator - Fall 2014

Innovator

4 - What’s Now: Impact Edition

6 - Scholarships

8 - Term Chairs

10 - Power to Innovate Campaign

20 - Donor Profile: Handsel Minyard

23 - Financial Information


Innovator - Fall/Winter 2013 Nov 2020

Innovator - Fall/Winter 2013

Innovator

1 - THE BIG PICTURE

8 - WHAT’S NOW

16 - PINBOARD

17 - MIKE MADE THAT
Mike Leonard, academic dean of the School of Design and Engineering, gives us the inside story about his role in the invention of just about everything.

20 - MEET THE NEW BOARD CHAIR
Entrepreneur and education advocate, Eileen Martinson ’86, brings her passion and expertise for smart technology and education to her new role as Board Chair.

24 - THE DEC CENTER
Built to evolve as curricula changes, the DEC Center has quickly become the campus’ new academic hub.

26 - CHARTING THE …


Innovator - Winter 2010 Nov 2020

Innovator - Winter 2010

Innovator

2 - STEPPING FORWARD AS A NATIONAL MODEL
PhilaU takes a leadership role in green education

6 - 125 THINGS THAT MAKE PHILAU GREAT
Celebrating our 125th Anniversary

12 - PRESIDENT SPINELLI COMMENTARY
A Solid Foundation for the 21st Century

14 - NEW VISION FOR THE ACADEMY
A day in the life of Provost Randy Swearer

18 - STRATEGIC INITIATIVES
Developing the model for professional education in the 21st century

22 - PROFILES

24 - TRUSTEE UPDATE

26 - PHILAU NEWS

31 - AWARDS AND HONORS

32 - EMBRACING THE NEW WORLD OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE
Faculty commentary by Michael A. …


Pagmamahal Sa Bayan Sa Mundong Vuca, Helen U. Amante Nov 2020

Pagmamahal Sa Bayan Sa Mundong Vuca, Helen U. Amante

Magisterial Lectures

In this lecture, Dr. Amante asks the question: how do you teach students about patriotism during VUCA (volatile, uncertain, complex, ambiguous) times? She provides educators steps on how to navigate and process times of crisis with students.

Speaker: Helen earned her doctoral degree in Leadership Studies major in Organizational Development at the Ateneo de Manila University. She has been in basic education teaching for more than thirty years and has handled administrative posts in academic affairs, student affairs and campus ministry. She has years of experience in textbook production both as textbook series head and writer. She has designed computer-assisted …


Humor Styles And The Ten Personality Dimensions From The Supernumerary Personality Inventory, Marisa L. Kfrerer, Julie Aitken Schermer Nov 2020

Humor Styles And The Ten Personality Dimensions From The Supernumerary Personality Inventory, Marisa L. Kfrerer, Julie Aitken Schermer

Management and Organizational Studies Publications

BACKGROUND The present study examines the relationship between humor styles and the 10 Supernumerary Personality Inventory (SPI) traits to understand how humor styles correlate with personality dimensions “beyond the Big Five” model. Humor styles and the personality dimensions of the SPI have yet to be explored. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore how humor styles correlate with traits outside of conventional personality models, in order to better understand humor expression related to personality traits. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE The data were from 693 adult participants (135 men and 560 women) from North America. RESULTS All four humor styles …


The Unorthodox - Volume 3, Issue 3, Morehead State University. Honors Program. Nov 2020

The Unorthodox - Volume 3, Issue 3, Morehead State University. Honors Program.

Newsletters & Publications

Volume 3, Issue 3 of The Unorthodox. Published on November 27, 2020.


Lyme Disease In Kentucky: Prevalence, Awareness, And Diagnosis In A Conventionally Low-Endemic Area, Rachel L. Carden Ots Nov 2020

Lyme Disease In Kentucky: Prevalence, Awareness, And Diagnosis In A Conventionally Low-Endemic Area, Rachel L. Carden Ots

Honors Theses

Lyme Disease is the fastest-growing vector-borne illness in the United States – including in low-endemic states, such as Kentucky; given Kentucky’s low Lyme disease incidence in prior decades, it has since experienced an increase of cases despite a lack of discussion on the condition and its implications on patient health and wellbeing. To measure current levels of knowledge and awareness of Lyme disease in Kentucky residents, a survey was distributed to Microbiology and Honors Program students at Eastern Kentucky University, and its results were discussed. While Lyme disease cases do continue to rise, the general public of Kentucky lacks in …


Altruistic Attitudes Among Older Adults: Examining Construct Validity And Measurement Invariance Of A New Scale, Tirth R. Bhatta, Eva Kahana, Nirmala Lekhak, Boaz Kahana, Elizabeth Midlarsky Nov 2020

Altruistic Attitudes Among Older Adults: Examining Construct Validity And Measurement Invariance Of A New Scale, Tirth R. Bhatta, Eva Kahana, Nirmala Lekhak, Boaz Kahana, Elizabeth Midlarsky

Sociology Faculty Research

Background and Objectives: Scholarly research has established the role of altruism in facilitating human cooperation and prosocial behaviors and highlighted its contribution to psychological well-being. Given the health significance of altruistic attitudes and orientations, we developed a valid and reliable measure of this construct that is suitable for use with older adults. Research Design and Methods: Based on data from a long-term panel study on adaptation to frailty among older adults (n = 366; mean age = 86 years), we used confirmatory factor analysis to perform construct validation of a five-item Elderly Care Research Center Altruism Scale among older adults …


December 3, 2020: Agenda, University Of North Dakota Nov 2020

December 3, 2020: Agenda, University Of North Dakota

University Senate Meeting Minutes

Agenda for the December 3, 2020, meeting of the University Senate. 49 pages


Interactive Sonification To Assist Children With Autism During Motor Therapeutic Interventions, Franceli L. Cibrian, Judith Ley-Flores, Joseph W. Newbold, Aneesha Singh, Nadia Bianchi-Berthouze, Monica Tentori Nov 2020

Interactive Sonification To Assist Children With Autism During Motor Therapeutic Interventions, Franceli L. Cibrian, Judith Ley-Flores, Joseph W. Newbold, Aneesha Singh, Nadia Bianchi-Berthouze, Monica Tentori

Engineering Faculty Articles and Research

Interactive sonification is an effective tool used to guide individuals when practicing movements. Little research has shown the use of interactive sonification in supporting motor therapeutic interventions for children with autism who exhibit motor impairments. The goal of this research is to study if children with autism understand the use of interactive sonification during motor therapeutic interventions, its potential impact of interactive sonification in the development of motor skills in children with autism, and the feasibility of using it in specialized schools for children with autism. We conducted two deployment studies in Mexico using Go-with-the-Flow, a framework to sonify movements …


Editorial: Investigating The Impact Of Current Issues On Leisure, Tourism, And Hospitality In Psychological Science, Anestis K. Fotiadis, Chris A. Vasilliadis, Tzung-Cheng Huan Nov 2020

Editorial: Investigating The Impact Of Current Issues On Leisure, Tourism, And Hospitality In Psychological Science, Anestis K. Fotiadis, Chris A. Vasilliadis, Tzung-Cheng Huan

All Works

No abstract provided.


Vestibular Rehabilitation In Multiple Sclerosis: Study Protocol For A Randomised Controlled Trial And Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Comparing Customised With Booklet Based Vestibular Rehabilitation For Vestibulopathy And A 12 Month Observational Cohort Study Of The Symptom Reduction And Recurrence Rate Following Treatment For Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo, J. Marsden, M. Pavlou, R. Dennett, A. Gibbon, R. Knight-Lozano, L. Jeu, C. Flavell, J. Freeman, D. E. Bamiou, C. Harris, A. Hawton, E. Goodwin, B. Jones, S. Creanor Nov 2020

Vestibular Rehabilitation In Multiple Sclerosis: Study Protocol For A Randomised Controlled Trial And Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Comparing Customised With Booklet Based Vestibular Rehabilitation For Vestibulopathy And A 12 Month Observational Cohort Study Of The Symptom Reduction And Recurrence Rate Following Treatment For Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo, J. Marsden, M. Pavlou, R. Dennett, A. Gibbon, R. Knight-Lozano, L. Jeu, C. Flavell, J. Freeman, D. E. Bamiou, C. Harris, A. Hawton, E. Goodwin, B. Jones, S. Creanor

School of Health Professions

Abstract Background Symptoms arising from vestibular system dysfunction are observed in 49–59% of people with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Symptoms may include vertigo, dizziness and/or imbalance. These impact on functional ability, contribute to falls and significant health and social care costs. In people with MS, vestibular dysfunction can be due to peripheral pathology that may include Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV), as well as central or combined pathology. Vestibular symptoms may be treated with vestibular rehabilitation (VR), and with repositioning manoeuvres in the case of BPPV. However, there is a paucity of evidence about the rate and degree of symptom recovery …


Randomised Controlled Trial Of An Augmented Exercise Referral Scheme Using Web-Based Behavioural Support For Inactive Adults With Chronic Health Conditions: The E-Coacher Trial., A Taylor, Rs Taylor, W Ingram, Sg Dean, K Jolly, N Mutrie, J Lambert, L Yardley, A Streeter, C Greaves, C Mcadam, L Price, Nk Anokye, J Campbell Nov 2020

Randomised Controlled Trial Of An Augmented Exercise Referral Scheme Using Web-Based Behavioural Support For Inactive Adults With Chronic Health Conditions: The E-Coacher Trial., A Taylor, Rs Taylor, W Ingram, Sg Dean, K Jolly, N Mutrie, J Lambert, L Yardley, A Streeter, C Greaves, C Mcadam, L Price, Nk Anokye, J Campbell

Peninsula Medical School

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether adding web-based support (e-coachER) to an exercise referral scheme (ERS) increases objectively assessed physical activity (PA). DESIGN: Multicentre trial with participants randomised to usual ERS alone (control) or usual ERS plus e-coachER (intervention). SETTING: Primary care and ERS in three UK sites from 2015 to 2018. PARTICIPANTS: 450 inactive ERS referees with chronic health conditions. INTERVENTIONS: Participants received a pedometer, PA recording sheets and a user guide for the web-based support. e-coachER interactively encouraged the use of the ERS and other PA options. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary and key secondary outcomes were: objective moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) …


War, Media, And Memory: American Television News Coverage Of The Vietnam War, Brock J. Vaughan Nov 2020

War, Media, And Memory: American Television News Coverage Of The Vietnam War, Brock J. Vaughan

Bridges: An Undergraduate Journal of Contemporary Connections

Social and political impacts of television news coverage of the Vietnam War are often glorified and grossly overestimated. This paper argues that the role of the American media during the war did not directly affect public support for the war, nor did it profoundly impact American nationalism and military policy. Television news coverage did, however, influence how events were perceived and remembered. The commonly held belief that the American news media was directly responsible for the decline of public confidence in the U.S. government, ultimately contributing to the public’s distaste for any further involvement in Vietnam, is a narrow viewpoint …


Domestic Violence In Criminal Courts: The Larger Implications For Victims, Jason Johnson Nov 2020

Domestic Violence In Criminal Courts: The Larger Implications For Victims, Jason Johnson

Bridges: An Undergraduate Journal of Contemporary Connections

Academics have considered the treatment of domestic violence in Canada inadequate (Bell, Perez, Goodman, & Dutton, 2011) and “…an indicator of society's inattentiveness to violence against women…” (Garner & Maxwell, 2009, p. 44). Van Wormer (2009) further notes that there is still “…widespread dissatisfaction by battered women … and their advocates with the current system…” (p. 107). While much of the literature focuses on early aspects of the criminal justice system (police action, decision to prosecute, for e.g.), few authors have sought to understand victims opinions about the trial process (Hare, 2010; Smith, 2001). This paper conducts a literature review …


100 Maasai Women’S Perspectives On The Impact Of Female Genital Cutting On Social And Economic Wellbeing, Rebecca Vandekemp-Mclellan Nov 2020

100 Maasai Women’S Perspectives On The Impact Of Female Genital Cutting On Social And Economic Wellbeing, Rebecca Vandekemp-Mclellan

Bridges: An Undergraduate Journal of Contemporary Connections

Interviews with 100 Maasai women in Narok District, Kenya, explored FGC, early marriage, and financial autonomy, among other topics. Respondents drew a telling picture of the significant social value that FGC holds for the Maasai communities in this study, namely, that FGC is an initiation ceremony that turns children into adults, and is an eligibility requirement for marriage and childbearing. Not only does circumcision create multiple opportunities for increased social status, but it also represents increases in economic security through its power to bring about marriage and reproduction. The overall perspectives of the women on the FGC procedure itself showed …


Brain Metabolite Levels In Sedentary Women And Non-Contact Athletes Differ From Contact Athletes, Amy L. Schranz, Gregory A. Dekaban, Lisa Fischer, Kevin Blackney, Christy Barreira, Timothy J. Doherty, Douglas D. Fraser, Arthur Brown, Jeff Holmes, Ravi S. Menon, Robert Bartha Nov 2020

Brain Metabolite Levels In Sedentary Women And Non-Contact Athletes Differ From Contact Athletes, Amy L. Schranz, Gregory A. Dekaban, Lisa Fischer, Kevin Blackney, Christy Barreira, Timothy J. Doherty, Douglas D. Fraser, Arthur Brown, Jeff Holmes, Ravi S. Menon, Robert Bartha

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

White matter tracts are known to be susceptible to injury following concussion. The objective of this study was to determine whether contact play in sport could alter white matter metabolite levels in female varsity athletes independent of changes induced by long-term exercise. Metabolite levels were measured by single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in the prefrontal white matter at the beginning (In-Season) and end (Off-Season) of season in contact (N = 54, rugby players) and non-contact (N = 23, swimmers and rowers) varsity athletes. Sedentary women (N = 23) were scanned once, at a time equivalent to the Off-Season …


Perceptions, Knowledge And Attitudes Towards The Concept And Approach Of Palliative Care Amongst Caregivers: A Cross-Sectional Survey In Karachi, Pakistan, Sameera Shah, Faizan Qaisar, Iqbal Azam Syed, Khairunnisa Mansoor Nov 2020

Perceptions, Knowledge And Attitudes Towards The Concept And Approach Of Palliative Care Amongst Caregivers: A Cross-Sectional Survey In Karachi, Pakistan, Sameera Shah, Faizan Qaisar, Iqbal Azam Syed, Khairunnisa Mansoor

Department of Family Medicine

Background: Limited comprehension of the concept of palliative care and misconceptions about it are barriers to meaningful utilisation of palliative care programs. As caregivers play an integral role for patients with terminal illness, it is necessary to assess their perceptions and attitudes towards the palliative care approach.
Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted. Data was collected from the Aga Khan Hospital in-patient and out-patient departments and home-based palliative care services. All adult caregivers who met the inclusion criteria and consented, completed a questionnaire till the sample size was reached. Univariate and multivariate multivariable analysis was done and results were reported …


Year 7 Students’ Interpretation Of Letters And Symbols In Solving Routine Algebraic Problems, Madihah Khalid Dr., Faeizah Yakop Dr., Hasniza Ibrahim Nov 2020

Year 7 Students’ Interpretation Of Letters And Symbols In Solving Routine Algebraic Problems, Madihah Khalid Dr., Faeizah Yakop Dr., Hasniza Ibrahim

The Qualitative Report

In this study wefocused on one of the recurring issues in the learning of mathematics, which is students’ errors and misconceptions in learning algebra. We investigated Year 7 students on how they manipulate and interpret letters in solving routine algebraic problems to understand their thinking process. This is a case study of qualitative nature, focusing on one pencil and paper test, observation, and in-depth interviews of students in one particular school in Brunei Darussalam. The themes that emerged from interviews based on the test showed students’ interpretation of letters categorized as “combining” - which involved the combining of numbers during …