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Review On Virtual Inertia Control Topologies For Improving Frequency Stability Of Microgrid, Raof Idan, Ali Mahdi, Thamir Abdul Wahhab Mar 2026

Review On Virtual Inertia Control Topologies For Improving Frequency Stability Of Microgrid, Raof Idan, Ali Mahdi, Thamir Abdul Wahhab

Engineering and Technology Journal

Renewable energy sources (RESs), such as solar and wind power, offer new technologies for meeting the world's energy requirements. The distributed generator (DG) based on RESs has no rotational mass and damping effects compared to the traditional power system with synchronous generators (SG). However, the increasing penetration level of DG based on RESs causes low inertia, a dampening effect on the dynamic performance of the grid, and stability. A solution to improve the frequency stability of such a system is to provide virtual inertia by using virtual synchronous generators (VSG), which can be created by using short-term energy storage and …

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Fault Detection And Fault Tolerant Control For Anti-Lock Braking Systems )Abs) Speed Sensors By Using Neural Networks, Ayad Abdulkareem, Abdulrahim Humod, Oday Ahmed Mar 2026

Fault Detection And Fault Tolerant Control For Anti-Lock Braking Systems )Abs) Speed Sensors By Using Neural Networks, Ayad Abdulkareem, Abdulrahim Humod, Oday Ahmed

Engineering and Technology Journal

This paper proposed neural networks to continuously provide alternative constructed signals for vehicle and wheel speed sensors utilized for the Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS), which serves as the fault tolerant control method. These alternative constructed signals are used for two purposes. The first is to generate residual signals, and the second is to be adopted instead of isolated faulty signals. The residual signal is generated by extracting the difference between the alternative constructed signals and the corresponding actual signals. These residual signals serve as an indication of fault occurrence and to express that fault severity. Whenever a fault occurrence is …

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Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Voltage Control For Lcl-Filter Grid-Connected Converter, Safa Olwie, Abdulrahim Humod, Fadhil Hasan Mar 2026

Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Voltage Control For Lcl-Filter Grid-Connected Converter, Safa Olwie, Abdulrahim Humod, Fadhil Hasan

Engineering and Technology Journal

Inductance – Capacitance – Inductance (LCL) filter is a very attractive candidate for renewable energy system applications due to its high efficiency. High attenuation of the switching frequency harmonics, small size, low fee, and improving the overall harmonic distortion (THD). This paper presents how voltage is affected by increased loads or voltage sag. Therefore it is necessary to control it with certain controllers. The Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is used as an intelligent controller, the voltage constraint as training data for ANFIS obtained from PI. The filter works in a good connection between the inverter and the grid and …

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Reliability Assessment Based On Optimal Dgs Planning In The Distribution Systems, Ali Jaleel, Mohammed Abd Mar 2026

Reliability Assessment Based On Optimal Dgs Planning In The Distribution Systems, Ali Jaleel, Mohammed Abd

Engineering and Technology Journal

Due to increased load demands, distribution systems suffer from high power losses, low voltage levels, high current, and low reliability. To solve these problems, integrate distributed generator units (DG) into the distribution system. DG units are among the most popular methods of improving distribution system reliability, power losses, and bus voltage improvement through the placement and selection of distributed generator units in an optimal location and size. This work proposed Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization (EPSO) technology to find the optimum location and size of DG units to reduce power losses, improve bus voltage level, and employed the Transient Electricity Analyzer …

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Experimental Study Convection Heat Transfer Inside The Triangular Duct Filled With Porous Media, Sabah Mahdi, Suhad Rasheed Mar 2026

Experimental Study Convection Heat Transfer Inside The Triangular Duct Filled With Porous Media, Sabah Mahdi, Suhad Rasheed

Engineering and Technology Journal

Convection heat transfer inside an empty triangular channel when filled with porous media heated proportionally with a constant heat flux (1300 W/m²) at the Reynolds number range (3165- 10910) with packed beds has been studied. The present work investigates porous media experimentally. The packed duct has a length (1 m) and (0.1 m) hydraulic diameter packed with porous material made from spherical glass particles of two different diameters (5 mm, and 10 mm). The value of porosity for the channel is (0.468,0.616 and), respectively. This research studies the effect of changing the Reynolds number and porosity on the enhanced heat …

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Thermoelectric Generators As A Heat Recovery System For Exhaust Gases Of Vehicles Driving At Low Speeds, A. Al-Janabi, O. Al Salmi, E. Al Subhi, A. Al Hadhrami Mar 2026

Thermoelectric Generators As A Heat Recovery System For Exhaust Gases Of Vehicles Driving At Low Speeds, A. Al-Janabi, O. Al Salmi, E. Al Subhi, A. Al Hadhrami

Engineering and Technology Journal

To save the environment and utilize the waste heat associated with exhaust gases of internal combustion engines, it is crucial to design an efficient system that can recover this heat loss and convert it into useful energy. This study is devoted to developing, through an experimental approach, a practical technical solution to minimize the waste heat of the exhaust gases and convert it into a source of power for further applications in the vehicle. Six thermoelectric generators (TEG1-1263-4.3) were attached to the exhaust pipe in an arrangement of three connected in parallel and three connected in series. The thermoelectric generators …

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Investigation Of Offshore Wind Turbine Structure Deflection Using Experimental Work, Numerical, And Theoretical Approach, Hayder Ali, Hassan M. Alwan, Israa Al-Esbe, Kochneva V Mar 2026

Investigation Of Offshore Wind Turbine Structure Deflection Using Experimental Work, Numerical, And Theoretical Approach, Hayder Ali, Hassan M. Alwan, Israa Al-Esbe, Kochneva V

Engineering and Technology Journal

Electrical energy from offshore wind turbines is an important source of clean, renewable energy production. One of the reasons for the low efficiency of wind turbines is the change in the flow angle of attack, denoted by the symbol (α), as a result of the deflection of the structure. The study aims to know the values of the maximum deflection of the proposed structure under the environmental conditions of the Arabian Gulf water area. Our research adopted a novel approach to extracting results; the characteristics of sea waves were extracted from the experimental work after fixing five sea waves, knowing …

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Determination Of Draught Requirement Of Single-Furrow Mouldboard Plough In Sandy Loam Soil In Yola, Northeastern Nigeria, Kabri, U. Mar 2026

Determination Of Draught Requirement Of Single-Furrow Mouldboard Plough In Sandy Loam Soil In Yola, Northeastern Nigeria, Kabri, U.

Engineering and Technology Journal

The draught requirement of a single-furrow animal-drawn mouldboard plough implement was determined on sandy loam soils from June to July 2021 at Modibbo Adama University, Yola. The effect of speeds (0.65, 0.83, and 1.05 ms-1) and depths (8, 13, and 18 cm) upon the draught was investigated. Soil analysis, animal specification, and results of tillage experiments are reported. A pair of oxen weighing 538 kg was used as a power source.  A 1 x 3 x 3 factorial experimental design was arranged in a Randomized Complete Design (RCD) for the study on a test plot of 50 m long x …

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Determination Of Impingement Cooling Fluid Temperature-Time Profile For Extracted Tiger-Nut Juice (Cyperus Esculentus) By Lumped Thermal Mass Analysis, Nwankwo, Azubuike, Onah Okechukwu, Egwuagu Onyekachi Mar 2026

Determination Of Impingement Cooling Fluid Temperature-Time Profile For Extracted Tiger-Nut Juice (Cyperus Esculentus) By Lumped Thermal Mass Analysis, Nwankwo, Azubuike, Onah Okechukwu, Egwuagu Onyekachi

Engineering and Technology Journal

Determination of Temperature-Time Profile by the Lumped thermal mass analysis (LTMA) method using Tiger-Nut Juice as the impinging fluid on the cooling system was carried out. With a stationary hot steel plate on a modified run-out table for the top surface controlled the accelerated cooling process. This was evaluated with pipe diameters of 10mm, 15mm, 30mm, 35mm, and 40mm by single jet Tiger-Nut Juice impinging fluid, impingement gaps of 115mm, 125mm, 135mm, 145mm, and 155mm, initial surface temperatures from 450oC – 410oC and at sub-cooled temperatures from 150oC–110oC. The analysis reveals a faster cooling rate for both diameters at an …

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Dynamic Response Analysis Of The Rotor Using The Jeffcott Method And Performance Improvement Using Active Magnetic Bearing, Karrar Tuaib, Qasim Atiyah, Imad Abdulsahib Mar 2026

Dynamic Response Analysis Of The Rotor Using The Jeffcott Method And Performance Improvement Using Active Magnetic Bearing, Karrar Tuaib, Qasim Atiyah, Imad Abdulsahib

Engineering and Technology Journal

The most common component of mechanical systems today is rotating machines. In these systems, vibration is caused by rotating components. As a result, to decrease the amplitude of vibrations created by rotating equipment, it’s required to understand the behavior of the system. In this work, the problem of vibrations in conventional bearing systems and the effect of adding active magnetic bearings to rotating machines to reduce the amplitude of vibrations are discussed. In this paper, the vibrations in the rotary bearing system were studied theoretically and analytically by using simulation programs to calculate the natural frequencies and parameters affecting the …

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A Comparative Study Between Two Lubrication Nano-Additives (Bi2o3 & Tio2) Based On Vibration Response Analysis, Sarah Jaffar, Wafa Soud, Ihsan Baqer Mar 2026

A Comparative Study Between Two Lubrication Nano-Additives (Bi2o3 & Tio2) Based On Vibration Response Analysis, Sarah Jaffar, Wafa Soud, Ihsan Baqer

Engineering and Technology Journal

The purpose of this paper is to present a vibration monitoring analysis of a hydrodynamic journal bearing working with nano-additives lubricants.The vibration response is generated on bearings at various rotational speeds and dynamic load conditions.These bearings were tested experimentally by adding two types of nano additives; Bismuth (3) oxide (Bi2O3), which is considered a green, nontoxic metal, as well as a new additive, and nano Titanium dioxide (TiO2), which is moderately toxic, with SN150 base oil.The performance of additives was studied on the base oil. The comparisons between the two nano-additives Bi2O3 with (1, 2, and 4 wt. %) and …

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Study The Performance Of A Novel Desiccant Heat Exchanger, Hind Taresh, Amar Abdul-Zahra, Ahmed Saleh Mar 2026

Study The Performance Of A Novel Desiccant Heat Exchanger, Hind Taresh, Amar Abdul-Zahra, Ahmed Saleh

Engineering and Technology Journal

Conserving energy and reducing emissions has become a global consensus. However, most air conditioning systems are highly energy-consuming, affecting global warming and the ozone layer because they use chlorine and fluorine refrigerating fluids. Evaporative cooling systems are one of the most important environmentally friendly air conditioning systems with low energy consumption. However, their performance is negatively affected by the high humidity of the inlet air. One of the solutions to control the relative humidity of the inlet air is using desiccant material. In this paper, a silica gel-coated heat exchanger was designed and constructed as a dehumidifying unit. The effect …

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Numerical Investigation Of Thermal-Hydraulic Performance Of Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger With Different Fin Shape Inserts, Ali Aljelawy, Amer Aldabbagh, Falah Hatem Mar 2026

Numerical Investigation Of Thermal-Hydraulic Performance Of Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger With Different Fin Shape Inserts, Ali Aljelawy, Amer Aldabbagh, Falah Hatem

Engineering and Technology Journal

The printed circuit heat exchanger is one of the most recent important heat exchangers, especially in the nuclear power plant and aerospace applications, due to its very compact geometry and small print foot. This paper presents a 3D numerical investigation of the thermo-hydraulic performance of PCHE with a new non-uniform channel design configuration. The new channel design consists of two different fins and shape inserts: the diamond and biconvex shapes. The influence of two design parameters on the heat exchanger performance was studied and optimized, the longitudinal and transverse pitch length (Pl) and (Pt). Air with constant properties as the …

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Epoxy-Nanoceramic Composites For 5g Antennas, Hasanain Altalebi, Alaa Atiyah, Saad Farid Mar 2026

Epoxy-Nanoceramic Composites For 5g Antennas, Hasanain Altalebi, Alaa Atiyah, Saad Farid

Engineering and Technology Journal

Epoxy–nanoceramic composites of BiVO4 (BVO), LaNbO4 (LNO), and Li6Mg7Ti3O16 (LMT) were prepared using the solvent mixing method. The ceramic nano-fillers volume fractions were (5, 8, 10, and 12%). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were used to investigate the crystal structure and size distribution of nanoceramics, respectively. The dielectric constant and loss tangent were measured in the frequency range of (4-8) GHz. The measurement technique was the waveguide approach via a Vector Network analyzer (VNA). The effect of the volume fraction of ceramic fillers on the dielectric constant and loss tangent of the composites at 5.28 GHz (5G) …

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An Investigation On The Effect Of Carbon Nanoparticles On The Properties Of Carbon Brushes, Ahmed Alasady, M. Mohammad, Suleyman Basturk Mar 2026

An Investigation On The Effect Of Carbon Nanoparticles On The Properties Of Carbon Brushes, Ahmed Alasady, M. Mohammad, Suleyman Basturk

Engineering and Technology Journal

The demand for carbon brushes with specific properties and improvements in production economics in recent years has led to increased interest in metal-graphite composites. Metal matrix composites are considered excellent materials to obtain properties superior to those of the constituent phases and meet the specific requirements of material application. In the present study, we suggested a new composite material by utilizing nanomaterials to improve the properties of metal-graphite composite material usually used as carbon brushes. This has been achieved by adding different percentages of 0.1-0.5wt % of carbon nanotubes, carbon nanospheres, or both to the metal matrix composite. The samples …

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The Impacts Of Calcium Ions Substitution In Hydroxyapatite With Neodymium And Zinc On Biological Properties And Osteosarcoma Cells, Suha Al-Shahrabalee, Hussein Jaber Mar 2026

The Impacts Of Calcium Ions Substitution In Hydroxyapatite With Neodymium And Zinc On Biological Properties And Osteosarcoma Cells, Suha Al-Shahrabalee, Hussein Jaber

Engineering and Technology Journal

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is one of the important biomaterials in the medical field, especially in bone treatment, because of its biological properties close to human bone. A simple co-precipitation technique was used to integrate neodymium and zinc into HA by adding neodymium nitrate and zinc nitrate as a source of substituted elements during synthesis through the wet precipitation method with controlled temperature and pH. Finally, substituted HA was sintered at 800°C after completing the biomaterial preparation. The resulting Nd-Zn/HA was globe-like with nanoparticle size. The Ca+Nd+Zn/P ratio was equal to 1.63, which is relatively close to the molar ratio of bone. …

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Obstacle Avoidance And Path Planning Of A Wheeled Mobile Robot Using Hybrid Algorithm, Tahseen Abaas, Alaa Shabeeb Mar 2026

Obstacle Avoidance And Path Planning Of A Wheeled Mobile Robot Using Hybrid Algorithm, Tahseen Abaas, Alaa Shabeeb

Engineering and Technology Journal

In the mobile robot workplace, the path planning problem is crucial. Robotic systems employ intelligence algorithms to plan the robot's path from one point to another. This paper proposes the fastest and optimal path planning of the wheeled mobile robot with collision avoidance to find the optimal route during wheeled mobile robot navigation from the start point to the target point. It is done using a modern meta-heuristic hybrid algorithm called IPSOGWO by combining Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) with Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO). The principal idea is based on boosting the ability to exploit in PSO with the exploration …

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Investigation Nano-Coating For The Corrosion Protection Of Petroleum Storage Tanks Steel, Zainab Ali, Baha Mahdi, Ameen Thamer Mar 2026

Investigation Nano-Coating For The Corrosion Protection Of Petroleum Storage Tanks Steel, Zainab Ali, Baha Mahdi, Ameen Thamer

Engineering and Technology Journal

This work studies the protection from corrosion in the inner surface of petroleum storage tanks by applying nano-coating on the AISI1018 steel type used in these tanks. BNi-2 alloy, used as coating layer, was deposited using the DC sputtering technique to obtain protection layers of nano-coating. The cyclic potential dynamic polarization technique is used to study and evaluate the resistant metal to localize corrosion, for example, pitting and crevice corrosion. The samples were evaluated in a 3.5% NaCl aqueous solution using the polarization method to determine the corrosion rate. The input parameters of deposition included ion current 16 mA, vacuum …

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Nonlinear 3d Finite Element Model For Round Composite Columns Under Various Eccentricity Loads, Dara Mawlood, Serwan Rafiq Mar 2026

Nonlinear 3d Finite Element Model For Round Composite Columns Under Various Eccentricity Loads, Dara Mawlood, Serwan Rafiq

Engineering and Technology Journal

Composite columns are often used in constructing high-rise structures because they can reduce the size of a building's columns while increasing the usable area in the floor plan. This research aimed to develop a nonlinear 3D finite element analysis model using the ABAQUS, version 6.13-4, of various round composite column designs with varied multi-skin of tubes for solid and hollow columns subjected to various eccentricity loads (90, 180 mm). Extended data to another 12 specimens of composite columns by numerical method, based on six references experimental data of composite columns. The results of ABAQUS data in this study show that; …

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Dynamic Response Of Deepwater Pile Foundation Bridge Piers Under Current-Wave And Earthquake Excitation, Riyadh Alsultani, Ibtisam Karim, Saleh Khassaf Mar 2026

Dynamic Response Of Deepwater Pile Foundation Bridge Piers Under Current-Wave And Earthquake Excitation, Riyadh Alsultani, Ibtisam Karim, Saleh Khassaf

Engineering and Technology Journal

Pile foundation bridges are structures extending in the middle of the sea, so they are subject to currents, waves, and earthquake forces. This article presents a hybrid simulation that was used with input excitations of different current velocities, wave properties, and earthquake amplitudes to assess the non-linear dynamic behavior of pile foundation bridge piers. Based on the interface between MATLAB and ABAQUS software, the general formulations of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) under combined current-wave and earthquake loads are derived. Hydrodynamic and earthquake loading is consistently introduced by creating synthetic time histories of combined current-wave actions and spatially variable ground motion. The …

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Ecotourist And Picnic Area Assessment Using Ahp Analytical Tools In Sulaimani– Tourism Region, Iraq, Awa Ahmad, Ako Hama, Imzahim Alwan Mar 2026

Ecotourist And Picnic Area Assessment Using Ahp Analytical Tools In Sulaimani– Tourism Region, Iraq, Awa Ahmad, Ako Hama, Imzahim Alwan

Engineering and Technology Journal

Renovation of the naturally existing area for ecotourist and investments that attracting site-visitors, picnickers and tourists for Iraq, Kurdistan Region, Sulaimani need to promote a reliable decision-making technique so as to raise the level of the tourist-based economy. In this study, the most available public well known and recognized tourist and picnic area by the people and associated governmental directories were studied and assessed for their tourism reliability and capacity. The study area of this research covered tourist area and they were forty-three (43) locations and all the related data collected, analyzed and categorized as main and sub-main criterions. The …

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Analytical Solution For The Static Bending Elastic Analysis Of Thick Rectangular Plate Structures Using 3-D Plate Theory, Festus Onyeka, Chidobere Nwa-David, Thompsom Edozie Mar 2026

Analytical Solution For The Static Bending Elastic Analysis Of Thick Rectangular Plate Structures Using 3-D Plate Theory, Festus Onyeka, Chidobere Nwa-David, Thompsom Edozie

Engineering and Technology Journal

In the current work, an analytical solution for static bending analysis of the thick rectangular plate structure was obtained using three-dimensional plate theory. First, the energy equation was formulated from the static elastic principles and transformed into a compatibility equation through general variation to get the slope and deflection relationship. The solution of the compatibility equation gave rise to the exact polynomial deflection function. In contrast, the coefficient of deflection and shear deformation of the plate was obtained from the governing equation through the direct variation method. These solutions were used to obtain the characteristic expression for analyzing the displacement …

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Potential Impact Of Global Warming On Climate And Streamflow Of Adhaim River Basin, Iraq, Fouad Saeed, Mahmoud S. Al-Khafaji, Furat Al-Faraj Mar 2026

Potential Impact Of Global Warming On Climate And Streamflow Of Adhaim River Basin, Iraq, Fouad Saeed, Mahmoud S. Al-Khafaji, Furat Al-Faraj

Engineering and Technology Journal

Global warming induces to increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and plays a crucial role in determining the future trend in climatology and hydrology of a watershed. This paper aims to investigate the implications of global warming on future climate and its consequents on streamflow of the Adhaim River Basin (ARB). For this purpose, the Long Ashton Research Station-Weather Generator (LARS-WG) and Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)-Based models were implemented. The climate and hydrologic records for the period 1990-2019 were used as a Reference Period (RP) and projected to 2080 under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs 2.6, 4.5, and …

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Accuracy Assessment Of Establishing 3d Real Scale Model In Close-Range Photogrammetry With Digital Camera, Ali Hadi, Abbas Khalaf Mar 2026

Accuracy Assessment Of Establishing 3d Real Scale Model In Close-Range Photogrammetry With Digital Camera, Ali Hadi, Abbas Khalaf

Engineering and Technology Journal

Three-dimensional (3D) real scale models delivered from digital photogrammetric techniques have rapidly increased to meet the requirements of many applications in different fields of daily life. This paper deals with the establishment of a 3D real scale model from a block of images (18 images) that were captured by using Canon EOS 500D digital camera to cover a test field area consisting of 90  artificial target points, 25 of them are ground control points (GCPs) while the remains are checkpoints (CPs). The analytical photogrammetric processes including the calculation of interior orientation parameters (IOPs) of the camera during the camera calibration …

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Optimization Of Surface Plasmon Resonance (Spr) For Gold/Air Interface By Using Kretschmann Configuration, Yadgar Shwan, Berun Ghafoor, Govar Hamasalih Mar 2026

Optimization Of Surface Plasmon Resonance (Spr) For Gold/Air Interface By Using Kretschmann Configuration, Yadgar Shwan, Berun Ghafoor, Govar Hamasalih

Engineering and Technology Journal

The coherent oscillation of electrons at contact among a dielectric and metal when the metal is exposed to incoming plasmon is known as “surface Plasmon resonance”. To achieve the best surface plasmon resonance (SPR) signal, several aspects must be considered, including the excitation wavelength, the sort of metals used, and the thickness of the metal layer. The modification of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) depending on the thickness of metallic gold was investigated in this study. The reflection spectrum is determined as a function of metal thickness and dielectric medium (air), which is fixed in this case, and measuring the …

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The Alternative Representation Of The Bipolar Sugeno Integral, Jabbar Abbas, Hossein Jafari Mar 2026

The Alternative Representation Of The Bipolar Sugeno Integral, Jabbar Abbas, Hossein Jafari

Engineering and Technology Journal

In the context of decision support systems, bi-capacities were introduced as an extension of classical capacities. Many bipolar fuzzy integrals related to the bi-capacities have been presented in recent years. One of these integrals is the Sugeno integral concerning aggregation on bipolar scales. The paper aims to build an equivalent representation of the bipolar Sugeno integral. Therefore, we first employ in this paper the framework based on a ternary-criterion set for proposing an alternative formula of the bipolar Sugeno integral to be suitable for bipolar scales.  Then, we discuss some basic properties and give an illustrative example of this representation. …

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Images Enhancement Based On A New Multi-Dimensional Fractal Created By Rectangular Function, Rabab Farhan Mar 2026

Images Enhancement Based On A New Multi-Dimensional Fractal Created By Rectangular Function, Rabab Farhan

Engineering and Technology Journal

Digital image processing is a field that is included in many journals due to its importance and the fact that it facilitates the achievement of many scientific and engineering applications worldwide. This specialization is linked with other disciplines, whether medical, engineering, sports, and others, as it facilitates the completion of applications quickly and efficiently. Researchers have discovered and garnered notice as a promising analytic tool in image processing using the idea of fractal dimension. In this effort, a new Multi-Dimensional Fractal (MDF) in view of the rectangle function was introduced a. As an application, the MDF to improve and enhance …

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A Survey On Load Balancing, Routing, And Congestion In Sdn, Amthal Mousa, Mohammed Abdullah Mar 2026

A Survey On Load Balancing, Routing, And Congestion In Sdn, Amthal Mousa, Mohammed Abdullah

Engineering and Technology Journal

High traffic could result in load imbalance or network congestion, which degrades the network’s performance and efficiency. Thus, it is crucial to adopt efficient routing and load balancing models to face these challenging issues. Additionally, when investigating a new approach, it is essential to consider the most important metrics to evaluate this potential approach precisely. This paper presents an intensive analysis of recently available SDN-based load balancing and routing techniques. Furthermore, the features and issues of each technique are stated. Moreover, the most important metrics that should be evaluated are statically analyzed. Also, a brief survey of available network congestion …

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Recent Development In Hydrodynamic And Heat Transfer Characteristics In The Three-Phase Fluidized-Bed System, Omar Mahdy, Amer Abdulrahmn, Jamal Ali Mar 2026

Recent Development In Hydrodynamic And Heat Transfer Characteristics In The Three-Phase Fluidized-Bed System, Omar Mahdy, Amer Abdulrahmn, Jamal Ali

Engineering and Technology Journal

Gas–liquid-solid fluidized beds are broadly utilized in the petrochemical, pharmaceutical, refining, food, biotechnology, and environmental industries. Due to complex phenomena, such as the particle-particle, liquid-particle, particle-bubble interactions, complex hydrodynamics, and heat transfer of three-phase (gas-liquid-solid) fluidized beds, they are incompletely understood. The ability to accurately predict the essential characteristics of the fluidized-bed system, such as hydrodynamics, individual phase mixing, and heat transfer parameters, is necessary for its successful design and operation. This paper investigates the pressure drop, minimum fluidization velocity, phase holdup, heat-transfer coefficient of a fluidized bed reactor, heat transfer studies, CFD simulation, and the effect of these parameters …

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New Developments In Inhibition Of The Sweet Environment In A Variety Of Corrosive Media: A Review, Wasan Hameed, Khalid Rashid, Anees Khadom Mar 2026

New Developments In Inhibition Of The Sweet Environment In A Variety Of Corrosive Media: A Review, Wasan Hameed, Khalid Rashid, Anees Khadom

Engineering and Technology Journal

This paper aims to look at how pipeline steel and crude oil storage tanks resist corrosion in aqueous carbon dioxide (CO2) environments. To this aim, we have studied different inhibitors, particularly the heterocyclic inhibitor, which is used to prevent mild steel corrosion in various situations. On mild steel, the corrosion-prevention mechanism of heterocyclic inhibitors is also investigated. CO2 corrosion is the most frequent and dreaded type of corrosion in the oil and gas industry, and corrosion inhibitors are the most effective way to fight CO2 corrosion in mild steel. Nonetheless, continual exposure to pollutants and corrosion causes such as sulfur …

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