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Physical Properties Of Pure Gold Nanoparticles And Gold Doped Zno Nanoparticles Using Laser Ablation In Liquid For Sensor Applications, Nabaa Hassan, Makram Fakhri, Evan Salim

Engineering and Technology Journal

In this paper, the effect of using laser ablation of pure gold targets to obtain gold Nano rods and for pure zinc targets to obtain zinc oxide nanoparticles was studied separately in ethanol using an Nd:YAG laser tattoo removal (nanosecond pulses) and then mixing the resulting mixtures to obtain gold dopant with zinc oxide. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), (XRD) X-Ray Diffraction and the optical properties were used to characterize the pure gold Nano rods, ZnO nanoparticles, and Au doped ZnO nanoparticles. Based on XRD and TEM, the results revealed the properties of the produced gold Nano roads. The obtained results …

Numerical Simulation Of The Self-Imaging At Different Cascaded Optical Fiber Specifications, Shahad Younus, Anwaar A Al-Dergazly, Abdulla Abass

Engineering and Technology Journal

Cascaded optical fiber single mode-no core-single mode fiber (SNS) attracted attention for being the base of various photonic devices. These devices are used in optical communication, fiber sensors, and fiber laser technology. The effect of variable NCF specifications, length, diameter, external refractive index (ERI), propagating wavelength on the self-imaging position, and the multimode interference (MMI) is studied. The study aims to simulate and analyze cascaded optical fiber by using the finite element beam envelope method (BEM). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that studied the self-imaging in cascaded optical fiber longitudinally by using BEM. The …

Synthesized Of Gan Nanostructure Using 1064 Nm Laser Wavelength By Pulsed Laser Ablation In Liquid, Husam Aldin Abdul Amir, Makram Fakhri, Ali. Alwahib

Engineering and Technology Journal

GaN nanostructure was Synthesized using Pulsed laser ablation in liquid ethanol with Nd:YAG laser at pulsed laser ablation energy of 1600 mj and laser wavelength of 1064 nm. The nanoparticle was deposited using the drop cast method on the prepared porous silicon substrate. The structural and optical properties of the prepared GaN were studied. XRD pattern shows a high and sharp peak of pSi peak at 2θ =28.74 reflected from (111) plane and exhibits h-GaN rise at 2θ =34.54, 2θ =37.49, 2θ= 48.19 and 2θ=57.99 which are reflected from (002), (100), (102), (110) planes respectively where (002) plane has the …

A Comparative Study Of Perturb And Observe (P&O) And Incremental Conductance (Inc) Pv Mppt Techniques At Different Radiation And Temperature Conditions, Marwan Ahmad, Ali Numan, Dhari Mahmood

Engineering and Technology Journal

The biggest challenge in the solar system is to extract the maximum output powerfrom photovoltaic (PV) panels under different solar radiation and temperatureconditions. This paper presents a comparative study between perturb and observe(P & O) and incremental conduction (INC) algorithms. These are the most popularalgorithms for tracking solar PV panels and extracting the maximum power point(MPP) under different climate conditions. The studied PV system and the MPPTtechniques have been investigated by simulation using MATLAB/Simulink. Thesimulation includes a boost converter, which increases the PV panel voltage bycontrolling the duty cycle. The obtained results show that the P & O performanceclose to …

Eccentricity Effect On Radial Forces Of Bearingless Bldc Motor: Study And Analysis, Ali Yousif, Ahmed Mohammed, Mohammed Moanes Ali

Engineering and Technology Journal

The bearingless BLDC motor gathers all advantages of the BLDC motor and bearingless machine, and this motor is extensively used in blood and artificial heart pumps. In a bearingless BLDC motor, there are two sets of windings, the main winding, responsible for producing the motor torque, and the suspension winding, which keeps the rotor in the center without any contact with the stator. Generally, the suspension system is responsible for the generation of the suspension forces to cancel the pull-out forces (radial forces), which strongly depends on the accurate evaluation of radial forces distribution at different operating conditions. In this …

The Structural And Optical Properties Of Nanocrystalline Fe3o4 Thin Films Prepared By Pld, Khalid Abdulkareem, Suad Kadhim, Shams Ali

Engineering and Technology Journal

In this study, thin films of pure iron oxide (Fe3O4) were prepared using pulsedlaser deposition technique under vacuum (2×10-3 mbar) using Nd: YAG laser atdifferent laser energies (700, 800, 900, and 1000 mJ) on quartz slides at thesubstrate temperature of 200 °C with different thickness (170,190, 220, and 250nm). The prepared thin films were examined using different techniques. The Xray diffraction showed a polycrystalline structure of cubic Fe3O4 phase, enhancedits crystallinity, and increased the crystalline size when increasing the laser energyto 1000 mJ. The results revealed that high transparency samples decreased pulselaser energy. As the laser pulse power increases, the …

Preparation Of Metakaolin Based Geopolymer Foam Using A Combination Of Na And K Types Of Alkali Activators, Mohammed Radhi, Ahmed Al-Ghaban, Imad Disher

Engineering and Technology Journal

In this research, the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was mixed with metakaolin, activator, hydrogen peroxide, and olive oil to synthesize hybrid geopolymer foam. The obtained results indicated internal heat release throughout OPC hydration in the combination. OPC was employed as a calcium source in geopolymers (Geopolymer-Portland cement (HGPF)) to explore the curing process of geopolymers at ambient temperature. The functionality of geopolymer components and (HGPF) mixture, the elemental composition, and proportion analyses have been compared. A principal aim of this research focuses on developing geopolymer foam and conducting many tests such as physical tests related to the surface area and …

Effect Of The Waste Rubber Tires Aggregate On Some Properties Of Normal Concrete, Abdul Kamel, Ahmed Ali, Nahedh Ali, Mohammed Kadhum

Engineering and Technology Journal

Waste rubber tires are considered to have substantial environmental and economic impacts, and they are non-biodegradable.  This study aims to get rid of waste tires as much as possible and study their benefits and effects on concrete using (chips and crumbs) as an aggregate substitution to fine and coarse aggregates together in making concrete (CRC) and at different percentages of (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25) % by volume. This use can reduce the risk and effect of waste tires. The tests reported a reduction in workability, compressive, and flexural values with the increase in the substitution rate of rubber. …

Optimization Of Design Parameters For Manufacturing A Radial Active Magnetic Bearing With 12-Poles, Mohamed Hamad, Muhannad Khalifa, Jamal Mohammed

Engineering and Technology Journal

This research aims to design an Active Magnetic Bearing (AMB) after performing an optimization process via reducing the number of poles and by reducing air gap, Dia. Yoke, and Z-length (deep of model). To increase the performance of a radial Active Magnetic Bearing (AMB), all particular equations of design based on the Genetic Algorithm method by using ANSYS Maxwell (Version 17.1) program of electro-magnetic have been studied. Manufacturing an active magnetic bearing standing for two counts, each one containing 12 poles instead of 16, led to a significant improvement in the performance. Some conclusions were obtained, including the complications in …

The Effect Of Secondary Slow On Droplets Behavior In Gas-Liquid Mixing Process Downstream Of A Curved Duct, Abdulsattar Mohammed, Akeel Nazzal

Engineering and Technology Journal

Experimental and numerical investigations are carried out on water injection in a humidification process of air traveling steadily through the curved part with a constant cross-section. A principal aim is to study the flow behavior through the curved duct and the generation of secondary flow. The effect of bend angle on the development of secondary flow and flow structure intensities and enhancement of the heat and mass transfer downstream the curved duct. Moreover, the influence of the mixing process between liquid and gas in an air humidification process was examined. Experiments were performed with an average air velocity range from …

Development The Mechanical Properties Of The Acrylic Resin (Pmma) By Added Different Types Of Nanoparticles, Used For Medical Applications, Sura Ahmed, Waffa Salih

Engineering and Technology Journal

This research is studying the effect of reinforcement the acrylic resin (PMMA) by two types of nanoparticles, which included: Walnut shell (WSP) and Talc particles (TP) that practical sizes are (40.8 and 29.2 nm) in individually form, and utilize at three various concentrations (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3wt.%), to improve in the mechanical properties of composite materials. The results showed that the Tensile and Hardness shore D properties became better with increasing the concentration of nanoparticles. The highest value of (tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and elongation at break) was (28 MPa. 1.28 GPa and 2.35%) for (PMMA: 0.3% WSP) composite …

Solving Mixed-Model Assembly Lines Using A Hybrid Of Ant Colony Optimization And Greedy Algorithm, Huthaifa Al-Khazraji, Sohaib Khlil, Zina Alabacy

Engineering and Technology Journal

The assembly line balancing problem deals with the assignment of tasks to work stations. Mixed-model assembly line problem is a type of assembly line balancing problem at which two or more models of the same product are assembled sequentially at the same line. To achieve optimality and efficiency of solving this problem, tasks at each work station have to be well balanced satisfying all constraints. This paper deals with the mixed-model assembly line balancing problem (MALBP) in which the objective is to minimize the cycle time for a given number of work stations. The problem is solved by using a …

Experimental And Numerical Flexural Properties Of Sandwich Structure With Functionally Graded Porous Materials, Emad Njim, Sadeq Bakhi, Muhannad Al-Waily

Engineering and Technology Journal

Functionally graded porous materials (FGPMs) are porous structures with a porosity gradient distributed over the entire volume. They have many applications in the aerospace, marine, biomedical, automotive, and shipbuilding industries. High strength to weight and excellent energy absorption is the most important features that make these structures unique. In this paper, the flexural properties of simply-supported sandwich beams with functionally graded porous core under flexural load were evaluated experimentally and numerically based on various parameters. A three-point bending test for 3D printed sandwich specimens with porous metal core bonded with aluminum face sheets using various porosity parameters and core heights …

Experimental Investigation On The Effect Of Adding Butanone To Gasoline In Si Engine Emissions And Performance, Abed Al-Khadhim Hassan, Sadeq Jassam

Engineering and Technology Journal

This research is performed to study and investigate the influence of adding some ketone compounds on performance, emissions, and heat balance of spark ignition engine. The compound used in this study is butanone (C4H8O). The importance of the research lies in increasing the octane number by adding specific percentages of butanone and showing its impact on improving the combustion process, performance and reducing pollutants. This ketone has been added to the basic fuel (gasoline) with three concentration ranges (3, 6 and 9%), respectively.  All experimental tests were carried out on gasoline engine type (Nissan QG18DE), four cylinders, and 4-stroke. The …

A-Review For The Cooling Techniques Of Pv/T Solar Air Collectors, Wisam Saleh, Abdullateef Jadallah, Ahlam Shuraiji

Engineering and Technology Journal

A solar thermal collector is one of the most popular applications of solar energy. It is a photovoltaic (PV) cell system with a thermal collector system, this system is utilized in the production of electrical energy and many applications. The system is able to produce electrical energy directly from the sunlight using the photoelectric effect. Meanwhile, it also extracts heat from the PV and heats the fluid (airflow) inside the collector. In this review, the solar PV system and solar thermal collectors are discussed. Usually, solar collectors are exposed to damage and their efficiency decreases when the temperature rises. Need …

Heat Transfer In Electronic Systems Printed Circuit Board: A Review, Mustafa Kadum, Ahmed Imran, Sattar Aljabair

Engineering and Technology Journal

Thermal regulation has now become a staple in the design of electronic devices. As a result of technological advances in the electronic industry, component miniaturization and thermal system management are becoming more and more important. Due to the high demand for device performance and the need for better thermal management, this paper present a detailed theoretical review of heat transfer by conventional methods in electronic devices and equipment such as air cooling, water cooling, etc. to provide an ideal framework for a practical application in electronic cooling. With reference to the possibility of investing unconventional ways to reduce the energy …

A Comparative Experimental Study Analysis Of Solar Based Thermoelectric Refrigerator Using Different Hot Side Heat Sink, Nora Numan, Mahmmoud Mahdi, Majida Ahmed

Engineering and Technology Journal

The heat sink influences heat dissipation at the hot junction of the Peltier module and, hence, affects the performance of the thermoelectric refrigerator. The present work compares the performance of solar-powered thermoelectric refrigerator units with capacity (30 Liter) for two cases by employing two different heat sink types. In case (I) The Peltier module (12706) is connected with a heat sink type of Hot wall air-cooled (HWAC). In case (II) the Same Peltier is connected with a heat sink type of hot wall air-cooled with a heat exchanger (HWACHE). The exergy analysis method can help to determine the exergy losses …

Design And Implementation Of Remote Real-Time Monitor System For Prosthetic Limbs, Hussein Mansoure, Hadeel Abdullah

Engineering and Technology Journal

Persons with Lower-limb amputations experience movement restrictions resulting in worsening their life quality. Wearable sensors are often utilized to evaluate spatial and temporal qualities and kinetic parameters that provide the mechanism to create interactive monitoring of the amputee prosthesis system. Gait events and detection of the gait phase of amputee movement are essential to control the prosthetic devices of lower limbs.  This paper presents real-time monitoring to individuals with lower limb amputation by using a medical wireless sensor. However,  the proposed system used four medical sensor nodes (such as gait, temperature, the pressure of blood, blood oxygenation (SpO2) )for transmitted …

Optimization Process For Biodiesel Production From Waste Cooking Of Vegetable Oil By Microwave Irradiation, Raheek Ibrahim, Ahmed Reja, Abeer Kadhim

Engineering and Technology Journal

Biodiesel is the main alternative to diesel fuel today. The waste cooking vegetable oil can be used as a basic material in its preparation. Microwave irradiation is used in its production and it is considered one of the effective methods that do not consume much power. In this study, biodiesel is produce and determine the factors affecting the quality and quantity of production also investigated using experimental design technique. The effecting of operating variables power, time, and oil-to-ethanol molar ratio were studied, as well as the effect of interaction between operating variables on the quality of production. The optimum conditions …

Corn Oil Performance’S A Bio Cooling Fluid In Electric Distribution Transformer, Ahmed Khudhair, Mohammed Jabal, Samar Ismail

Engineering and Technology Journal

Biodegradable (Vegetable) fluids are considered as environmentally friendly fluids and possess an abundant benefit, they are wildly available by means of renewable sources compared to different kinds of mineral-oil.  Given the occurrence of environmental pollution and health problems from mineral oils.  This paper investigates the effect of utilizing the corn oil for the cooling performing features of distribution electric transformer, and making a comparison with the cooling performance of the electric transformer whith cooling by the commercial mineral fluid. This investigation is done by using the four- ball machine and electric transformers. Each experiment that was executed complies with ASTM …

Thermal Performance Of An Evacuated-Tube Solar Collector Using Nanofluids And An Electrical Curtain Controlled By An Artificial Intelligence Technique, Hussam Rashid, Khalid Sultan, Hosham Anead

Engineering and Technology Journal

This paper studies the improvement of an evacuated tube solar collectors(ETSCs) performance in two way. The first is by adding a finned electronic curtain in front of the solar collector. While the second is by using a nanofluid instead of pure water. The purpose of the curtain is to increase the amount of solar radiation reflected toward the collector. The curtain is distinguished by its self-ability to track the sun's rays automatically. The electronic curtain is also closed to shade the tubes depending on the movement of the electronic curtain's fins and the nanofluid's temperatures. MATLAB algorithm has been used …

Building Competence And Confidence Through Experiential Learning: A Case Study Of The Bengal Triathlon, Caroline E. Faure Edd; Atc

The COSMA Journal

This descriptive case study examines the perceived effectiveness of the Bengal Triathlon, an experiential learning (EL) activity integrated into a sport management course at Idaho State University. Drawing on student reflections over three years, the study highlights how this experience enhanced students’ confidence and skills in planning and managing sport events, particularly in high-pressure areas such as risk management, event logistics, and customer service. Despite participation being a course requirement, a noticeable shift in student attitudes was observed. Students moved from seeing the event as a mandatory task to taking full ownership, driven by increased motivation and enjoyment. This case …

Hsb Model Comprising Health Literacy, Self-Efficacy, And Blood Sugar Control Behaviors To Empower Older Patients With Type 2 Diabetes In Phetchaburi Province, Thailand, Phasit Sirited, Pattama Suphunnakul

Journal of Health Research

Background: This research aimed to develop an empowerment model (HSB model) to effectively control blood sugar levels and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) among older patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes in Phetchaburi Province, Thailand.

Methods: The study utilized a mixed-methods approach comprising two phases. Phase 1 involved quantitative research on 300 participants using questionnaires to investigate the causal factors related to blood sugar control behavior (α = 0.85). Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Phase 2 used qualitative research methods, specifically focus group discussions and brainstorming with relevant parties, to develop the HSB empowerment model …

Arachne V8.7: Multi‑Modal Energy‑Harvesting Smart‑Skin With Hierarchical Fractal Morphology, Distributed Mis Interface, And Integrated Structural‑Health Monitoring, Michael Victor Caldwell Mr.

Defensive Publications Series

Arachne v8.7 is a multi‑modal “Smart‑Skin” substrate designed for distributed, durable energy harvesting. The system integrates a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) layer, a thermoelectric SnSe layer, and a ZnO nanowire kinetic layer beneath a hierarchical fractal surface engineered to enhance boundary‑layer turbulence. A separated NS‑DBD plasma‑electrode PCB provides surface‑conditioning and environmental robustness. A 6‑pin Magnetic‑Inductive Snap (MIS) interface enables modular power routing, environmental telemetry, and activation of a UV‑curable DCPD‑PDMS self‑healing layer. Embedded fiber‑optic strain sensors provide real‑time structural‑health data for the APR AI predictive‑maintenance engine. This disclosure defines the system architecture, materials, electrical interface, sensing logic, and functional principles required …

The Caldwell Method: A Multi‑Ai, Safety‑First Framework For Real‑World, Open‑Hardware Invention, Michael Victor Caldwell Mr.

Defensive Publications Series

The Caldwell Method is a human‑driven, AI‑augmented invention framework developed by independent inventor Michael Victor Caldwell Mr. (GCI). The method uses four to five independent artificial intelligence systems to evaluate, correct, and validate every invention concept before publication. Each AI must independently analyze physics, materials, manufacturability, safety, cost, and real‑world viability. Any flaw identified by one AI is circulated to all others through a cross‑AI correction loop until all systems converge on the same factual answer. An invention only advances when all AIs unanimously confirm feasibility and safety.

This process ensures that no half‑validated or speculative ideas are released. …

Technical Addendum: Sp-26 (V2.1) – The Neural Sentry Protocol (Nmj-Sequestration Standard), Jon S. Gossett

Defensive Publications Series

This disclosure defines a hardware-centric addendum to the SP-26 Protocol, specifically addressing the neutralization of neurotropic agents that bypass systemic immune sentries via axonal transport. The protocol specifies the engineering of "Neural-Sentry" units—specialized macrophages anchored at the Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ). These units express interface-mimetic receptors (nAChR/p75NTR) to act as decoy "Ghost Neurons," intercepting pathogens before they can enter the peripheral nervous system. Neutralization is achieved through a two-stage sequence: (1) immediate enzymatic degradation within a Synthetic Virus-Containing Compartment (S-VCC) and (2) secondary solid-state petrification into a 200nm amorphous silica shell. This "Physical Firewall" ensures that high-velocity neuro-pathogens are mechanically entombed …

Vector Map Generation And Correction Using A Geometric Language Modeling Approach, Idan Kligvasser, Yotam Intrator, Ehud Rivlin, Regev Cohen

Defensive Publications Series

Some automated map generation systems may produce geometrically inconsistent outputs from visual data as they can lack an inherent geometric grammar. This can be addressed by reframing cartography as a structured language modeling problem. A specialized polylines language may be used to represent geographic features as discrete token sequences. A multi-modal model can be trained to autoregressively generate these sequences from inputs, such as satellite imagery, effectively translating visual data into a geometrically structured format. This process can embed geometric and topological logic into the generation, which may improve the likelihood of producing consistent map data, inferring occluded features, and …

Retrocardiac Innominate Vein: A Rare Vascular Anomaly Associated With Congenital Heart Disease, Ali Alakhfash, Osama Alrusaini, Fahad Alhabshan, Khaled Alhawri, Abdulrahman Almesned

Journal of the Saudi Heart Association

Atrial septal defects are common congenital heart anomalies and may coexist with rare systemic venous abnormalities. We describe a one-year-old female with a large secundum atrial septal defect and an unusual retrocardiac innominate vein. Transthoracic echocardiography suggested a persistent left superior vena cava, but the innominate vein was absent from its usual location and the coronary sinus was not dilated. Cardiac CT angiography demonstrated a retrocardiac innominate vein draining into the azygos system and subsequently to the right atrium. Surgical atrial septal defect closure was successful. Recognition of this anomaly is essential for accurate diagnosis and procedural planning.

Process To Produce Pyridines And Alkyl Pyridines, Maruthi Sreekanth Pavani, Udayshankar Singh

Defensive Publications Series

A process for increasing the overall yield of pyridine or its alkyl pyridine derivatives during a base synthesis reaction is disclosed. The process comprises reacting a C2 to C5 aldehyde, a C3 to C5 ketone or a combination thereof, with ammonia and, optionally, formaldehyde, in the gas phase and in the presence of an effective amount of a particulate catalyst comprising a ZSM-5 zeolite stabilized with either alumina-phosphate, ceria-alumina phosphate, or iron oxide-alumina phosphate, or a combination thereof, a binder, and clay, wherein the zeolite has a silica to alumina ratio (SAR) of 22 to 50. A process for enhancing …

Sorted Aluminum Scrap Qualities To Replace Primary Metal In Aluminum Flat Rolled Products, Jean-Francois Despois, Wilhelm Kiefer, Gary Gallo, Silverio Colalancia, Adwait Thakur, Christian Grossmann, Maximilian Ziemsky

Defensive Publications Series

This paper reports a new approach wherein the qualifications of the recycled scrap sought for purchase is predetermined by providing target specifications to suppliers, allowing suppliers to optimize the efficiency of the end-to-end process. This efficiency will increase confidence in the market and is mutually beneficial to the suppliers and consumers of recycled materials alike. Recycled scrap with well-defined specifications is of higher quality and therefore of higher value as it can be purchased confidently and in larger volumes, for use in target products. Thus, a further goal of reducing downcycling can also be achieved.  Additionally, a new process for …