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The Impact Of Limb Symmetry On Stroke-To-Stroke Movement Variability In Para-Swimmers During An Adapted Aerobic Step Test, Matthew Slopecki, Julien Clément, Mathieu Charbonneau, Julie N. Côté

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The study purpose was to measure effects of anthropometric limb characteristics on fatigue-related changes in stroke-to-stroke motor variability (MV) of trunk mediolateral (ML) acceleration. Six Paralympic swimmers performed an in-water, fatiguing, freestyle aerobic test consisting of 5 steps of 200m (n = 4); 150m (n = 1) or 100m (n = 1) with a sacrum worn inertial measurement unit. Upper-limb segment lengths were measured, and symmetry indices (LSI) were calculated. Sample entropy (SampEn) and fractal dimension (FD) were calculated on ML acceleration. Fatigue was confirmed with increased RPE (p < 0.01). ANOVA fatigue response models of SampEn and FD improved with LSI as a covariate (p < 0.01), showing that symmetry indices affected individual responses to fatigue. Coaches should consider anthropometric symmetry when designing para-swimming training plans.

The Influence Of Stature On Human Vertical Jumping Performance, Sam Allen

ISBS Proceedings Archive

Humans become relatively weaker as they increase in size. Despite this, simulations have shown that increased size is of benefit in vertical jumping when isometric scaling is employed due to beneficial effects on the shortening velocity of muscles. Human body mass scales allometrically with the square of stature and it is shown that, assuming constant body composition, strength scales as a function of stature and independently of width and depth. A four-segment planar torque-driven computer model was used to simulate squat jump performance. Body dimensions were scaled allometrically to stature ±3 standard deviations from the mean stature of a young …

Intra- And Inter-Subject Variability In A Realistic, Non-Standardized Exergaming Scenario, Michelle C. Haas, Anna Lisa Martin-Niedecken, Larissa Wild, Leander Schneeberger, Eveline S. Graf

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of this study was to assess the variability of lower extremity mechanics related to biomechanical risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament injury. Lower body kinematics were measured in healthy subjects in a realistic, non-standardized exergaming scenario. Variability in a jump exercise were described with the coefficient of variation and leg symmetry was assessed using Welch’s t-test. Inter-subject variability was moderate-high and intra-subject variability was low-moderate in all variables, while leg symmetry differed significantly for knee internal rotation and hip extension (p < .001), but not in the knee valgus. Athletes showing high risk knee biomechanics and high movement variability need clear instructions to prevent more extreme angles. Athletes showing low movement variability need proper recovery periods to avoid ACL fatigue failure.

Lateral Step-Down Is More Sensitive To Lower Limb Misalignment In Patients With Prepatellar Pain Than Forward Step-Down, Zuosiqi Li, Hanjun Li, Huijuan Shi

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The aim of this study was to determine whether forward or lateral step-down tasks were more sensitive in detecting lower limb misalignment in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). The PFPS group (n=26) and the healthy controls group (HC) (n=20) performed the forward step-down (FSD) and the lateral step-down (LSD). Lower extremity kinematic metrics were captured by an 8-camera motion capture system. A two-way ANOVA assessed the effect of group and sex on these metrics. Results revealed that in FSD, there was only a main effect of sex. In LSD, PFPS showed greater peak hip adduction angle (p = …

Landing Biomechanical Characteristics Of Adolescent Athletes With Anterior Knee Pain Compared To Healthy Controls, Sunghe Ha, Inje Lee

ISBS Proceedings Archive

Anterior knee pain (AKP) is defined as chronic peripatellar pain. It may be caused by repetitive the knee extensor mechanism, which may predispose adolescent athletes to AKP due to the incomplete maturation. To reduce risk of AKP, we should understand landing biomechanics in adolescent athletes with AKP. Therefore, we aimed to identify landing biomechanical characteristics of the AKP group compared to the control group. We collected data on joint angles, moments, and power, ground reaction forces, and vertical stiffness during landing. We used Mann-Whitney U test and ensemble curve analyses to compare outcome variables between the AKP and control groups. …

Possibility Of Early Detection Of Parkinson’S Disease Using Convolutional Neural Network During Six-Minute Walk Test, Hyejin Choi, Changhong Youm, Hwayoung Park, Bohyun Kim, Juseon Hwang, Minsoo Kim

ISBS Proceedings Archive

This study aimed to determine the accuracy of distinguishing patients with early Parkinson’s disease (PD) (n=27) from healthy controls (n=50) using a convolutional neural network (CNN) technique with an artificial intelligence deep learning algorithm based on a 6-minute walk test (6MWT) using wearable sensors. After wearing the six sensors, the participants performed the 6MWT, and the time-series data were converted into new images. The main results demonstrated the highest discrimination accuracy of 72% on the left arm gyroscope data. The results confirmed the possibility of using CNN models to distinguish between individuals with early PD and controls. Moreover, the 6MWT …

Effect Of Enhanced Abductor Hallucis Contraction On Foot Biomechanics In Gait, Jiaqi Lai, Xuehua Wu, Ting Yu, Xianyi Zhang

ISBS Proceedings Archive

This study aimed to investigate the effect of enhancing abductor hallucis (AbH) contraction by electrical stimulation (es) on foot biomechanics in gait. Ten healthy adults were recruited for this study. Ground reaction forces (GRFs) and navicular tuberosity (NAV) movement were recorded with and without AbH es during walking. The results showed that enhancing the AbH contraction reduced the range of motion of the NAV height (p=0.030). Meanwhile, the medial GRF was higher in the final stance and the center of pressure (COP) was laterally shifted in the whole stance phase. In conclusion, enhancing AbH contraction could stiffen the foot arch …

Machine Learning Approach To Classify Decline Of Cognitive And Muscle Function In Older Women: Gait Characteristics Based On Three Speeds, Bohyun Kim, Changhong Youm, Hwayoung Park, Hyejin Choi, Juseon Hwang, Minsoo Kim

ISBS Proceedings Archive

This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of machine learning models based on selected gait features caused by cognitive (Cog) and muscle function (MF) declines. A total of 154 women aged 65 or older performed cognitive assessments, five times sit-to-stand test, and gait test at three speeds (preferred, slower (SWS), and faster walking speed (FWS)). The machine learning model accuracies revealed that the random forest (RF) model had 91.2% accuracy when using all gait features and 91.9% accuracy when using the three features (walking speed and coefficient of variation of the left double support phase at FWS and right double …

Gender Differences In Muscle Contraction And Co-Contraction Activities During The Impact Phase Of Single-Leg Landing Task In Badminton, Zhe Hu, Dingxuan Wang, Pingping Zhu, Yanjia Xu

ISBS Proceedings Archive

Our study aimed to explore ACL injury risk factors in females versus males during badminton single-leg landings. Sixteen players (8 male, 8 female) participated, with lower limb kinematics, ground reaction forces, and muscle activity measured using motion capture, force plates, and electromyography (EMG). Independent samples t-test analyzed gender differences in leg kinematics, mean normalized leg muscle activation (MVC%), and muscle co-contraction post-landing. Females, compared to males, exhibited higher rectus femoris, medial hamstring, and gastrocnemius muscle activity during the post-landing phase. Additionally, males had a higher co-contraction ratio in the medial and lateral gastrocnemius than females. Female badminton players' neuromuscular control …

Influence Of Motor-Cognitive Performance On Landing Biomechanics In Different Conditions: Preliminary Results, Filippo Bertozzi, Claudia Brunetti, Scott M. Monfort, Chiarella Sforza, Manuela Galli, Marco Tarabini

ISBS Proceedings Archive

This pilot study examines the impact of varied cognitive loads on lower limb biomechanics during landing tasks. Ten male athletes performed a novel motor-cognitive assessment and then a landing task in three conditions with different cognitive loads. Findings suggest cognitive conditions may affect GRF, joint kinematics, and kinetics. Specifically, unanticipated tasks may elevate GRF, while altered hip abduction indicates adjustments in base support. Hip and knee moments vary based on cognitive conditions, emphasizing their influence on load absorption. Additionally, divided attention correlates with increased knee abduction moment, underscoring its relevance in managing potentially harmful sports movements. These results reinforce prior …

Association Between Jump Performance And Acl Injury Kinematic Risk Factors, Claudia Brunetti, Filippo Bertozzi, Rodrigo Rabello, Alice Ranzini, Chiarella Sforza

ISBS Proceedings Archive

This study aimed to provide further insights into unclear aspects in the existing literature concerning the association between ACL injury kinematic risk factors and jump performance, as they might conflict. Fifty-four physically active females executed drop jumps with a maximal CMJ. A motion capture system provided knee and hip kinematics. Jump height, contact time, reactive strength index, initial speed, and power were obtained using a contact platform. Spearman’s correlations between first and second landing kinematics and jump indicators were evaluated. The results showed how highly performing participants were also able to land safely, plausibly reducing ACL injury risk factors. These …

Agreement And Reliability Of Gait Metrics Measured Using The Stride Smart System In The Alterg Treadmill Compared To Xsens, Michelle Lyons, Louise Burnie, Kirsty Lindsay

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The aim of this study was to assess the agreement and reliability of the spatiotemporal gait metrics measured by the Stride Smart system in the AlterG treadmill compared to the Xsens motion capture system. 17 healthy adults walked on an AlterG treadmill at 3km/h and 4 km/h at 4 bodyweight conditions (100, 75, 50, 25%) while wearing Xsens sensors, repeating this session 7.0 ± 0.7 days later. Gait metrics were calculated using the Xsens motion cloud software, and by the treadmill using the Stride Smart system. Agreement and between-session reliability for the Stride Smart Gait metrics were assessed. Stride Smart …

Machine Learning Approaches For Identification Of Parkinson’S Disease Severity Using Multimodal Features, Hwayoung Park, Changhong Youm, Bohyun Kim, Hyejin Choi, Juseon Hwang, Minsoo Kim

ISBS Proceedings Archive

This study aimed to create a digital biomarker for assessing the severity of Parkinson's disease (PD) using multimodal features from 50 PD patients and 50 healthy controls. They underwent clinical tests, gait analysis using a motion capture system, postural and functional evaluations, and lifestyle questionnaires. These multimodal features underwent dimensionality reduction techniques such as logistic regression and principal component analysis to identify PD severity using the MDS-UPDRS total score. The results developed six models using machine learning algorithms (Linear Regression and Random Forest), with Model 1 performing the best; spatiotemporal variables from gait analysis were crucial in identifying PD severity. …

Measuring Pole Forces In Seated Shot Put, Connor J.M. Holdback, Richard M. Kelso, David S. Haydon, Paul N. Grimshaw, Ross A. Pinder, Rony Ibrahim

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The measurement of throwing pole forces in seated shot put has not been reported previously in the research literature, forming a considerable gap in the understanding of seated throwing. In this research, two methods for pole force measurement are presented: a deflection-based and a direct load-sensing method. From the comparison of each method, the measurement of pole forces without an instrumented pole is found to be feasible (RMSE

Peak Hamstring Muscle-Tendon Lengths During Non-Fatigued And Fatigued Accelerative And Maximal Speed Sprint Running In Soccer Players, Shayne Vial, Anthony Blazevich, Mitchell Turner, Mark Scanlan, Jodie Cochrane Wilkie

ISBS Proceedings Archive

Fatigue is thought to be a contributing factor to hamstring injury during sprint running. Injuries can happen during acceleration or maximum speed phases between peak hip flexion and foot-strike, when the hamstring muscle-tendon unit (MTU) is at its longest. The angular displacements of the bones onto which the muscles attach influence hamstring MTU lengths, thus any fatigue-induced alterations to these displacements may be expected to influence MTU lengths, and thus injury risk. We collected 3-D kinematics and modelled hamstring MTU kinematics during the initial three steps of acceleration and two continuous steps of maximum speed sprinting before and after a …

Visual Task Constraints Influence Head Control And Coordination Variability In Contact Sport Athletes, Samuel R. Zeff, Joseph Hamill, Douglas Martini, Richard Van Emmerik

ISBS Proceedings Archive

We sought to determine whether contact sport participation affects visual acuity, head control, and coordinative variability during locomotor tasks. Thirteen contact and eleven noncontact athletes completed treadmill walking tasks with and without a visual Landolt C task (identify open circle orientation). During baseline, head motion did not differ between groups, but contact athletes had reduced pelvis-thigh variability compared to noncontact athletes. During the visual condition only noncontact athletes reduced vertical head displacement which may reflect an adaptive motor strategy not present in contact athletes. These differences were accompanied by significantly reduced coordinative variability in contact athletes compared to noncontact athletes. …

Changes In Rowing Ergometer Technique And Power Output After A Specific Core Training Program, Frédéric R. Simon, Lorenzo Pitto, Pierre Florent Busseneau, Geoffrey N. Ertel, Pierre Samozino, Guillaume Mornieux

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in core stability, core strength, ergometer rowing technique and power output after a a specific core training program. 13 young rowers followed an 8-week training program consisting of 20min additional training realized 4 to 5 times a week composed of low load core stability, high load dynamic strength and ergometer specific exercises. After the program, rowers’ global core stability was improved (p=0.003), but not trunk maximal isometric strength. Ergometer rowing tests showed significant improvement of trunk technique (higher mean to peak power and work ratio, lower trunk negative power) and …

The Influence Of Bodyweight On Spatiotemporal Parameters During Walking On The Alterg Treadmill, Louise Burnie, Michelle Lyons, Kirsty Lindsay

ISBS Proceedings Archive

AlterG treadmills are used for rehabilitation in clinical populations as they can provide up to 80% bodyweight (BW) support, however it is unknown how high levels of unloading might affect spatiotemporal parameters during walking on the AlterG treadmill. 18 healthy adults walked on an AlterG treadmill at 3km/h and 4 km/h at four BW conditions (100, 75, 50, 25%) while wearing Xsens sensors and gait metrics were calculated using the Xsens motion cloud software. Reducing BW in healthy adults via the BW support system on the AlterG treadmill had a small but significant effect on left stance time, swing time …

Differences In Intra-Foot Movement Strategies During The Cutting Task Among Cai, Copers, And Healthy Individuals, Peimin Yu, Xuanzhen Cen, Justin Fernandez, Yaodong Gu

ISBS Proceedings Archive

Individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) suffer from the resulting sequela of repetitive lateral ankle sprains (LAS), whilst copers appear to cope with initial LAS successfully. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the intra-foot biomechanical differences among CAI, copers, and healthy individuals. Twenty-two participants per group were included and required to perform a cutting task. A five-segment foot model with eight degrees of freedom was used to explore the intra-foot movement among these three groups. Joint moment differences were not found among these three groups, however, Copers presented greater eversion angles compared to others. Copers rely on …

Hip Moment Increases While Knee And Ankle Moments Remain Constant During Squats With Increasing Loads In Elite Powerlifters, Alexander Pürzel, Paul Kaufmann, Willi Koller, David Deimel, Arnold Baca, Hans Kainz

ISBS Proceedings Archive

This study aimed to investigate compensation strategies among elite powerlifters under high-load conditions. 31 top-ranked powerlifters from the Austrian team executed competition-style squats at 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, and 90% of their estimated 1-repetition-maximum (F_max). Employing musculoskeletal modelling, we conducted a biomechanical analysis (i.e. joints moments calculated via inverse dynamics) to understand the alterations in squatting mechanics across various loads. Our findings revealed a consistent relative load shift from the knee to the hip joint with increasing intensity. The knee and ankle joint moments remained constant from 70% to 90% F_max, underscoring the dominant role of …

Profiling Of Spin Bowlers With Biomechanical Parameters Derived From A Smart Cricket Ball, Franz Konstantin Fuss, Batdelger Doljin, Rene E. D. Ferdinands

ISBS Proceedings Archive

This paper introduces a novel approach to advanced profiling by utilising a smart cricket ball (gyro sensor at its centre). It identifies the type of delivery and determines various physical and skill performance parameters. Five spin bowlers (finger and wrist spinners) were profiled using this new method. Four bowlers executed the correct delivery (side and topside spin), while one bowler unintentionally bowled top/topside-spin instead of side-spin. The study measured the ability to convert torque (T) into spin rate (ω) using the ratio of spin rate per unit torque (ω/T [rps/N/m]), which ranged from …

Effects Of Dynamic Knee Valgus Alignment On Ground Reaction Force And Knee Moment During Landing, Tzu-Lin Wong Dr., Wei-Ching Chang

ISBS Proceedings Archive

This study examined the impact of dynamic knee valgus alignments on vertical ground reaction force(vGRF) and knee moment in 33 male collegiate athletes during a single-leg vertical jump from a 30-cm box. Categorized into valgus (n=12), neutral (n=8), and varus (n=13) groups based on knee angular displacement during landing, participants were analyzed 100 milliseconds immediately after initial ground contact. Normalized results indicate that the varus group demonstrated higher peak vGRF and maximum knee moment compared to the valgus and neutral groups. No significant differences were found in parameters like time to peak vGRF, loading rate, and peak hip moment. Our …

The Trade-Off Between Cumulative Joint Loading And Cost Of Transport When Altering Anterior Trunk Lean Angle In Running, Luca Braun, Patrick Mai, Markus Hipper, Yannick Denis, Bastian Anedda, Janina Helwig, Dominic Gehring, Steffen Willwacher

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The study aimed to establish dose-response relationships between systematically altered anterior trunk leaning (ATL) and lower extremity cumulative joint loading (angular impulse x number of strides) as well as cost of transport (COT) in distance running. Twenty-eight recreational runners underwent a series of six treadmill runs (2.5 m/s) with five predefined ATL conditions (from -4° extension to 28° flexion) and one self-selected ATL condition for five minutes with 3D motion capture and spirometry. Increasing ATL systematically decreased cumulative knee joint loading and increased cumulative hip joint loading in all conditions. However, running outside the preferred running style increased COT. Designing …

Comparing Postural Control In Adolescents (11-14 Years) Involved/Not Involved In Afterschool Sports Activities: A Pilot Study, Ken Pitetti, Edwin M. Loovis, Ruth A. Miller

ISBS Proceedings Archive

This study characterized postural control (PC) of adolescents who were involved (A=athletes) or not involved (NA=non-athletes) in after-school sport activities. PC was determined by the median velocity (MVelocity, mm/sec) of the center-of-pressure (COP) on a force plate when removing vision (eyes closed) and manipulating somatosensation (standing on firm or foam surface) while in two-foot, tandem, and one-foot stances (12 stances). Fifty-one youth, 22 A (age 12.1±0.9 yrs, 10 females) and 29 NA (age 12.3±0.7 yrs, 10 females) performed two, 30-sec trials in all 12 stances, with the best trial used for data analysis. The Mann-Whitney test revealed lower MVelocity (i.e., …

Teaching Newton’S Laws Of Motion In Biomechanics Using Game-Based Pedagogy For High School Teachers’ Professional Development, Stuart A. Evans Dr, Charlene Willis Dr

ISBS Proceedings Archive

It is important to consider teachers’ professional development (PD) when they are tasked with teaching Newton’s Law of motion in biomechanics to high school students for the first time. Physical education (PE) teachers regularly use the Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) pedagogy to teach physical activity to students. TGfU is a pedagogical model which originated in the 1980s with the main objective of promoting game-based learning in physical activity and sport. However, research involving if the TGfU pedagogy can be used to impart practical and theoretical knowledge to teachers when teaching Newton’s Laws of Motion in biomechanics is limited. The …

The Impact Of Fresh And Used Ankle Taping On Lower Extremity Biomechanics During Sports Specific Movements, Burkay Utku, Gloria Baehr, Hannah Knoke, Patrick Mai, Francesca Paganini, Markus Hipper, Luca Braun, Yannick Denis, Janina Helwig, Steffen Willwacher

ISBS Proceedings Archive

This study aimed to investigate the effects of ankle taping on lower extremity joint biomechanics. Kinetic and kinematic data were collected from 25 participants using 3D motion capturing and force platforms without shoes for running (RUN), drop jumping (DJ), and 180° change of direction (COD), in tape applied fresh (TF) and tape after sports-specific use (TU) conditions compared to a barefoot (BF) baseline. Taping conditions decreased peak ankle excursions and moments for the frontal and sagittal planes for some of the sports-specific movements. However, TF did not significantly alter the knee and hip moments in the frontal and sagittal planes. …

Agreement Between A Smartphone-Based Markerless Motion Capture Application (Aiscout ®) And Conventional Athletic Assessment, Simon Augustus, James Brouner, Chris Howe, Anna Kosciuk, Richard Felton-Thomas

ISBS Proceedings Archive

There is a need to develop accessible 3D motion analysis. The aim of this study was to determine absolute and relative agreement between aiScout^®, a smartphone application that infers 3D pose from 2D video, and conventional methods of assessing athletic performance. Sixteen athletes (29.7 ± 9.0 yrs, 1.75 ± 0.10 m, 75.5 ± 15.8 kg) completed six performance tests that were evaluated by aiScout^® and conventional methods. 10m sprint times, press-ups, lateral rebound jumps, and 5-10-5 football dribble times showed good to excellent absolute (ICC and CCC > 0.8 threshold) and relative agreement (ICC and Kendall’s W > 0.8 …

Knee And Trunk Coordination Patterns In The Snatch: A Pilot Study On The Influence Of Load And Phase, Nayun Ahn, Kristof Kipp

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of load on trunk and knee coordination during different phases of the snatch. Four elite weightlifters performed the snatch from submaximal to maximal loads (~85-100%), while video data were collected with eight cameras. The video data were processed with markerless motion capture software, and trunk and knee joint angles were calculated. Trunk-knee coupling angles were calculated via vector coding analysis. During the pull phase, an increase in the frequency count of trunk-knee coordination patterns in response to an increase in load, indicated that the pull phase lengthened as the loads …

Isbs 2024 Conference Proceedings Title And Foreward, Jana Holder, Isabella Fessl, Eric Harbour, Hermann Schwameder

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The ISBS is an international society totally dedicated to biomechanics in sports, whose primary purposes are:

• To provide a forum for the exchange of ideas for sports biomechanics researchers, coaches and teachers.
• To bridge the gap between researchers and practitioners.
• To gather and disseminate information and materials on biomechanics in sports.

Papers underwent a double blinded review process. Each paper in these proceedings has been reviewed by at least two members of the scientific committee.

Volume 63-2 Complete Issue, Casey D. Allen

The Geographical Bulletin

Volume 63-2 Complete Issue