Digital Commons Network^™

Postharvest Aqueous Ozonation Alleviates Chilling Injury By Upregulating Ascorbate-Glutathione (Asa-Gsh) Cycle And Associated Antioxidant Enzymes In Cold-Stored ‘Kensington Pride’ Mango Fruit, Mekhala Dinushi Kananke Vithana, Mahmood Ul Hasan, Hafiz Muhammad Shoaib Shah, Zora Singh

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Chilling injury (CI) hinders prolonged cold storage of mangoes (Mangifera indica L.). Hence, the influence of postharvest aqueous ozonation (PAO) (1 mg ozone s^{− 1}) of mature green ‘Kensington Pride’ mangoes for 10, 20 and 30 min preceding storage at 5 °C for 21 and 28 d on modulating CI, cell membrane integrity, ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle, antioxidant enzymes and fruit quality were investigated. Compared to control, 10 min PAO significantly reduced CI index (62.5% and 42.9%), CI incidence (40.5% and 41.4%), weight loss (18.4% and 21.8%) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in peel (61.8% and 71.7%) in 21 and 28 …

Establishment Of Reference Intervals For Serum Immunoglobulin G N-Glycosylation Features In Healthy Chinese Adults: A Nationwide Survey In The Framework Of Predictive, Preventive, And Personalized Medicine, Changyu Liu, Yinghao Wang, Xingang Li, Xiaojia Xu, Ruirui Xu, Cuihong Tian, Zhixian Chen, Xinxia Lu, Yuejin Li, Meng Wang, Zhaoyang Tang, Xueyu Chen, Guoyong Ding, Xuerui Tan, Dong Li, Haifeng Hou, Wei Wang

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Immunoglobulin G (IgG) N-glycosylation plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders, inflammatory diseases, and viral infections. While various models of serum IgG N-glycosylation have been developed to identify individuals at high risk for relevant diseases, reference intervals (RIs) for the levels of IgG N-glycans have not been established yet. Identifying RIs for serum IgG N-glycans closely associated with biological aging and disease risk contributes to predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM/3PM), which results in improvement of patients’ outcomes, enhancement of healthcare efficiency, and in reducing burden of chronic diseases. This study is aimed at defining the …

Multifactorial Fall Interventions For People Over 65 Years In The Acute Hospital Setting: Pre–Post-Test Design, Allison Wallis, Christina Aggar, Deb Massey

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Falls are the most reported patient safety incident for patients >65 years in acute hospital settings worldwide. While multifactorial fall interventions reduce the number of falls in subacute and rehabilitation settings, fall interventions in acute hospital settings are unknown. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of multifactorial fall interventions on the number of falls using codesigned education targeting staff and the patient and review the environment in acute hospital settings in NSW, Australia for patients over 65 years of age. Method: A pre–post-test design with a non-equivalent group was conducted. All acute hospital inpatient falls occurring both pre- and post-intervention …

Applying Hybrid Coding And Reflexivity In Qualitative Content Analysis: An Exemplar, Kunwar Kaur, Ma’En Zaid Abu-Qamar, Amineh Rashidi, Nilufeur Mckay, Rosemary Saunders

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA) is a widely used method in nursing research for analysing textual data. Numerous authors have provided comprehensive explanations of this approach, including step-by-step guidelines. The coding methods employed in QCA are typically categorised as deductive, inductive, or a combination of both, often referred to as the abductive or hybrid technique. However, the hybrid coding technique remains under-utilised within nursing research. Further, trustworthiness, a cornerstone of qualitative research, has been extensively discussed in the literature, with reflexivity identified as a key component of ensuring rigor and credibility. This paper presents an example from nursing research where a …

Intake Of Total, Classes, And Subclasses Of (Poly)Phenols And Risk Of Lymphoid Neoplasms: A Prospective Analysis In The Epic Cohort, Enrique Almanza-Aguilera, David Guananga-Álvarez, Yolanda Benavente, Alexandra Nieters, Caroline Besson, Fatemeh Saberi Hosnijeh, Cecilie Kyrø, Nicola P. Bondonno, Christina C. Dahm, Elisabete Weiderpass, Therese Truong, Mariem Louati-Hajji, Xuan Ren, Verena Katzke, Matthias B. Schulze, Fabrizio Pasanisi, Claudia Vener, Giovanna Masala, Maria Teresa Giraudo, Rosario Tumino, Amaia Aizpurua, Maria Jose Sánchez, José María Huerta, Marcela Guevara, Cristina Lasheras, Paolo Vineis

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Existing epidemiological evidence regarding the potential role of (poly)phenol intake in lymphoma development is limited. Methods: We investigated the associations between the intake of total and individual classes and subclasses of (poly)phenols and the risk of lymphoma, including main frequent subtypes in the EPIC cohort using multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. Results: During a mean 14-year follow-up (time frame: from 1990–1994 to 2008–2013), 2394 incident lymphoma cases were diagnosed from a total of 367,463 individuals. No significant associations were observed between total intakes of (poly)phenols, flavonoids, and phenolic acids and overall lymphoma risk. Total (poly)phenols, phenolic acid and hydroxycinnamic …

Health Education In Swedish Schools–What’S On Offer?, V. Varea, A. Caldeborg, D. Barker, M. Quennerstedt

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

The aim of this paper is to identify the dominant discourses of health and wellbeing that are offered in health education in Swedish schools. Issues of health and wellbeing are covered mainly in four school subjects in Sweden: physical education and health, home and consumer studies, biology, and social studies, and therefore, we interviewed teachers from those subjects to generate data. Six interrelated health discourses were identified from the data. All discourses were, however, also embedded within a health discourse with a comprehensive description of health as physical, psychological and social wellbeing. Results suggest that schools offer a Western and …

Analysing The Behaviour Change Techniques In An Effective Food Literacy Program To Inform Future Program Design, Lucy M. Butcher, Caylah Batt, Sophie Royce, Eamon Barron, Roslyn Giglia, Andrea Begley

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Aim: Food literacy programs aim to improve food related skills and knowledge and are selected Governments as a strategy to address dietary intakes at a community level. The purpose of this research is to identify behaviour change techniques in a food literacy program, which were assessed by the achievement of participant goals related to food literacy and dietary behaviour changes. Methods: Consensus methods were applied to map behaviour change techniques to an adult food literacy program. A second phase investigation applied content analysis of participant process evaluation data (collected between 2016 and June 2021) to align target behaviours and behaviour …

Implementing Gross National Happiness In Bhutan As A Development Model And Governance Tool – Perspectives Of Policy Influencers, Tashi Dorji, Angus Morrison-Saunders, David Blake

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Bhutan’s development philosophy of Gross National Happiness (GNH) prioritises the collective wellbeing of its people over economic growth through a multidimensional index that informs policy. While GNH has received global recognition, persistent challenges in conceptual clarity and practical implementation are argued and debated. This qualitative study examines the role and utility of GNH as a development model and its implementation as a multifaceted governance tool in Bhutan. The findings reveal that GNH is conceptualised in diverse ways, ranging from personal happiness to a more generic communal philosophy. While its strengths lie in its culturally grounded framework, key limitations include a …

Effects Of Multi-Ingredient Protein Supplementation Combined With Exercise Intervention On Body Composition And Muscle Fitness In Healthy Women: A Systematic Review With Multilevel Meta-Analysis, Chengyu Zhou, Muen Qiu, Zhuo Zeng, Qi Xie, Kai Xu, Henghao Yan, Bo Wang, Bopeng Qiu, Guoxin Shi

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Objectives: This meta-analysis investigated whether multi-ingredient protein supplements (MIPS) combined with exercise improve body composition and muscle fitness in women. It also examined how participant characteristics, training protocols, and supplementation strategies might influence these outcomes. Methods: A systematic search of five electronic databases was conducted through February 2025 to identify randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of MIPS combined with exercise training on body composition and muscle-related outcomes in women. A multilevel meta-analysis was performed to pool effect sizes, reported as standardized mean differences (Hedges’ g), with heterogeneity assessed through predefined subgroup analyses. Results: Nine randomized controlled trials involving 408 …

Of Scents And Cytokines: How Olfactory And Food Aversions Relate To Nausea And Immunomodulation In Early Pregnancy, Dayoon Kwon, Daniel M.T. Fessler, Delaney A. Knorr, Kyle S. Wiley, Julie Sartori, David A. Coall, Molly M. Fox

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: During pregnancy, the maternal body undergoes extensive physiological adaptations to support embryonic growth, including whole-body remodeling, that may induce odor and food aversions, as well as nausea and vomiting. The biological mechanisms behind odor and food aversions, as well as nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy, remain largely unexplored. Our study investigated associations between these changes and cytokine profiles during pregnancy. Methodology: A cohort of pregnant Latina women in Southern California (n = 58) completed a structured questionnaire on pregnancy "morning sickness"-related symptoms and aversions. Maternal plasma cytokine levels were measured between 5 and 17 weeks' gestation. Results: About …

Open Educational Resources In Epidemiology: A Case Study Of Student Perceptions, Kiam Padamsey

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Textbooks are fundamental in epidemiological education, but their rising costs and static nature present challenges in an ever-evolving academic landscape. Open Educational Resources (OER) offer a potential solution by providing free, adaptable, and high-quality alternative learning materials. This study examined student perceptions of an OER textbook compared to a traditional epidemiology textbook across undergraduate and postgraduate epidemiology units at Edith Cowan University, Western Australia. A total of n = 164 students responded to a survey assessing textbook quality, alignment with course objectives, clarity, and perceived impact on learning. Results indicated students perceived no significant differences between the traditional and OER …

Risky Topics In Health Education: Enacted Content When Students With Migration Backgrounds Meet Swedish Health Education, Mikael Quennerstedt, Annica Caldeborg, Dean Barker, Valeria Varea

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

School health educational content often entails different subject areas and a variety of topics that students are supposed to learn, and when taught in diverse classrooms, potentially positions students as at-risk. Using vignettes in interviews with migrant students in Sweden, the study focuses on views of the content of health education in relation to different ways that health as risk is enacted. Four aspects of risk were identified: (i) risk as content in health education and risky, including topics such as nutrition, stress, smoking, and pollution; (ii) risk as content in health education but not so risky, including topics such …

A Scoping Review Of Randomised Controlled Trials Of Vaccines That Recruited Care Home Residents: Lessons For Future Trials, Selvarani Selvarani Subbarayan, Imogen Smith-Dodd, Gabriel Nicolson, Jennifer Kirsty Burton, Janet T. Scott, Seshadri S. Vasan, Susan D. Shenkin, Roy L. Soiza

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Introduction: Older care home (CH) residents are particularly vulnerable to infections and often experience adverse outcomes. Despite this group being frequently prioritised for vaccinations, trials of vaccines rarely recruit CH residents. Given that the social and biological characteristics of CH residents may influence vaccine effectiveness, it is crucial to test vaccines in this population.

Methods: The Widening Access to Trials in Care Homes project was established to develop best practice guidance on designing and conducting vaccine trials in the CH population. As part of this project, a scoping review following Joanna Briggs Institute methodology was conducted to identify vaccine trials …

Diagnostic Accuracy Of Electrocardiogram Algorithms For Differentiating Left From Right Outflow Tract Ventricular Arrhythmia: A Systematic Review And Network Meta-Analysis, Zhuoqiao He, Ming Liu, Pengxiang Ying, Manshu Song, Xuerui Tan

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Accurate pre-Ablation differentiation between left (LVOT) and right (RVOT) ventricular outflow tract arrhythmias (OTVAs) using ECG algorithms is essential for decision on vascular access and treatment strategy. However, the most reliable ECG algorithm remains unclear. We conducted a systematic review and network meta-Analysis (NMA) to compare the diagnostic accuracy of available algorithms. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases through 7 May 2025 for studies evaluating ECG algorithms against ablation-confirmed OTVA origin. A Bayesian diagnostic test accuracy NMA was performed to estimate pooled sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratios (DORs) and a superiority index (S) for each algorithm. Study …

Rhetorics Or Business As Usual? A Systematic Review Of The Realities Of Australian Aid Localisation Efforts In The Pacific Region, Mark Opoku Amankwa, Clement Amponsah, Kwadwo Adusei-Asante, Vicki Frances Banham, Portia Nana Ama Brempong

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

While Australia increasingly references aid localisation in its programming, implementation remains donor-driven and structurally resistant to local agency. Comprehensive reviews capturing these realities remain scarce. This study synthesises insights from 150 articles obtained from the Web of Science Database to address this gap. Findings reveal persistent donor-driven, hierarchical approaches that marginalise local voices and hinder locally led development. Skill deficits, inadequate information sharing, and underutilisation of local knowledge further undermine effectiveness. Political agendas, market-led narratives, and funding systems prioritising external contractors exacerbate dependency and power imbalances. Antithetically, meaningful local leadership and culturally tailored programs have aligned aid initiatives with community …

Protective Effects Of Calligonum Comosum As A Natural Remedy To Counteract Pregabalin-Induced Toxicity: Insights From Chemical Profiling, In Vivo, And In Silico Analyses, Smail Mehda, Ibtissam Laib, Feriel Diab, Raounek Attia, Yousef Benaissa, Attia Hanane, Khiari Rayhana, Meriem Bellabidi, Huda Alsaeedi, David Croun, Mikhael Bechelany, Ahmed Barhoum

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

This study explores the therapeutic potential of Calligonum comosum extract in alleviating pregabalin (PGB)-induced toxicity in male Wistar rats, with a focus on hepatic, renal, and reproductive health. PGB exposure led to significant biochemical disturbances, including elevated liver enzymes (AST, ALT, LDH), impaired kidney markers (urea, creatinine, uric acid), reduced reproductive hormones (testosterone, FSH, LH), and notable histopathological damage in liver, kidney, and testicular tissues. Treatment with C. comosum extract effectively restored liver and kidney functions and partially corrected hormonal imbalances. The extract reduced AST, ALT, and LDH levels by 18.5%, 25.2%, and 13.7%, respectively. Similarly, urea, creatinine, and uric …

Standardization Of The Vermicompost For Organic Cultivation Of Andrographis Paniculata (Burm. F.) Wallich Ex Nees, Ranjeet Kumar Yadav, Saurabh Singh, Priya, Geet Govind Sinam, Lal Bahadur

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wallich ex Nees is an important medicinal plant that belongs to the family Acanthaceae . It has been used to treat many human diseases since ancient times. The pharmaceutical industries accept only organically grown biomass of A. paniculata that is free from contamination. Vermicompost is an important organic manure that is used as an organic source for the cultivation of crops. The experiment aims to find the optimum dose of vermicompost for organic cultivation of A. paniculata. The different doses of the vermicompost, i.e., Control (T₁), 2.5 t/ha (T₂), 5 t/ha (T …

A Systematic Review Of The Use Of Electronic Nose And Tongue Technologies For Detecting Food Contaminants, Muhammad Zia Ul Haq, Baljit Singh, Xolile Fuku, Ahmed Barhoum, Furong Tian

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Sensor operations in the food industry are faced with several major challenges, including in sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy and rapid detection. Among emerging technologies, e-nose and e-tongue systems have attracted much attention from researchers. This review examines 112 studies published from 2004 to 2025, and examines the functionalities and performance in detecting various food product-associated analytes. The sensitivity of e-nose and e-tongue systems was analyzed using various data processing techniques. Recent research and development in leading countries (i.e., China, United Kingdom, Columbia, India, Portugal, Spain, Hungary, Ireland) was examined. The findings indicate that principal component analysis (PCA) was the most widely …

Microencapsulation Of Capsicum And Its Derivatives Compounds By Spray-Drying: A Review, Ana Gabriela Da Silva Anthero, Larissa Consoli, Jesús Maria Frías Celayeta, Cinthia Baú Betim Cazarin, Miriam Dupas Hubinger

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

No abstract provided.

Using Mindfulness To Manage Moral Injury In Veterans: Feasibility And Satisfaction Of A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial, Michelle L. Kelley, Adrian J. Bravo, Elizabeth E. Burgin, Susan A. Gaylord, Christine Vinci, Megan Strowger, Jeffrey M. Gabelmann, Joseph M. Currier

Psychology Faculty Publications

Objective

The present study assessed program feasibility and satisfaction among recent-era veterans who participated in Mindfulness to Manage Moral Injury (MMMI), a live facilitated web-based 7-week mindfulness-based program targeting moral injury among veterans.

Method

In total, 56 post-9/11 veterans were recruited with 28 randomized to the MMMI condition and 28 to the Education and Support (ES) condition. Most participants identified as being White (71.4%), male (66.1%), and had a reported mean age of 41.50 years (Median = 39.50, SD = 9.26).

Results

Among the 56 participants, 82.1% attended at least one treatment session and 44.6% completed all seven sessions. There …

How To Eat Right And Why We Ask That Question, Heather N. Carpenter

Theses and Dissertations--Gender and Women's Studies

What does it mean to “eat right?” The notion is, of course, culturally, historically, nationally, politically, ethnically, and class determined. For the purposes of this project, however, I am particularly interested in changing notions of what it means to “eat right” within the post-World War II to the early new millennium American context, as such notions are represented within the prescriptions of popular culture. I turn to popular culture because this is the commons of the hegemonic call to “normalcy”—this is where we all learn to imitate, aspire, or rebel against a generic American consumer-self in conformity with the biases, …

Oriented Surface Immobilization Of Antibodies Using Enzyme-Mediated Site-Specific Biotinylation For Enhanced Antigen-Binding Capacity, Emily Beitello, Kwame Osei, Trent Kobulnicky, Faith Breausche, Jon A. Friesen, Jeremy D. Driskell

Faculty Publications – Chemistry

The effectiveness of surface-immobilized antibodies is often diminished by improper antibody orientation and limited stability, impeding the analytical performance of biosensors. Here, we report a novel enzyme-mediated strategy to biotinylate the Fc region of an anti-horseradish peroxidase (anti-HRP) antibody with site-specificity that enables oriented immobilization on a streptavidin-functionalized surface. Microbial transglutaminase (mTG) catalyzes the covalent coupling between the amine functional group on a biotin analogue (NH₂-PEG₄-biotin) and the side chain of a privileged glutamine residue (Q295) located on the heavy chain Fc region of IgG antibodies. For comparison, an anti-HRP antibody was biotinylated using an amine-reactive …

Vascularized Iliac Crest Bone Graft For The Reconstruction Of Anterior Vertebral Corpus Defects: A Literature Review And Cadaveric Feasibility Study, Jonathan L Jeger, Casey J Martinez, Maria Shvedova, Alec Simoni, Alanna Rebecca, Sebastian Winocour, Alexander E Ropper, Michael Bohl, William J Casey, Maziyar Kalani, Edward M Reece

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

BACKGROUND: Vertebral body defects pose a significant challenge in spinal reconstructive surgery. Compression fractures of the vertebral corpus are typically treated with vertebral augmentation procedures. There are significant risks associated with the introduction of foreign material in the spine, including infection and pseudarthrosis. Vascularized bone grafts (VBGs) have become a popular alternative for spinal reconstruction in the last decade thanks to their robust blood supply and autologous nature. VBGs have been described predominantly for the reconstruction of posterior vertebral defects. The objective of this study is to describe a novel procedure for the reconstruction of vertebral corpus defects in the …

Stigma Of Obesity And Healthcare Utilization, Moya A. O'Leary

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

The impact of personal factors on healthcare utilization is an essential area of research to improve overall health outcomes among the population. This study explored the relationship between perceived stigma and healthcare avoidance among men and evaluated the relationship between self-reported body mass index (BMI) and avoidance of healthcare appointments due to weight-related stigma and other reasons. This study found no significant relationship between BMI and avoidance of preventive medical appointments due to perceived stigma. However, men from all weight categories endorsed avoiding preventive healthcare appointments due to weight-related reasons and for other reasons. This study explored the reported reasons …

They Forgot We Were Seeds: Critical Counter-Narratives Supporting Culturally Informed Community Seed Work, Florentina Rodriguez

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

This Professional Innovation dissertation utilizes Critical Counter-Narrative both as research methodology to generate narrative reflections and as praxis for liberatory transformation. Through research vignettes adapted from the author’s experience with critical collaborative autoethnographic seed work, this study produced critical counter-narratives aimed at addressing inequities in small-scale seed systems. These counter-narratives were incorporated into curriculum materials synthesized as an educational toolkit for a professional research

sister-project: the new Culturally Informed Community Seed Pledge and Code of Ethics (CICSP/COE). This project seeks to address disparity and extractive practices; outline relational pathways for reciprocity and respecting communities of origin; and provide evaluation metrics …

Becoming The Donkey Derby’S ‘Karen’: A Humane Educator’S Autoethnographic Journey Toward Anti-Speciesist Communication, Jesika Keener

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

Language not only carries oppression as an educative force, but research indicates that language is inherently speciesist and highly pervasive (Ethical Globe, 2021; Guevara Labaca, 2017; Hamlett, 2024; Leach et al., 2023). However, the ontological commitment to speciesism is historically foundational, which makes the total eradication of speciesist communication only viable through an unemerged hypothetical future society (Kahn, 2011). For the possibilities of such a world to come into being, pivotal steps must first be taken to critically engage with the communicated forms of speciesism in order to better understand it and actively resist its reproduction—with the aspiration for this …

An Autoethnographic Analysis Of Cultic Elements In Education As I'Ve Known It: For Critical Democratic Pedagogies, Kayla Gwin

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

While there is existing research surrounding the democratic potentials of the United States educational system and the vegan movement, two spaces of personal belonging for the author, there is a limited body of work discussing how these spaces may operate with specific characteristics that have been attributed to cult-like groups. Using Dr. Steven Hassan’s BITE (Behavior, Information, Thought, and Emotional Control) Model of Cultic Influence, as well as the lens of critical pedagogy, this autoethnography explores possible authoritarian tendencies within the larger educational system and the vegan movement respectively. The purpose of this study is to delve into and reflect …

Understanding Detroit’S Local Food And Urban Agricultural Policy Subsystem Using The Advocacy Coalition Framework, Joann Marie Hennessey Ph.D.

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

This explanatory qualitative case study applied the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) to study Detroit’s local food policy changes from 2000 to 2022. The research question and sub-questions were framed using three ACF hypotheses that addressed advocacy coalitions, collective action, and policy change. My research showed how actors in the policy subsystem worked to promote policy change during the study period. Using this Advocacy Coalition Framework approach, I explored local food policy change in the context of community resilience and system changes. Since 2000, the local food movement in Detroit attempted system changes by experimenting with ways to provide local residents …

Professional Development Needs In Educational Support For The Waldorf Teacher, Leah M. Mrozinski

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

In the past few years of immersion into the Waldorf world through both my work and my educational pursuits, I have recognized that there is an absence of basic special education knowledge in the practice of Waldorf education. My research sought to answer the question: What topics of educational support are most relevant and needed for Waldorf teachers and trainees today? My literature review explored best practices in special education and Waldorf education and connections with polyvagal theory. More specifically, it includes a basic review of special education law, best practices in special education, how a Waldorf education meets the …

Leveling The Playing Field: Comparing School-Based Interventions For Academic Success In Student Athletes With Learning Disabilities, Eryk Ramon Sanchinelli-Salazar

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

This dissertation examined the disparities in school-based interventions for student athletes without learning disabilities versus those with learning disabilities. Learning disabilities are defined as disorders that impact language comprehension, mathematical abilities, motor coordination, and attention. The perspectives of special education teachers, general education teachers, administrators, and coaches are considered in this analysis. This research used open ended qualitative interview questions with general education teachers, special education teachers, administrators, and coaches to gain an understanding of what supports they are providing for their student athletes with learning disabilities as opposed to their student athletes without learning disabilities. Through qualitative interviews with …