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New Reaction Of Neutron-Proton Conversion, Polievkt Perov Jun 2023

New Reaction Of Neutron-Proton Conversion, Polievkt Perov

College of Arts & Sciences Faculty Works

Using our models of composite particles as consisting just of two types of elementary basic charges, +e/3 and -e/3, we suggest that in any nuclear reaction the total numbers of basic charges of each of the two types are conserved. That means that in any nuclear reaction, the basic elementary charges present in the reactants can join in different combinations to form the products of the reaction. This is like a balanced chemical equation where the number of atoms of each element is conserved. We apply this suggested principle of conservation of basic elementary charges in any nuclear reaction to …


Algorithm For Generation Of S-Box Using Trigonometric Transformation In Genetic Algorithm Parameters, Javokhir Rustamovich Abdurazzokov Jun 2023

Algorithm For Generation Of S-Box Using Trigonometric Transformation In Genetic Algorithm Parameters, Javokhir Rustamovich Abdurazzokov

Chemical Technology, Control and Management

This article presents a fairly reliable algorithm for generating an S-box using a trigonometric function in the parameters of the genetic algorithm. S-boxes are essential components of modern cryptography and are used for permutation operations in various block cipher algorithms. The efficiency of the algorithm was demonstrated by various experimental experiments, which showed that the created S-box is sufficiently resistant to linear and differential cryptanalysis attacks. During the experimental analysis, the proposed S-box showed good results in various criteria, where the average level of nonlinearity was 105, the criterion of strict avalanche efficiency was 0.4941, the probability of linear convergence …


Synthesis Of Control Systems With Multilayer Neural Networks Based On Velocity Gradient Methods, Oxunjon Boborayimov, Okyay Kaynak Jun 2023

Synthesis Of Control Systems With Multilayer Neural Networks Based On Velocity Gradient Methods, Oxunjon Boborayimov, Okyay Kaynak

Chemical Technology, Control and Management

In this manuscripts, the synthesis of control systems with multilayer neural networks based on the speed gradient methods is given. For adjusting the weight coefficients of the base processor element, the gradient method of minimizing the learning criterion is used. A procedure for the synthesis of neural network control systems based on the velocity gradient methods has been developed. This guarantees the stabilization of the system under external limited disturbances that are inaccessible to direct measurement. Taking into account the state vector of the control object in the network learning function ensures the consistency of the processes of setting the …


A Fault Location Method For High‑Voltage Transmission Lines Based On Traveling Wave, Chengxin Li, Guowei Liu, Cong Yu, Chen Wang, Fangbai Chen, Shanming Wan Jun 2023

A Fault Location Method For High‑Voltage Transmission Lines Based On Traveling Wave, Chengxin Li, Guowei Liu, Cong Yu, Chen Wang, Fangbai Chen, Shanming Wan

Journal of Electric Power Science and Technology

Aiming at the problem of fault location errors caused by the uncertainty of travelling wave velocity, this paper proposes a new fault location method that requires no wave velocity and transmission line radian information. Firstly, a denoise method through multi‑scale wavelet transform for the fault signal is described. Secondly, the arrival time parameters of initial traveling wave at different buses are measured. Furthermore, the influences of wave speed and radian of transmission line are eliminated by those time parameters in fault distance expressions. In addition, this paper compares the different fault location results with and without transformers. The simulation results …


Equilibrium Analysis Of Power Generation Market Considering Market Share Preference Un‑Der Carbon‑Neutral Goal, Peng Liu, Xue Cui Jun 2023

Equilibrium Analysis Of Power Generation Market Considering Market Share Preference Un‑Der Carbon‑Neutral Goal, Peng Liu, Xue Cui

Journal of Electric Power Science and Technology

With the advancement of carbon‑neutral goal and the deepening of electricity market reform, it is of practical significance to study multi‑agent game on power generation side of electricity wholesale market to improve renewable energy permeability. Aiming at asymmetric market position, a Cournot‑Bertrand hybrid game model considering market share preference with carbon transaction cost is established. Performing mathematical reasoning and numerical analysis, equilibrium characteristic value and local stability region are given. Finally, the influence of carbon emission coefficient, horizontal difference parameter and market share preference parameter on equilibrium is studied. Simulation examples show that with the decrease of horizontal difference parameter, …


Integral Representation Of Superoscillations Via Complex Borel Measures And Their Convergence, Jussi Behrndt, Fabrizio Colombo, Peter Schlosser, Daniele C. Struppa Jun 2023

Integral Representation Of Superoscillations Via Complex Borel Measures And Their Convergence, Jussi Behrndt, Fabrizio Colombo, Peter Schlosser, Daniele C. Struppa

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

In the last decade there has been a growing interest in superoscillations in various fields of mathematics, physics and engineering. However, while in applications as optics the local oscillatory behaviour is the important property, some convergence to a plane wave is the standard characterizing feature of a superoscillating function in mathematics and quantum mechanics. Also there exists a certain discrepancy between the representation of superoscillations either as generalized Fourier series, as certain integrals or via special functions. The aim of this work is to close these gaps and give a general definition of superoscillations, covering the well-known examples in the …


Wmu Board Of Trustees Formal Session June 29, 2023, Wmu Board Of Trustees Jun 2023

Wmu Board Of Trustees Formal Session June 29, 2023, Wmu Board Of Trustees

WMU Board of Trustees Meetings

  • Acceptance of the Agenda
  • Approval of the Minutes (April 27, 2023 Meeting)
  • Remarks by the Chair
  • Remarks by the President
  • Updates by the Faculty Senate President
  • Updates by the Western Student Association President
  • Western Michigan University Employee Graduates
  • Trustee Emeritus Tribute
  • WMU’s Investment in the Future – Academic Tenure and Promotion
  • Public Comments Regarding Action Items

  • Action Items
  1. Student Room, Board, and Apartment Rates 2023-2024
  2. Tuition and Required Fee Rates Fall 2023
  3. General Fund Budget, Fiscal Year 2023-2024
  4. Purchase of Grand Rapids Downtown Facility - 200 Ionia Avenue
  5. Repurchase of BTR Parcel (Unit 30)
  6. Five Year Capital Outlay Plan
  7. Conditional …


Butte Reduction Works (Brw) Phase Iii Quality Assurance Project Plan (Qapp) Request For Change Brw-2023-03, Josh Bryson Jun 2023

Butte Reduction Works (Brw) Phase Iii Quality Assurance Project Plan (Qapp) Request For Change Brw-2023-03, Josh Bryson

Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site

No abstract provided.


Scalable Preparation Of The Masked Acyl Cyanide Tbs-Mac, Haley Hinton, Jack Patterson, Jared Hume, Krunal Patel, Julie Pigza Jun 2023

Scalable Preparation Of The Masked Acyl Cyanide Tbs-Mac, Haley Hinton, Jack Patterson, Jared Hume, Krunal Patel, Julie Pigza

Faculty Publications

This paper describes the three-step synthesis of TBS-MAC, a masked acyl cyanide (MAC) and a versatile one-carbon oxidation state three synthon. We have developed a scalable and detailed synthesis that involves: (1) acetylation of malononitrile to form the sodium enolate, (2) protonation of the enolate to form acetylmalononitrile, and (3) epoxidation of the enol, rearrangement to an unstable alcohol, and TBS-protection to form the title compound. Both the sodium enolate and acetylmalononitrile are bench-stable precursors to the intermediate hydroxymalononitrile, which can be converted to other MAC reagents beyond TBS by varying the protecting group (Ac, MOM, EE, etc.).


Ally Mediation Of Social Media Use For Adults With Autism, Spring S. Cullen Jun 2023

Ally Mediation Of Social Media Use For Adults With Autism, Spring S. Cullen

Theses and Dissertations

Previous research has highlighted the unique challenges young Autistic adults face when using social media. We extend this work by analyzing how guardians and allies, such as service providers, mediate the social media usage of young Autistic adults in order to address and mitigate online risks. Based on analysis of interview transcripts (8 young adults on the Autism spectrum, 4 parents, 10 staff members), we uncover the mediation tactics used, how they differ based on the ally's relationship with the individual, and the tactics' varying degrees of effectiveness. The findings of this research contribute to the literature by informing the …


Influence Of Woody Vegetation Composition And Structure On Fuels And Prescribed Fire In Mountain Longleaf Restoration, Collin J. Anderson Jun 2023

Influence Of Woody Vegetation Composition And Structure On Fuels And Prescribed Fire In Mountain Longleaf Restoration, Collin J. Anderson

Master of Science in Integrative Biology Theses

Longleaf pine (LLP) ecosystems have experienced a widespread ecological state shift largely due to fire exclusion which has allowed mesophytes, i.e., shade-tolerant, often fire-sensitive species to encroach, reducing flammability and biodiversity through a process known as “mesophication.” Although prescribed fire is commonly used to reverse mesophication, fire behavior, and thus prescribed fire utility for this purpose, is poorly characterized in mixed pine-hardwood stands with mesophyte encroachment. This study aimed to identify mechanisms by which tree composition, structure, and fuels contribute to fire behavior, focusing on the understudied mountain longleaf pine (MLLP) ecoregion in northwest Georgia. I hypothesized that woody vegetation …


Design And Development Of Ultrabroadband, High-Gain, And High-Isolation Thz Mimo Antenna With A Complementary Split-Ring Resonator Metamaterial, Ammar Armghan, Khaled Aliqab, Meshari Alsharari, Osamah Alsalman, Juveriya Parmar, Shobhit K. Patel Jun 2023

Design And Development Of Ultrabroadband, High-Gain, And High-Isolation Thz Mimo Antenna With A Complementary Split-Ring Resonator Metamaterial, Ammar Armghan, Khaled Aliqab, Meshari Alsharari, Osamah Alsalman, Juveriya Parmar, Shobhit K. Patel

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

The need for high-speed communication has created a way to design THz antennas that operate at high frequencies, speeds, and data rates. In this manuscript, a THz MIMO antenna is designed using a metamaterial. The two-port antenna design proposed uses a complementary splitring resonator patch. The design results are also compared with a simple patch antenna to show the improvement. The design shows a better isolation of 50 dB. A broadband width of 8.3 THz is achieved using this complementary split-ring resonator design. The percentage bandwidth is 90%, showing an ultrabroadband response. The highest gain of 10.34 dB is achieved …


Lagrange Multipliers And Neutrosophic Nonlinear Programming Problems Constrained By Equality Constraints, Maissam Jdid, Florentin Smarandache Jun 2023

Lagrange Multipliers And Neutrosophic Nonlinear Programming Problems Constrained By Equality Constraints, Maissam Jdid, Florentin Smarandache

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

Operations research science is defined as the science that is concerned with applying scientific methods to complex problems in managing and directing large systems of people, including resources and tools in various fields, private and governmental work, peace and war, politics, administration, economics, planning and implementation in various domains. It uses scientific methods that take the language of mathematics as a basis for it and uses computer, without which it would not have been possible to achieve numerical solutions to the raised problems, those that need correct solutions, when the solutions abound and the options are multiple, so we need …


Spatial Characteristics Of Miao Settlements In Changning, Yunnan Province, China, Ai Lijuan, Pipu Boosabok Jun 2023

Spatial Characteristics Of Miao Settlements In Changning, Yunnan Province, China, Ai Lijuan, Pipu Boosabok

Journal of Letters

This article takes the Miao settlements of Changning in South China as the object of study. Through a combination of fieldwork, field mapping, and graphic language, spatial analysis of the settlements is carried out using ArcMap to objectively and scientifically analyze the spatial characteristics of the settlements. The objective is to seek the existence of an inherent logical relationship between the spatial characteristics, the Miao ethnic group, and the cultural contents of the settlements and to provide a basis for the conservation and sustainable development of traditional Miao settlements. The study concluded that the Changning Miao ethnic group mostly live …


Approval Page - Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit Residential Metals Abatement Program - Field Sampling Plan - Goldhill Lutheran Church And United Congregational - Indoor Dust, Nikia Greene, Daryl Reed, Eric Hassler Jun 2023

Approval Page - Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit Residential Metals Abatement Program - Field Sampling Plan - Goldhill Lutheran Church And United Congregational - Indoor Dust, Nikia Greene, Daryl Reed, Eric Hassler

Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site

No abstract provided.


Final 2023 Residential Metals Abatement Program (Rmap) Copper/Emmett Park Soil Remedial Action Work Plan (Rawp), Pioneer Technical Services, Inc. Jun 2023

Final 2023 Residential Metals Abatement Program (Rmap) Copper/Emmett Park Soil Remedial Action Work Plan (Rawp), Pioneer Technical Services, Inc.

Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site

No abstract provided.


Final Rmap Park Soil Sampling Field Sampling Plan (Fsp) Submittal #9 [Covering Centerville Skating Rink, Belmont Senior Citizens Center, High Altitude Skating Rink, Missoula Gulch Ballfield Play Area, Mac Facilities, Butte Family Ymca, Church Of Christ, And Montana Tech South Campus], Pioneer Technical Services, Inc. Jun 2023

Final Rmap Park Soil Sampling Field Sampling Plan (Fsp) Submittal #9 [Covering Centerville Skating Rink, Belmont Senior Citizens Center, High Altitude Skating Rink, Missoula Gulch Ballfield Play Area, Mac Facilities, Butte Family Ymca, Church Of Christ, And Montana Tech South Campus], Pioneer Technical Services, Inc.

Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site

No abstract provided.


Quantum Hamilton–Jacobi Quantization And Shape Invariance, Rathi Dasgupta, Asim Gangopadhyaya Jun 2023

Quantum Hamilton–Jacobi Quantization And Shape Invariance, Rathi Dasgupta, Asim Gangopadhyaya

Physics: Faculty Publications and Other Works

Quantum Hamilton-Jacobi quantization scheme uses the singularity structure of the potential of a quantum mechanical system to generate its eigenspectrum and eigenfunctions, and its efficacy has been demonstrated for several well known conventional potentials. Using a recent work in supersymmetric quantum mechanics, we prove that the additive shape invariance of all conventional potentials and unbroken supersymmetry are sufficient conditions for their solvability within the quantum Hamilton-Jacobi formalism.


Modeling And Dynamic Correction Of The Thermal Radiation Fluxes Measuring System, Olexander Alekseevich Sytnik, Fatima Mirazizovna Sagatova Jun 2023

Modeling And Dynamic Correction Of The Thermal Radiation Fluxes Measuring System, Olexander Alekseevich Sytnik, Fatima Mirazizovna Sagatova

Chemical Technology, Control and Management

Temperature measurements are currently an integral part of modern production, in particular, energy, aviation, instrumentation, etc. Therefore, the need to improve the accuracy of measurement, control and regulation of temperature largely determines the technical and economic efficiency of production. The development of reliable methods for temperature control under various conditions and the creation of specific devices is one of the most important tasks of modern instrumentation. The article deals with the issues of solving the problems of modeling and correcting the dynamic characteristics of a system for measuring thermal radiation fluxes using the integral method of signal recovery. For computer …


Investigation Of Magnetic Circuits Of Differential Transformer Displacement Sensors, Sulton Fayzullaevich Amirov, Absaid Khurramovich Sulliev, Shukhrat Azamatovich Sharapov Jun 2023

Investigation Of Magnetic Circuits Of Differential Transformer Displacement Sensors, Sulton Fayzullaevich Amirov, Absaid Khurramovich Sulliev, Shukhrat Azamatovich Sharapov

Chemical Technology, Control and Management

The article examines the magnetic circuits of both existing and developed differential transformer displacement sensors for large linear displacements. These circuits are characterized by a specific distribution structure of magnetic resistance parameters in long ferromagnetic cores and the magnetic capacitance between them. It is shown that in the existing sensor, the distribution of working magnetic flux along the length of the ferromagnetic cores has a nonlinear nature, resulting in a nonlinear relationship between the output signal in the form of electromotive force and the input linear displacement of the sensor. It has been established that by selecting the law of …


Development And Application Of Γ-Aa Peptide On Enzyme Mimetic And Biomolecular Agents, Meng Gu Jun 2023

Development And Application Of Γ-Aa Peptide On Enzyme Mimetic And Biomolecular Agents, Meng Gu

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation investigates the multifaceted utility of γ-AA peptides in various biological contexts, highlighting their capability in mimicking bioactive proteins, facilitating novel drug discovery, and obstructing protein-protein interactions. Initially, we introduced the design of an ingenious γ-AA peptide scaffold that replicates the hydrolysis capabilities of natural enzymes, with the intention to overcome their stability limitations. Notably, the designed catalyst exhibited excellent esterase activity with the coordination of Zn2+. Subsequently, optimization of a linear γ-AA peptide compound through a dimeric strategy resulted in P3-1, a potent inhibitor of amyloid-β 42. Evidenced by both in vivo and in vitro experiments, its potential …


One Year Impact Of The Advancing Coping And Engagement (Ace) Program On Advanced Placement And International Baccalaureate Student Success, Amanda C. Moseley Jun 2023

One Year Impact Of The Advancing Coping And Engagement (Ace) Program On Advanced Placement And International Baccalaureate Student Success, Amanda C. Moseley

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Student success hinges on educational settings that feature a well-developed, comprehensive mental health support system (Hoover et al., 2019). Salient pieces of well-functioning mental health supports adhere to Multi-Tiered Systems of Support (MTSS) principles, including evidence-based practices with incremental intensity (Stoiber & Gettinger, 2015). Adolescents pursuing accelerated curricula in high school, specifically Advanced Placement courses (AP) and the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP), display a need for psychosocial support related to the stressors inherent to a rigorous curriculum (Suldo & Shaunessy-Dedrick, 2013b). Suldo and colleagues’ (2018) research on AP and pre-IBDP youth identified malleable predictors of success that became intervention …


Organizing And Communicating Health: A Culture-Centered And Necrocapitalist Inquiry Of Groundwater Contamination In Rural West Bengal, Parameswari Mukherjee Jun 2023

Organizing And Communicating Health: A Culture-Centered And Necrocapitalist Inquiry Of Groundwater Contamination In Rural West Bengal, Parameswari Mukherjee

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

As a discursive point of praxis, this dissertation project seeks to record knowledge from below around the overlaps between health, water and health interventions emerging from rural communities located in North 24 Parganas and Purulia in West Bengal that are disproportionately impacted by water-insecurity. My dissertation also documents how multiple-stakeholders such as local NGOs, international NGOs, non-profits, and donor agencies organize access to safe water and health interventions for the water-insecure communities located in North 24 Parganas and Purulia. The integration of the CCA and necrocapitalism afford theoretical and methodological guidance in this dissertation to help document the localocentric stories …


Electromagnetic Signatures Of An Analytical Mini-Disk Model Of Supermassive Binary Black Hole Systems, Kaitlyn Porter Jun 2023

Electromagnetic Signatures Of An Analytical Mini-Disk Model Of Supermassive Binary Black Hole Systems, Kaitlyn Porter

Theses

Supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are thought to be located at the centers of most galactic nuclei. When galaxies merge they form supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) systems and these central SMBHs will also merge at later times, producing gravitational waves (GWs). Galaxy mergers are gas rich environments and there is likely to be matter surrounding the binary system as well as accreting onto the individual black holes. Therefore, SMBHBs are potential sources of electromagnetic (EM) radiation. The EM signatures depend on gas dynamics, orbital dynamics, and radiation processes. The gas dynamics are governed by general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics in a time-dependent …


Evolution Of Novice Teachers’ Instructional Visions To Teach Elementary Mathematics: A Longitudinal Collective Case Study, Amber Nicole Brown Jun 2023

Evolution Of Novice Teachers’ Instructional Visions To Teach Elementary Mathematics: A Longitudinal Collective Case Study, Amber Nicole Brown

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This longitudinal collective case study is about the transformational experiences of three novice elementary teachers, Tammy, Katie, and Michelle, as they moved from an elementary teacher preparation program, at a large research university in the southeast United States, through their first two years of teaching in different elementary school contexts. Situated within literature pertaining to instructional vision and visions of high-quality mathematics instruction (VHQMI), these cases were used to explore the teachers’ perceptions of their visions of high-quality mathematics instruction and how these perceptions evolve over time. The study design prioritizes novice teacher voices as predominant data sources to elevate …


Exploring Computing Science Programs' Admission Procedures With A Diversity And Inclusion Lens, Ouldooz Baghban Karimi, Giulia Toti, Mirela Gutica, Rebecca Robinson, Lisa Zhang, James H. Paterson, Peggy Lindner, Michael O'Dea Jun 2023

Exploring Computing Science Programs' Admission Procedures With A Diversity And Inclusion Lens, Ouldooz Baghban Karimi, Giulia Toti, Mirela Gutica, Rebecca Robinson, Lisa Zhang, James H. Paterson, Peggy Lindner, Michael O'Dea

Engineering Management and Systems Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Computing science education has experienced low attendance and historic declines in registration from different minority groups. The past decade of enrollment surge in computer science undergraduate programs has increased the number of women and minorities in the field, but the improvements are inconsistent and less than expected. An increase in the use of computing science and in the demand of technology workforce is expected in the upcoming years. Thus, computing science is set to shape the future of technology for a diverse set of technology users. Therefore, it is important to analyze how undergraduate program admission procedures are affecting Equity, …


The Relationships Between L1, Writing Quality, And Complexity, Accuracy, And Fluency In L2 Writing, Tuc C. Chau Jun 2023

The Relationships Between L1, Writing Quality, And Complexity, Accuracy, And Fluency In L2 Writing, Tuc C. Chau

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of the current dissertation is to map the relationships between first language (L1), writing quality, and syntactic complexity, accuracy, lexical complexity, and fluency (CALF) in second language (L2) writing. CALF are characteristics of language production that have been of significant interest in L2 writing research for the past few decades. Though they have been extensively studied as dependent variables that may vary as a function of other factors, they have been rarely studied together, much less in relation to L1 as an independent variable. Thus, this study explored the effects of L1 and writing quality, operationalized as score …


Applied Analysis For Learning Architectures, Himanshu Singh Jun 2023

Applied Analysis For Learning Architectures, Himanshu Singh

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Modern data science problems revolves around the Koopman operator Cφ (or Composition operator) approach, which provides the best-fit linear approximator to the dynamical system by which the dynamics can be advanced under the discretization. The solution provided by Koopman in the data driven methods is in the sense of strong operator topology, which is nothing better then the point-wise convergence of data (snapshots) in the underlying Hilbert space. Chapter 2 provides the details about the aforementioned issues with essential counter-examples. Thereafter, provable convergence guarantee phenomena is demonstrated by the Liouville weighted composition operators Af,φ over the Fock space by providing …


Rethinking Attention Control: An Individual Differences Approach, Vincent A. Medina Jun 2023

Rethinking Attention Control: An Individual Differences Approach, Vincent A. Medina

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

While there is extensive literature on visual spatial attention, less is known about auditory spatial attention, especially in terms of attention control. There is also a growing literature highlighting the importance of considering individual differences in attention control ability. Given these points, the purpose of this study was twofold. The first was to understand how auditory attention control is influenced by spatial location as well as vision. The second was to examine whether individual differences in attention control ability can predict task performance in that context. We utilized two tasks for these purposes. Experiment 1a consisted of a cross-modal Stroop …


The Effect Of Dairy Cow Genotype On Modelled Greenhouse Gas Emissions Derived From Pasture Based Milk Production Systems, Dan K. Lovett, L. Shalloo, P. Dillon, Frank O'Mara Jun 2023

The Effect Of Dairy Cow Genotype On Modelled Greenhouse Gas Emissions Derived From Pasture Based Milk Production Systems, Dan K. Lovett, L. Shalloo, P. Dillon, Frank O'Mara

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A three-year systems comparison study was undertaken to see if progressively increasing the genetic potential for milk production of the dairy cow is desirable within pastoral based systems of spring milk production (Kennedy et al., 2002). The production data was inputted into the Moorepark Dairy System Model (MDSM) (Shalloo et al., 2004) to describe the economic, biological and production efficiency of each system. Output was then used to model whole farm greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Lovett et al., in press) from the nine systems studied (three concentrate levels by three genotype levels). Only the genotype effects are …