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Analysing Visitor Behaviour In Interactive Immersive Art Experiences And Exploring Their Potential In Art And Design History Education, Srutinwita Roy, Saurabh Tewari, Rana Shinde Dec 2025

Analysing Visitor Behaviour In Interactive Immersive Art Experiences And Exploring Their Potential In Art And Design History Education, Srutinwita Roy, Saurabh Tewari, Rana Shinde

IASDR Conference Series

This paper presents a first-hand account of an immersive, interactive exhibition of Leonardo da Vinci’s works. Unlike traditional museum visits, this exhibit featured touch-sensitive walls and multi-sensory engagement, making it highly interactive and captivating. Alongside Da Vinci’s artworks, his design prototypes were displayed, offering a comprehensive view of his creativity. Visitors across age groups engaged enthusiastically, with children and young adults particularly drawn to the dynamic presentation. The author uses participatory observation method to study visitor behaviour, focusing on interactions, engagement, and interest levels. Findings suggest that such formats can serve as powerful pedagogical tools in Art and Design history …


Research On The Immersive Experience Design Of Intangible Cultural Heritage Dance Based On Body Schema Theory, Wensi Dai, Yan Shuo Dec 2025

Research On The Immersive Experience Design Of Intangible Cultural Heritage Dance Based On Body Schema Theory, Wensi Dai, Yan Shuo

IASDR Conference Series

This study explores immersive experience design for Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) dance based on Body Schema Theory. By analyzing the triadic elements of body schema— corporeal subject, active space, and bodily imagery—we establish a theoretical framework for enhancing ICH dance transmission through digital immersion. Three design methodologies are proposed: coexistence of real-virtual dance bodies, construction of body- field interactive dance spaces, and reconstruction of inner cultural order. These approaches address challenges of homogenized symbol interpretation and low audience engagement by integrating multisensory feedback, physiological signal mapping, and culturally embedded narrative interaction. Case studies demonstrate how bodily perception and spatial dynamics …


Avian Experience In Urban Grotto: Ecological Soundscapes As A Biosemiotic Methodology In Multispecies Ethnographic Research And More-Than-Human Communication, Qingyu Zhang, Francesca Valsecchi Dec 2025

Avian Experience In Urban Grotto: Ecological Soundscapes As A Biosemiotic Methodology In Multispecies Ethnographic Research And More-Than-Human Communication, Qingyu Zhang, Francesca Valsecchi

IASDR Conference Series

Ecological soundscapes, once primarily regarded as carriers of environmental information, are increasingly understood as immersive, embodied experiences that offer experiential and ontological access to more-than-human worlds. Situated within the framework of more-than-human design, this research challenges anthropocentric paradigms by foregrounding ecological soundscapes as dynamic, sentient agencies that convey environmental meaning and social structures among non-human species. Through field-based, autoethnographic inquiry on crow vocal is ation in Vienna, the project 1) articulates a hybrid methodological approach combining deep listening, soundscape walks, and bio acoustic analysis; and 2) establishes a sonification process that translates the data from the multispecies ethnographic research into …


The Choreography Of Sympoiesis: A Speculative Design To Reshape Modern Equestrian Concepts, Heyu Shao Dec 2025

The Choreography Of Sympoiesis: A Speculative Design To Reshape Modern Equestrian Concepts, Heyu Shao

IASDR Conference Series

This study explores the interactive relationship between humans and horses in equestrian practice, proposing that through long-term coexistence and riding, humans are not only tamers but are also shaped by horses. Using speculative design, the author created two new equestrian devices—the “Sym- Bridle” and the “WaveSync Saddle”—to visualize and amplify the subtle flows of force and sensory feedback between rider and horse. These works challenge the notion of one-way control, reframing riding as a process of mutual adjustment and embodied dialogue. Building on this, the author introduces the post-human figure “Equiarch”, imagining the bodily, behavioral, and cognitive transformations emerging from …


Ar-Based Community Public Art Design: A Public Participation Perspective, Zane Liu, Tuotuo Yang, Xiaon Ma Dec 2025

Ar-Based Community Public Art Design: A Public Participation Perspective, Zane Liu, Tuotuo Yang, Xiaon Ma

IASDR Conference Series

This study investigates the integration of Augmented Reality (AR) into community public art, focusing on both public participation experience and outcomes. A model based on Intrinsic Motivation (IM), Participation Efficacy (PE), and Positive Group Affect (PGA) is tested via SEM to identify key factors influencing engagement and inform design strategies. Hands-on community workshops validate the model’s applicability, while an AHP–TOPSIS framework evaluates and ranks three co-created design proposals. The research provides a public-centered, media-adaptive approach for supporting and enhancing public participation in community art.


Time-Series Forecasting Using Dynamic Covariates From Text-Based Event Extraction, Leonid Kuligin, Thomas Zettl Dec 2025

Time-Series Forecasting Using Dynamic Covariates From Text-Based Event Extraction, Leonid Kuligin, Thomas Zettl

Defensive Publications Series

Computer-implemented time-series forecasting systems, such as those executing on a server or distributed computing platform, may have difficulty anticipating demand volatility caused by real-world events due to a potential reliance on historical quantitative data. This disclosure relates to systems and methods for adjusting short-term forecasting by processing unstructured text data, for instance from news articles, to identify and quantify events that could influence future demand. A data processing pipeline can use a large language model to extract event descriptions, generate numerical embeddings for those events, and aggregate them into structured features. These features can then be integrated as dynamic covariates …


The Generative Asset Pipeline: "Live Code Assets" And Local Inference Orchestration, Matthew D. Judson Dec 2025

The Generative Asset Pipeline: "Live Code Assets" And Local Inference Orchestration, Matthew D. Judson

Defensive Publications Series

Disclosed is a Generative Asset Pipeline for NLE environments. The core innovation is the definition of "Live Code Assets"—executable code modules (e.g., React components, R3F scenes, .tsx files) treated as primary media primitives on the timeline. The NLE rendering engine includes a runtime for executing these modules. The system features "Dynamic Module Loading and Automatic Control Surfaces": it inspects the code asset (e.g., via Zod schema extraction) to identify parameters and automatically generates a visual control interface (Inspector Panel), allowing non-coders to manipulate the asset. The pipeline integrates local AI inference engines (e.g., ComfyUI) via the "Flow Workspace," orchestrated as …


"Live Otio": Decentralized Nle Timeline Synchronization Via Opentimelineio And Rga Crdt Mapping, Matthew D. Judson Dec 2025

"Live Otio": Decentralized Nle Timeline Synchronization Via Opentimelineio And Rga Crdt Mapping, Matthew D. Judson

Defensive Publications Series

Disclosed is a method for decentralized, real-time synchronization of Non-Linear Editor (NLE) timelines by mapping the OpenTimelineIO (OTIO) schema to Conflict-Free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs). The core innovation is the specific application of the Replicated Growable Array (RGA) algorithm (e.g., via Automerge) to manage the temporal sequence of clips in an OTIO Track. RGA avoids array indices, instead using persistent UUIDs and relative positioning ("Insert Clip B after UUID-A"). This mathematically guarantees convergence and solves the "index shifting" problem inherent in concurrent timeline edits, enabling offline-capable collaboration without central servers. The system defines a direct isomorphism between OTIO components and …


The "Neo-Nle" Hybrid Architecture: Unifying Generative Ai Synthesis And Deterministic Media Assembly, Matthew D. Judson Dec 2025

The "Neo-Nle" Hybrid Architecture: Unifying Generative Ai Synthesis And Deterministic Media Assembly, Matthew D. Judson

Defensive Publications Series

Disclosed is the "Neo-NLE" (Next-Generation Non-Linear Editor) architecture, a hybrid system unifying traditional deterministic video assembly workflows with generative AI synthesis within a decentralized, local-first framework. The core innovation is the seamless integration of "Assembly Workspaces" (optimized for deterministic playback) and "Generative Workspaces" (for AI synthesis and code execution) within a single application. Both layers operate on a shared, decentralized data fabric (KTKN-OS/Automerge), enabling real-time interaction between generated assets and the assembly timeline. The architecture mandates a Local-First implementation, ensuring zero-latency interaction and data sovereignty, with P2P synchronization eliminating centralized cloud reliance.


Eyes Everywhere: Unpacking The Digital Surveillance State In Mexico And The Legal Blind Spots, Danielle Mena Dec 2025

Eyes Everywhere: Unpacking The Digital Surveillance State In Mexico And The Legal Blind Spots, Danielle Mena

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

This article examines the rise of digital surveillance in Mexico and its implications for privacy, human rights, and democratic governance. Despite constitutional and legislative protections guaranteeing personal privacy and freedom of expression, Mexico has developed one of the most extensive surveillance systems in the Americas. Through tools such as Pegasus spyware and the C5 urban surveillance network, government agencies have expanded their monitoring capabilities, often under the guise of national security. However, the misuse of these technologies against journalists, activists, and political dissidents reveals legal and institutional deficiencies. The article analyzes the evolution of Mexico’s digital surveillance infrastructure, identifies the …


The Penalty Is Declined: The Nfl's Exclusive Streaming Agreements And The Limits Of Antitrust Law, William Holt Dec 2025

The Penalty Is Declined: The Nfl's Exclusive Streaming Agreements And The Limits Of Antitrust Law, William Holt

Minnesota Law Review Vols. 106:2 onward (2021-present)

The National Football League’s (NFL) decision to grant NBCUniversal’s Peacock streaming service exclusive rights to carry the 2023–24 wild-card matchup between the Kansas City Chiefs and the Miami Dolphins signaled a major shift in the league’s media distribution strategy. Football fans that had long depended on free, over-the-air broadcasts for the most pivotal games of the year suddenly discovered that they had to subscribe to, and pay for, a streaming service they otherwise did not want or need.

The migration of live sports programming away from conventional broadcast networks touches on more than subscription fatigue and rising credit card statements. …


Ai Companions And The Lessons Of Family Law, Clare Huntington Dec 2025

Ai Companions And The Lessons Of Family Law, Clare Huntington

Minnesota Law Review Vols. 106:2 onward (2021-present)

Virtual friends and lovers powered by artificial intelligence are rapidly moving to the center of our emotional and social lives. Millions of people turn to AI companions every day for conversation, romance, sexual intimacy, therapy, and education. AI companionship holds promise, potentially reducing loneliness, supporting people without access to mental health treatment, helping students learn, and offering a judgment-free space for sensitive conversations. But AI companionship also raises significant concerns. The technology’s addictiveness may exacerbate loneliness and can undermine human relationships. Therapy bots may prove more harmful than helpful. AI companions can be emotionally abusive. And their access to the …


The Good, The Bad, And The Ugly: A Comparative Constitutional Analysis Of Whistleblowing Speech, The Government's Managerial Domain, And The Imperatives Of Democratic Self-Government, Ronald J. Krotoszynski Jr. Dec 2025

The Good, The Bad, And The Ugly: A Comparative Constitutional Analysis Of Whistleblowing Speech, The Government's Managerial Domain, And The Imperatives Of Democratic Self-Government, Ronald J. Krotoszynski Jr.

Minnesota Law Review Vols. 106:2 onward (2021-present)

Since issuing its 1968 landmark decision in Pickering, which first recognized that the First Amendment protects government employees’ speech about matters of public concern, the U.S. Supreme Court has proceeded to whittle away First Amendment protections for government employees. The Justices have done so by adopting a series of categorical exclusions to Pickering that all strongly favor the government as an employer and manager. These subsequent decisions have created a jurisprudential obstacle course that government employees must successfully run in order to invoke the Free Speech Clause at all. The current U.S. approach is plainly bad. However, it could …


Bare Analysis: Prison Visitor Strip And Body-Cavity Searches And Federal Courts' Insufficient Fourth Amendment Analysis, Tristen Lindell Dec 2025

Bare Analysis: Prison Visitor Strip And Body-Cavity Searches And Federal Courts' Insufficient Fourth Amendment Analysis, Tristen Lindell

Minnesota Law Review Vols. 106:2 onward (2021-present)

Strip and body-cavity searches are among the most egregious invasions of personal privacy that the government can impose. The Fourth Amendment, as interpreted by the Supreme Court, demands that courts thoroughly analyze these searches. Courts must consider not only the suspicion that warranted the search, but the way the search was performed. But in the prison visitor context, U.S. Courts of Appeals have not done so. Instead of evaluating whether the search in question was conducted reasonably, including reasonableness in scope, courts have considered only whether prison officials possessed reasonable suspicion. This flies in the face of Supreme Court precedent. …


Securitizing The University, Maryam Jamshidi Dec 2025

Securitizing The University, Maryam Jamshidi

Minnesota Law Review Vols. 106:2 onward (2021-present)

Since October 7, 2023, public and private actors have doubled down on efforts to securitize the American university. In large part, these initiatives aim to quash a vocal pro-Palestine movement that has become highly visible across U.S. campuses since October 7th. In targeting this group, these efforts have variously treated the university as an “object” of national security, namely, as a potential site of national security risk, while simultaneously encouraging or pressuring universities to “participate” in national security, namely, by actively and, in many cases, voluntarily furthering U.S. national security objectives. The university’s status as object of and participant in …


Dairy And Food Science Student Newsletter, December 2, 2025, Department Of Dairy And Food Science Dec 2025

Dairy And Food Science Student Newsletter, December 2, 2025, Department Of Dairy And Food Science

Dairy and Food Science Student Newsletter

No abstract provided.


The Effect Of Diet-Derived Thiaminase On Survival, Growth, And Liver Transketolase Activity In Two Strains Of Lake Trout (Salvelinus Namaycush), Christian A. Therrien, Peter M. Baker, Shawn R. Garner, Patricia C. Wolfe, Sarah Matesic, Katie A. Edwards, Chris C. Wilson, Heidi K. Swanson, Bryan D. Neff Dec 2025

The Effect Of Diet-Derived Thiaminase On Survival, Growth, And Liver Transketolase Activity In Two Strains Of Lake Trout (Salvelinus Namaycush), Christian A. Therrien, Peter M. Baker, Shawn R. Garner, Patricia C. Wolfe, Sarah Matesic, Katie A. Edwards, Chris C. Wilson, Heidi K. Swanson, Bryan D. Neff

Pharmacy Faculty Scholarship

The consumption of invasive, high-thiaminase prey fishes can cause thiamine deficiency, which has been hypothesized to be a major barrier for lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) restoration in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Here, we compared the effects of diet-derived thiaminase on survival and performance-related traits between two strains of lake trout that differ in historical exposure to thiaminase. Juvenile lake trout from the Seneca Lake (higher historical exposure to thiaminase) and Slate Islands (lower historical exposure) strains were reared in a common garden environment and received either an experimental diet containing bacterial derived-thiaminase or a control diet. Six months after the …


The Times They May Be A–Changin’: A Look Into Cuba’S Future For Property Rights And Restitution Through 3 Lenses, Patrick M. Denny Dec 2025

The Times They May Be A–Changin’: A Look Into Cuba’S Future For Property Rights And Restitution Through 3 Lenses, Patrick M. Denny

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

After the 1959 Cuban Revolution, Fidel Castro took power and instituted a new regime that formed itself into a communist stronghold of the global south. With this new government came curtailment of private property rights, effectuated in government confiscation and limitation in private ownership opportunity. As many Cubans and foreign persons/entities had their residential, rural/agricultural, and commercial/industrial property confiscated, demands for restitution over the years has grown, particularly through US–led efforts. As Cuba has begun to soften to the idea of private property, as evidenced in its new 2019 Constitution, this Note seeks to analyze how property rights in Cuba …


December 2025 Faculty Senate Packet, University Of Nebraska At Kearney Faculty Senate Dec 2025

December 2025 Faculty Senate Packet, University Of Nebraska At Kearney Faculty Senate

Faculty Senate Packets

No abstract provided.


¡El Cielo Es Una Habitación Llena De Mujeres Gordas Riendo!, Lisa Isherwood Dec 2025

¡El Cielo Es Una Habitación Llena De Mujeres Gordas Riendo!, Lisa Isherwood

Conexión Queer: Revista Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Teologías Queer

This article examines a pervasive yet often overlooked form of abuse against women: the lifelong regulation of bodily size and shape. While acknowledging the horrific rise in domestic physical violence during the United Kingdom’s lockdown, the focus shifts to the normalized pressures of patriarchal control that women internalize from an early age. Such control disguises itself as concern or benefit, yet inflicts profound personal and spiritual harm. Approaching the issue from a Western perspective, the article argues that, within an incarnational faith, the disciplined body becomes the very site of resistance where transformative divine power is located in human experience.


El Corazón Al Descubierto: Reflexiones Sobre Levítico 18.22, Renato Lings Dec 2025

El Corazón Al Descubierto: Reflexiones Sobre Levítico 18.22, Renato Lings

Conexión Queer: Revista Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Teologías Queer

The article explores the hermeneutical paradoxes of the book of Leviticus through the personal experience of Rabbi Steven Greenberg, whose encounter with Leviticus 18.22 transformed his relationship with the Torah and his own identity. Through rigorous textual analysis, the article questions traditional cis-heterosexist interpretations and examines the semantic complexity of the expression mishkebey ishshah [a wife’s bed]. The study shows how Leviticus—far from being a monolithic code—contains internal tensions, profound ethical elements, and a surprising openness toward neighbors and immigrants, inviting a critical and liberating reading.


Longitudinal Pharmacokinetic And Safety Studies Of An Antibody-Erythropoietin Fusion Protein For Alzheimer's Disease, Rudy Chang, Devaraj Venkatapura Chandrashekar, G. Chuli Roules, Nataraj Jagadeesan, Emi Iwasaki, Adenike Oyegbesan, Hayk Davtyan, Rachita K. Sumbria Dec 2025

Longitudinal Pharmacokinetic And Safety Studies Of An Antibody-Erythropoietin Fusion Protein For Alzheimer's Disease, Rudy Chang, Devaraj Venkatapura Chandrashekar, G. Chuli Roules, Nataraj Jagadeesan, Emi Iwasaki, Adenike Oyegbesan, Hayk Davtyan, Rachita K. Sumbria

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Erythropoietin (EPO) shows promise for Alzheimer's disease (AD) but has poor brain penetration, necessitating high doses that cause hematopoietic side effects. To improve brain delivery, EPO was fused to a transferrin receptor monoclonal antibody (TfRMAb), and this study evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK), safety, and efficacy of repeated TfRMAb-EPO dosing in mice to further its preclinical development. C57BL/6J male mice (10 weeks old, n = 4–5/dose) received subcutaneous (SQ) low (1 mg/kg), mid (3 and 6 mg/kg), or high (20 mg/kg) TfRMAb-EPO doses for 4 weeks. The 1 mg/kg dose showed no adverse effects and resulted in sustained brain and plasma …


Redefining Resistance: Las Madres De La Plaza De Mayo, Echoes Of Trauma And Memory In Argentina, Elizabeth J. Kaye Dec 2025

Redefining Resistance: Las Madres De La Plaza De Mayo, Echoes Of Trauma And Memory In Argentina, Elizabeth J. Kaye

Honors Theses

Argentina's "Dirty War" (1976–1983) stands as one of the darkest and most painful periods in the nation’s history. During these years, the military dictatorship, known as the "Proceso de Reorganización Nacional," implemented a systematic campaign of state terrorism, targeting suspected political protesters, activists, intellectuals, and ordinary citizens. Widespread kidnappings, illegal detentions, and forced disappearances became routine, with an estimated 30,000 people vanishing without a trace. Families were left in despair, searching for answers that the government refused to provide. In response, a group of determined mothers, known as “Las Madres de la Plaza de Mayo”, formed a powerful movement demanding …


A Burlesque: The Shimmering Body Of Revealing, Lola Montgomery Dec 2025

A Burlesque: The Shimmering Body Of Revealing, Lola Montgomery

Staff Scholarship - Australia & Dubai

A Burlesque: The Shimmer Manuscript is a hybrid critical–creative work that examines burlesque as an embodied methodology and a mode of knowledge production. Drawing from my two decades as a performer–scholar, the work reframes glamour, desire, and adornment as epistemological practices rather than theatrical ornamentation. The project is significant in that it expands understandings of performance studies, autotheory, and feminist aesthetics by foregrounding the performer’s body as an intelligent, sensing, world-making apparatus.

The methodology is creative practice research and archive-driven, integrating backstage documentation, AI-assisted photomontage, and theoretical reflection. The work draws from poststructuralist and feminist frameworks (Irigaray, Deleuze & Guattari, …


Early Life And Post-Traumatic Growth Among Urban African Americans, J. Howard Streeter Iii Dec 2025

Early Life And Post-Traumatic Growth Among Urban African Americans, J. Howard Streeter Iii

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Post-traumatic growth (PTG) has received increasing attention in psychological research, yet the PTG experiences of African Americans remain underexplored. Trauma researchers have established the common prevalence of trauma within this population, but there have been very few studies on how African Americans traverse trauma according to PTG. Understanding PTG in this population is essential for clergy, coaches, parents, counselors, and others who work in these communities. The purpose of this quantitative survey study was to determine whether there was a statistically significant relationship between rumination, religious orientation, religious commitment, and stressful life events (SLEs) and PTG among urban African American …


Curriculum Minutes 12/02/2025, Curriculum Committee Dec 2025

Curriculum Minutes 12/02/2025, Curriculum Committee

Curriculum Committee Minutes

No abstract provided.


States As Shields, Lindsay F. Wiley Dec 2025

States As Shields, Lindsay F. Wiley

Minnesota Law Review Vols. 106:2 onward (2021-present)

State laws that aim to shield providers of reproductive health and gender-affirming care from the punitive actions of out-of-state officials raise thorny questions. Can the federal courts, Congress, or the Trump Administration require New York officials to enforce a Texas ban on abortion or gender-affirming care against a New York doctor who prescribed medication to a patient in Texas via telehealth? If so, how might New Yorkers’ access to health care be affected? If not, will interstate commerce and travel preserve some degree of access for Texans?

Disputes over reproductive health and gender-affirming care are putting new pressure on doctrines …


Quality Improvement Project: Provider Education On An Evidence-Based Clinical Pathway For Diagnosing Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Oluwadayo B. Adeyemo Dec 2025

Quality Improvement Project: Provider Education On An Evidence-Based Clinical Pathway For Diagnosing Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Oluwadayo B. Adeyemo

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

Accurate diagnosis of adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) remains challenging in outpatient behavioral health settings, as variations in clinician training, diagnostic tools, and assessment methods can hinder accuracy and delay treatment. At the project site, providers reported low confidence and inconsistent use of standardized tools when evaluating adult ADHD, underscoring a critical need for structured education to improve diagnostic consistency and provider confidence. This quality-improvement (QI) project assessed the impact of an educational intervention on provider knowledge, confidence, and utilization of validated screening tools for adult ADHD. Guided by Donabedian’s Model of Quality Improvement and Lewin’s Change Theory, the project …


Quality Improvement Project: Development And Implementation Of A Structured Certification Support Program And The Impact On Nurses’ Confidence And Medical Surgical Certification Rates, Mary Tran Dec 2025

Quality Improvement Project: Development And Implementation Of A Structured Certification Support Program And The Impact On Nurses’ Confidence And Medical Surgical Certification Rates, Mary Tran

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

Professional nursing certification is an important criterion of Magnet designation, and increased certification rates have been associated with positive patient outcomes. The literature supports peer support and group study as beneficial strategies to assist nurses in preparing for certification exams. A quality improvement project among medical-surgical (med-surg) nurses at a community hospital pursuing Magnet redesignation addressed the lack of formal processes and nursing perceived barriers to certification that may contribute to low certification rates. The purpose of this project was to develop and implement a structured medical-surgical certification support program following the Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycle utilizing evidence-based strategies, including a …


The Impact Of Infrastructure Construction And Remodeling Of Cities On Its People' Quality Of Life Miraj District-(Madi-Cairo) As A Geological Heritage Area, Ahmed M.E. Hammad Dec 2025

The Impact Of Infrastructure Construction And Remodeling Of Cities On Its People' Quality Of Life Miraj District-(Madi-Cairo) As A Geological Heritage Area, Ahmed M.E. Hammad

Mansoura Engineering Journal

Rapid urbanization is increasing globally, the urbanization rate expected to rise to more than 66% by 2050. (According to UN estimates) the increasing rates of urbanization in the world means adding 2.5 billion people to the urban population within a short period. Which necessitates increasing the traffic axes and the rest of the networks in terms of lengths and widths within the existing cities, and with the presence of the population during these works - despite their inevitability - the quality of their urban life is affected socially, naturally and economically. the research monitors these effects and the extent of …