Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (188749)
- Education (118270)
- Arts and Humanities (84687)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (75806)
- Psychology (73878)
-
- Law (73784)
- Higher Education (35227)
- Sociology (32934)
- Business (29175)
- Communication (27312)
- History (18338)
- Life Sciences (17369)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (15379)
- Religion (15134)
- Public Health (14637)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (13999)
- Nursing (13809)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (12990)
- Teacher Education and Professional Development (12160)
- Curriculum and Instruction (11755)
- Mass Communication (11689)
- Library and Information Science (11217)
- Medical Specialties (11038)
- Mental and Social Health (10443)
- Journalism Studies (10400)
- Social Work (9761)
- Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research (9709)
- Psychiatry and Psychology (9593)
- English Language and Literature (9347)
- Political Science (8746)
- Institution
-
- Walden University (13138)
- University of Montana (13044)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (12551)
- University of South Florida (10833)
- San Jose State University (10822)
-
- Nova Southeastern University (10718)
- Western Michigan University (10437)
- University of Mississippi (10371)
- Brigham Young University (9792)
- University of North Dakota (9002)
- University of Central Florida (8800)
- Liberty University (8791)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (8660)
- University of New Mexico (8526)
- Eastern Illinois University (8498)
- University of Northern Iowa (8126)
- Bowling Green State University (7287)
- Georgia Southern University (7284)
- Utah State University (7163)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (6810)
- University of Dayton (6789)
- California State University, San Bernardino (6697)
- Louisiana State University (6213)
- University of South Carolina (6100)
- Edith Cowan University (6037)
- Southern Illinois University Carbondale (5947)
- Portland State University (5754)
- University of New Hampshire (5555)
- Loyola University Chicago (5462)
- Old Dominion University (5449)
- Keyword
-
- Newspaper (12787)
- Education (10071)
- Psychology (7570)
- Student newspaper (6304)
- Higher education (5633)
-
- Spartan Daily (5330)
- Bowling Green State University (4869)
- Mental health (4828)
- Faculty (4465)
- Depression (4410)
- Students (4322)
- Humans (4204)
- Gender (4105)
- EIU (4030)
- History (4024)
- Newsletter (3953)
- Leadership (3901)
- Eastern Illinois University (3665)
- Daily Eastern News (3580)
- BG News (3568)
- Student Newspaper (3531)
- COVID-19 (3506)
- Children (3381)
- Women (3287)
- College student newspapers and periodicals (3232)
- Anxiety (3205)
- Stress (3191)
- Communication (3051)
- Student newspapers (3002)
- Newspapers (2934)
- Publication Year
-
- 2026 (22329)
- 2025 (32872)
- 2024 (32744)
- 2023 (32034)
- 2022 (32240)
-
- 2021 (32527)
- 2020 (30532)
- 2019 (30720)
- 2018 (28838)
- 2017 (28503)
- 2016 (27165)
- 2015 (25229)
- 2014 (23344)
- 2013 (22034)
- 2012 (21156)
- 2011 (18329)
- 2010 (16440)
- 2009 (15245)
- 2008 (13067)
- 2007 (12160)
- 2006 (11223)
- 2005 (10202)
- 2004 (9339)
- 2003 (9068)
- 2002 (8322)
- 2001 (7978)
- 2000 (8061)
- 1999 (7459)
- 1998 (7402)
- 1997 (7111)
- Publication
-
- Theses and Dissertations (22162)
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (12036)
- Dissertations (11419)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (11133)
- Faculty Publications (6738)
-
- Doctoral Dissertations and Projects (5848)
- Masters Theses (5782)
- Spartan Daily (School of Journalism and Mass Communications) (4939)
- Master's Theses (4885)
- Faculty Scholarship (4597)
- Theses (4404)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (3976)
- Montana Kaimin, 1898-present (3863)
- Honors Theses (3715)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (3626)
- BG News (Student Newspaper) (3602)
- Daily Mississippian (all digitized issues) (3558)
- Articles (3261)
- Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD) (3024)
- Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers (2797)
- Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD) (2655)
- Publications and Research (2615)
- Student Newspapers (2597)
- Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects (2556)
- Dissertations and Theses (2539)
- Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (2498)
- Theses Digitization Project (2425)
- Commencement Programs (2390)
- All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023 (2259)
- Open Access Dissertations (2203)
- Publication Type
Articles 13981 - 14010 of 791941
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
The Peach Crayon Phenomenon: How Inequitable Perspectives Influence The Cld Achievement Gap, Judith Collazo
The Peach Crayon Phenomenon: How Inequitable Perspectives Influence The Cld Achievement Gap, Judith Collazo
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
According to Ross (2008), there has been a cultural mismatch the American public school system due to a misunderstanding of the basic tenets of culture. Considering that the cultural mismatch that exists between the majority of teachers and culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students influences teachers' cultural perspectives (Wildhagen, 2012), social justice educators can commit to "knowledge building" through cultural competence (Fullan, 2001). In order to understand cultural differences, educators can learn to re-interpret their views of "cultural normality" onto their diverse students (Ross, 2008). Further, guiding teachers to become more culturally competent involves exploring educators' perspectives about CLD learners, …
Full Issue: Volume 12, Number 2, Spring 2019, Julie Jones
Full Issue: Volume 12, Number 2, Spring 2019, Julie Jones
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
This file contains the full issue of TEJSC, including front matter, table of contents, editorial notes, and articles.
Using Video Technology As A Tool For Pre-Service Teacher Reflection During Student Teaching, Robin Franklin, Justin Mitchell
Using Video Technology As A Tool For Pre-Service Teacher Reflection During Student Teaching, Robin Franklin, Justin Mitchell
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
This qualitative case study offers additional insight into the use of video technology in relation to pre-service teacher reflection when implemented within a college of education’s clinical practice (student teaching) spring cycle. Summative survey data were collected post clinical practice and researchers triangulated the data to identify emergent themes. Overall findings based on participant responses yielded a level of reflection that focused on surface-level perceptions. These themes included: appearance/body language; voice quality and expression; teacher positioning; and calling on students.
Full Issue: Volume 12, Number 1, Fall 2018, Julie Jones
Full Issue: Volume 12, Number 1, Fall 2018, Julie Jones
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
This file contains the full issue of TEJSC, including front matter, table of contents, editorial notes, and articles.
Are Teachers Really Different? The Moral Intuitions Of Elementary And Secondary Preservice Teachers, Austin M. Hitt, Richard H. Costner
Are Teachers Really Different? The Moral Intuitions Of Elementary And Secondary Preservice Teachers, Austin M. Hitt, Richard H. Costner
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
In a previous study the authors used the Six Factor Personality Questionnaire (SFPQ) to uncover putative personality differences between elementary and secondary preservice teachers. The key result of the study was that no significant differences between the two groups of preservice teachers were identified. For the present study the authors examined another psychological construct, moral intuition. Preservice elementary and secondary teachers completed the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ), which is designed to uncover the moral intuitions or heuristics that people use to resolve moral dilemmas. Analysis of the responses revealed statistically significant differences in the moral intuitions of preservice elementary and …
Full Issue: Volume 11, Number 2, Spring 2018, Julie Jones
Full Issue: Volume 11, Number 2, Spring 2018, Julie Jones
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
This file contains the full issue of TEJSC, including front matter, table of contents, editorial notes, and articles.
Read To Succeed: South Carolina's Unique Approach To Literacy Gateway Retention Policies, Jennifer Barrett-Tatum
Read To Succeed: South Carolina's Unique Approach To Literacy Gateway Retention Policies, Jennifer Barrett-Tatum
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
South Carolina's Read to Succeed Act, a state policy involving mandated intervention and retention for students third grade and below, began at the start of the 2017-2018 school year. Similar to past research on retention, a recent study of over 1,150 South Carolina state elementary school teachers, literacy support specialists, and administrators provides that the majority of respondents were unfamiliar with research on the effectiveness of retention as a means of intervention and were also unaware of many of the details of RTS, including Good Cause Exemptions for student retention. This article seeks to inform educators about what decades of …
From Ncate To Caep: Navigating Uncertain Waters Together, Laura Hooks, Sarah Hunt-Barron
From Ncate To Caep: Navigating Uncertain Waters Together, Laura Hooks, Sarah Hunt-Barron
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
An educator preparation program shares the story of their shift from the NCATE accreditation process to the CAEP accreditation process, specifically their journey in the preparation of their self-study report. The paper outlines the concrete steps taken to navigate a confusing and changing landscape, while still keeping both the unit's goals and the goals of CAEP at the forefront. Failures and successes are shared, as well as the approach taken and the tools used to manage the processes of data-driven change, assessment, and documentation.
The Impact Of Changing Academic Standards On Teacher Efficacy And Retention: A Survey On Teachers' Perceptions, Amanda Moon, Liyun Zhang, Lisa D. Waller
The Impact Of Changing Academic Standards On Teacher Efficacy And Retention: A Survey On Teachers' Perceptions, Amanda Moon, Liyun Zhang, Lisa D. Waller
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
Little research has directly examined the impact of changing academic standards on teacher efficacy and teacher retention, especially among South Carolina teachers who have experienced a series of changes of academic standards in recent years. Accordingly, this study surveyed teacher perceptions regarding the impact of academic standards changes on their efficacy and retention. Participants included 158 classroom teachers within one public school district in South Carolina. Teachers across the district reported using three different sets of academic standards, including the Old South Carolina State Standards, Common Core State Standards, the New South Carolina State Standards, and some using more than …
Year-Long Clinical Experiences: Preparation Versus Perspiration, Emma Savage-Davis, Suzanne Horn
Year-Long Clinical Experiences: Preparation Versus Perspiration, Emma Savage-Davis, Suzanne Horn
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
This study examines two education programs in two states and the piloting of a one-year internship for candidates, as opposed to the traditional semester of internship. After candidates completed the internship, all of the stakeholders were interviewed (candidates, university faculty, cooperating teachers, and administrators). The results were favorable. The benefits of a yearlong internship outweighed the drawbacks. Candidates gained confidence and comfort in the longer experience and their cooperating teachers and university faculty noticed that they felt much more prepared. Administrators reported that these interns show an increase of readiness to teach, which was exhibited during their first year of …
The Seriousness Of Humor In Educational Settings, Susan Fernandez
The Seriousness Of Humor In Educational Settings, Susan Fernandez
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
Humor is an often overlooked skill that has many benefits, including providing stress relief, maximizing brain capacity for learning, increasing creativity, improving communication skills, and creating an environment of trust (Morrison, 2008, p. 19). With the possible positive educational implications of humor in mind, this study began in a large public school of Miami-Dade County, Florida as a quantitative correlational examination of the role of elementary and middle school teachers' sense of humor and its impact on their students' achievement. Based on the results of this study, research on the effects of humor in educational settings proliferated into a qualitative …
Curriculum And Instruction Lessons Learned From Elementary Education Student Teacher Reflections, Ashley Anderson-Murray, Greta Freeman
Curriculum And Instruction Lessons Learned From Elementary Education Student Teacher Reflections, Ashley Anderson-Murray, Greta Freeman
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
Teacher candidates often find reflection as a topic of discussion and implementation in their university, education program courses. The purpose of this grounded theory (Strauss & Corbin, 1994) research study was to identify attitudes, questions and concerns of undergraduate elementary education student teachers through written reflections during the student teaching semester. The study revealed eight major themes related to the student teaching assignment and experience.
Does Using A Graphing App Improve The Problem Solving Confidence Of Algebra Students?, Edwin Montijo, Timothy R. Nelson
Does Using A Graphing App Improve The Problem Solving Confidence Of Algebra Students?, Edwin Montijo, Timothy R. Nelson
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
As new technology in education emerges, research is necessary to assess the impact it is having on students' confidence to solve mathematics problems. The purpose of this quasi-experimental, non-equivalent control-group comparison study was to examine the impact the Desmos graphing calculator has on the problem-solving confidence of Algebra students as compared to students who use a TI-83 Plus graphing calculator while controlling for students' math achievement scores. Five highly qualified teachers taught the same content to at least one control group (traditional calculator) and one experimental group (Desmos calculator) for a 12-week period. Students in both groups took the Problem …
Full Issue: Volume 11, Number 1, Fall 2017, Julie Jones
Full Issue: Volume 11, Number 1, Fall 2017, Julie Jones
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
This file contains the full issue of TEJSC, including front matter, table of contents, editorial notes, and articles.
The Impact Of International Service Learning On Teacher Education Students Serving In A Third World Country, Seth E. Jenny, Geraldine C. Jenny
The Impact Of International Service Learning On Teacher Education Students Serving In A Third World Country, Seth E. Jenny, Geraldine C. Jenny
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
This study examined perceived outcomes associated with undergraduate teacher education students who were involved in an international service learning project with impoverished children in a third world country. Qualitative data collection methods guided the study which centered upon student attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors relating to international service learning as well as any individual learning regarding a possible deepened understanding of their personal worldview or valuing of diverse peoples. Findings indicated that the participants perceived several prior expectations which did not match reality, the diversity of the new loving culture was enjoyed, and several distinct individual changes occurred as a result …
Connecting Teacher Preparation With District Expectations: A Framework For Accreditation Collaboration, Carol G. Hoyle, Tracy N. West
Connecting Teacher Preparation With District Expectations: A Framework For Accreditation Collaboration, Carol G. Hoyle, Tracy N. West
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
Special education teachers must be prepared for the demands of the public school classroom. Teacher education programs have a responsibility to ensure that pre-service teacher candidates are able to translate current research into practice, and the specialty program accreditation procedures help guide this process. This article overviews a framework that utilizes collaboration as the vehicle for ensuring this occurs. Results of a state survey of special education district administrators are provided with implications for program improvements and ongoing accreditation practices. As teacher education accreditation is based on multiple sources of data, a model that incorporates the input of public school …
Evaluating A Special Education Teacher Program: The Relationships Between Graduates’ Standardized Test And Course Grade Performances, Holly Pae
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
Special Education Teacher preparation programs face great challenges in assuring that their graduates are prepared for the demands of today's classrooms. This research examines the test and grade results earned by 91 currently employed teachers that completed the same certification program in Learning Disabilities. The results of this multivariate analysis found a level of significance between course grades and test scores. These outcomes suggest recommendations for program improvement by identifying conditions that positively impact candidates' achievement and teacher competency. The findings support the need for content-base coursework in special education, offering field-based experiences tied to the courses' content curricula, and …
Principals' Personality And Instructional Leadership Behavior, Edward Cox, W. Burke Royster
Principals' Personality And Instructional Leadership Behavior, Edward Cox, W. Burke Royster
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
This quantitative study examines the relationship between the leadership personality of a principal and the perception of that principal as an instructional leader. More specifically it seeks to determine if a principal's dominant personality characteristic, as defined by a four quadrant analysis, relates to the faculty's perception of that principal's instructional leadership. That perception is also examined in light of principal experience and grade level of the school. The results of this study indicate that a principal's predominant personality characteristic does not impact that individual's perception as an instructional leader by the faculty. A weak to moderate relationship between the …
Face-To-Face Or Cyberspace? The Evolution Of Science Inquiry Professional Development And The Impact Of Teacher Attitudes About New Curriculum, Kimberly Carroll
Face-To-Face Or Cyberspace? The Evolution Of Science Inquiry Professional Development And The Impact Of Teacher Attitudes About New Curriculum, Kimberly Carroll
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
Today's students often have choices in the way they learn new things. When choices are given, attitudes about learning often improve. What happens when teachers are given choices? This article provides the research data of a pilot study conducted with grades three through eight science teachers regarding their preferred method of professional development. Using the Revised Science Attitude Scale, (RSAS), (Bitner, 1994, Thompson & Shrigley, 1986), the researcher determined the mode of professional development type (face-to-face vs online) resulted in no impact on teacher attitudes about teaching science inquiry. Results support a null hypothesis and provide significant information for determining …
Full Issue: Volume 9, 2016, Christopher Burkett
Full Issue: Volume 9, 2016, Christopher Burkett
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
This file contains the full issue of TEJSC, including front matter, table of contents, editorial notes, and articles.
Reconceptualizing Educational Technology Integration In A Middle Level Teacher Preparation Program, Deborah H. Mcmurtrie, Bridget K. Coleman, Gary J. Senn
Reconceptualizing Educational Technology Integration In A Middle Level Teacher Preparation Program, Deborah H. Mcmurtrie, Bridget K. Coleman, Gary J. Senn
Current Issues in Middle Level Education
Our middle level education (MLE) faculty recently engaged in a self-study guided by this research question: How is our university preparing our MLE teacher candidates to integrate technology in teaching and learning? There were two overarching goals: 1) identify where we can introduce, practice, reinforce, and master technology skills and concepts. 2) reconceptualize our technology integration course. Our process included collaborating with stakeholders, surveying teacher candidates, examining theoretical underpinnings, exploring research-based best practices, and analyzing our programs. Data was collected through multi-year technology surveys and semi-structured focus group interviews. We grouped survey data into three broad technology categories: instructional delivery, …
Understanding English Language Learners: A Qualitative Study Of Teacher Candidates Teaching In Another Country, Culture, And Context, Lee Vartanian
Understanding English Language Learners: A Qualitative Study Of Teacher Candidates Teaching In Another Country, Culture, And Context, Lee Vartanian
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
Regardless of the influx of English Language Learners (ELLs) in public schools, many pre-service and in-service teachers are underprepared to teach them (O'Neal, Ringler, & Rodriguez, 2008). Study abroad experiences, that include a teaching component, may provide an option for teacher candidates wishing to increase their ability to teach ELLs. In May 2014, nine teacher candidates from South Carolina taught for two weeks in an elementary school in central Guatemala. This qualitative study focused on how the experience of teaching in a new country, culture, and context impacted participant perceptions of effective teaching practice, the diverse needs of children, and …
Influences Of Prior Experiences And Current Teaching Contexts On New Teachers’ Use Of Manipulatives For Math Instruction, Elizabeth Lee Johnson
Influences Of Prior Experiences And Current Teaching Contexts On New Teachers’ Use Of Manipulatives For Math Instruction, Elizabeth Lee Johnson
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
In order to develop mathematical proficiency, students need access to a variety of representations to make sense of mathematical ideas. This case study documents the perceived influences on three novice elementary teachers' use of math manipulatives for teaching mathematics. Three sources of data were collected: video-recorded lessons, interviews, and a focus group. Analyses indicated that, although concrete representations were accessible to all three teachers, they were the least used among the available representations. While participating teachers shared similar pre-service experiences in relation to their coursework and internship, there were substantive differences between them in relation to how they viewed adopted …
Evaluating Teacher Preparation In Assessment Lite, Tara L. R. Beziat, Bridget K. Coleman
Evaluating Teacher Preparation In Assessment Lite, Tara L. R. Beziat, Bridget K. Coleman
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
Classroom assessment literacy is a vital part of pre-service teachers' preparation as it allows them to monitor student progress and document their effect on student learning. We conducted two studies that measured participants' knowledge of standards-based classroom assessment strategies during their teacher preparation. Results revealed that pre-service teachers lack assessment literacy, despite completing undergraduate, introductory courses in classroom assessment. Secondary education majors and those who have been admitted to a program show a greater knowledge of assessment practices. Suggestions for improving pre-service teachers' preparation are discussed.
A Rubric For Revitalizing Teacher Reflection, Todd Cherner, Marcie Ellerbe, Elena Andrei
A Rubric For Revitalizing Teacher Reflection, Todd Cherner, Marcie Ellerbe, Elena Andrei
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
The notion that teachers must be “reflective practitioners” has long been supported by research, and teacher education programs typically promote reflection as one of their central tenets. Additionally, several rubrics have been created and used to evaluate pre-service teachers' reflection. The challenge, however, is that few of these rubrics are research-based or have been validated. In response, this article presents a narrative that explains how three teacher educators came together and used qualitative research methods to construct and validate a rubric designed to evaluate pre-service teachers' reflections. This rubric can be adopted by teacher educators to assess the quality of …
Technology Beliefs And Self-Efficacy - A Pilot Study, Michael Cook, Ron Knorr
Technology Beliefs And Self-Efficacy - A Pilot Study, Michael Cook, Ron Knorr
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
This research was a pilot study for validation of an instrument used to measure changes in teachers' technology beliefs and self-efficiency after a course in the use of educational technology. The research literature revealed high interest but low self-efficiency in use of such technology among teachers. After pilot survey validation, the survey was administered pre and post course to a cohort of participants in a concentrated graduate/professional development course. Results of this study indicated no statistically significant change in teacher technology beliefs, but the results showed statistically significant improvement in teacher technology self- efficacy across multiple educational technology platforms. Explanations …
Full Issue: Volume 8, 2015, Christopher Burkett
Full Issue: Volume 8, 2015, Christopher Burkett
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
This file contains the full issue of TEJSC, including front matter, table of contents, editorial notes, and articles.
Senior Stories: Using Biblio-Therapy To Shape Positive Perceptions Of Senior Adults In Teacher Education Program And Multigenerational Settings, Linda Karges-Bone
Senior Stories: Using Biblio-Therapy To Shape Positive Perceptions Of Senior Adults In Teacher Education Program And Multigenerational Settings, Linda Karges-Bone
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
Biblio-therapy is a powerful tool in the hands of educators. Those who prepare future teachers can benefit from a more broad exposure to biblio-therapy as it relates to the treatment of senior adults. Too often, seniors are seen as weak, passive, and powerless. The bias of ageism has the potential to negatively influence perceptions of seniors by themselves and others. The model outlined in this article offers 1) opportunities to use biblio-therapy in a collaborative way in senior adult and school age populations; and 2) a more balanced and healthy perception of senior adults in children's literature choices.
Helping Teen Mothers Graduate: A Qualitative Study Investigating The Educational Experiences Of Teen Mothers Who Graduated With Recommendations For Teachers, Christine Stroble, Greg Wiggan
Helping Teen Mothers Graduate: A Qualitative Study Investigating The Educational Experiences Of Teen Mothers Who Graduated With Recommendations For Teachers, Christine Stroble, Greg Wiggan
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
In June 2013 the U. S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights (OCR) urged secondary schools to do more to help the hundreds of students who become mothers and fathers each year graduate from high school. With the same intent, in 2012-2013, we conducted a qualitative phenomenological study investigating the educational experiences of teen mothers who graduated from high school and attended or completed college and sought to discover the factors that contributed to their success. The research question that guided our study was: What is the educational experience of teen mothers who graduated from high school and attended …
The Glass Cliff: Female Superintendents In South Carolina, Edward Cox, Blanche Bowles
The Glass Cliff: Female Superintendents In South Carolina, Edward Cox, Blanche Bowles
Teacher Education Journal of South Carolina
South Carolina public school districts are confronted with a series of difficult circumstances and rely more on female superintendents than the national average. The investigation of female South Carolina superintendents was guided by transformational leadership and the glass cliff conceptual frameworks. The purpose of this quantitative, non-experimental study was to examine the relationship between the sex of South Carolina public school superintendents to (a) self-reported transformational leadership behaviors and (b) select district indicators indicative of the difficult circumstances confronted by public school districts. The indicators for this study were the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) composite indices and school …