Digital Commons Network^™

Stool-Based Molecular Tuberculosis Treatment Monitoring: A Faster Means For Detecting Persistent Mycobacteria Compared To Phenotypic Culture, Clement Gascua Adu Gyamfi, Abigail Seeger, Durbbin Mulengwa, Anca Vasiliu, Lucia Carratala-Castro, Bariki Mtafya, Nontobeko Maphalala, Shilzia Munguambe, Belen Saavedra, Tara Ness, Gugu Maphalala, Sozinho Acacio, Edson Mambuque, Joanna Ehrlich, Rojelio Mejia, Mangaliso Ziyane, H Lester Kirchner, Christoph Lange, Alexander Kay, Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro, Anna Mandalakas, Andrew R Dinardo

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) treatment monitoring is hindered by the lack of a rapidly measured biomarker that accurately predicts clinically relevant outcomes. Symptom screening poorly correlates with bacillary burden. Although culture is a direct measure of viable bacillary burden, the long turnaround time makes it clinically irrelevant.

Methods: The TB treatment monitoring potential of stool-based, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was prospectively assessed among 231 participants of all ages from Eswatini, Tanzania, and Mozambique with microbiologically confirmed TB. Stool qPCR results were compared to sputum culture, persistent symptoms, drug resistance, and World Health Organization TB outcomes.

Results: Quantitative bacillary burden measured …

Relapse Patterns Among Children And Adolescents With Kaposi Sarcoma In Malawi, Toni Chanroo, Allison Silverstein, Casey L Mcatee, William Kamiyango, Jimmy Villiera, Parth S Mehta, Erin Peckham-Gregory, Mark Zobeck, Michael E Scheurer, Carl E Allen, Rizine Mzikamanda, Nmazuo W Ozuah, Nader Kim El-Mallawany

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) is a common childhood cancer in Malawi, but few studies have exploredclinical characteristicsofrelapsed disease. We aimed to characterize clinical patterns of relapse to improve treatment and, ultimately, long-term survival in patients with pediatric KS.A retrospective cohort study was conducted among patients ages < 19 years of age at time of KS diagnosis in Lilongwe, Malawi between August 1, 2010 and March 15, 2020. Specifically, emphasis was placed on patients who had relapsed disease and excluded patients with refractory disease or those who died whilst receiving front-line treatment. Salvage therapy typically involved an intensified chemotherapy regimen compared to front-line therapy—namely nonliposomaldoxorubicin plus bleomycin/vincristine or paclitaxel monotherapy.One-hundred and ninety patients with pediatric KS were included in this analysis, 50 of whom experienced relapse (26%).Older median age was associated with occurrence of relapse (10 vs 6.7 years, p-value = 0.004). Median time from diagnosis to first relapse was 10.6 months (range 2.3–49 months). Three-year post-relapse overall survival (OS) for the entire cohort was 60% with a median follow-up time of 4.7 years after relapse.Survival was significantly higher for patients who relapsed with the woody edema clinical phenotype of pediatric KS versus those with visceral/disseminated disease—3-year OS 79% (95% CI 62–100) versus 29% (14–61).These data demonstrate potential for continued survival after KS relapse in the pediatric population and identify subsets of high-risk patients. The higher mortality observed in patients with visceral/disseminated KS highlights the need for improved therapeutic strategies.

Implementation Outcomes Of A Patient Decision-Aid In A Diverse Population With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus In 15 Us Rheumatology Clinics, Jasvinder A Singh, Seth Eisen, Alfred Kim, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the clinical outcomes during the implementation of a self-administered patient decision-aid (PtDA) for lupus.

METHODS: We provided an effective computerized lupus PtDA in 15 rheumatology outpatient clinics 2019-2024 (including the COVID pandemic). We undertook Organizational Readiness to Implement Change Surveys (ORICs) and Team Learning and Psychological Safety Surveys (TLPSSs) at baseline. The primary study outcome objective measure, percent penetration/reach, was defined as the number of patients who viewed the lupus PtDA at the end of the study, divided by the total number of eligible patients (times 100). We used validated clinical …

Benefit Of Early Oseltamivir Therapy For Adults Hospitalized With Influenza A: An Observational Study, Nathaniel M Lewis, Jennie H Kwon, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND: Clinical guidelines recommend initiation of antiviral therapy as soon as possible for patients hospitalized with confirmed or suspected influenza.

METHODS: A multicenter US observational sentinel surveillance network prospectively enrolled adults (aged ≥18 years) hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza at 24 hospitals during 1 October 2022-21 July 2023. A multivariable proportional odds model was used to compare peak pulmonary disease severity (no oxygen support, standard supplemental oxygen, high-flow oxygen/non-invasive ventilation, invasive mechanical ventilation, or death) after the day of hospital admission among patients starting oseltamivir treatment on the day of admission (early) versus those who did not (late or not treated), …

Dissemination And Implementation Of A Telehealth-Enabled Program For Providing Infectious Disease Expertise In Rural Settings, Robin L P Jump, Jason P Burnham, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND: Telehealth can facilitate improving antibiotic use and related antimicrobial stewardship activities in facilities underserved by infectious diseases (IDs) expertise. We describe implementation of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) videoconference antimicrobial stewardship team (VAST) to connect multidisciplinary teams from rural VA medical centers (VAMCs) with geographically distant ID experts.

METHODS: We implemented VASTs at 10 rural VAMCs from September 2021 to February 2024. VASTs consisted of regular meetings between rural VAMCs and an off-site ID expert who met by videoconference to discuss clinical cases, emphasizing recommendations for antibiotic prescribing. The VA Corporate Data Warehouse was used to collect information …

Massively Parallel Immunopeptidome By Dna Sequencing Provides Insights Into Cancer Antigen Presentation, Quanming Shi, Cheryl F Lichti, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) are encoded by the most polymorphic genes in the human genome. HLA class I alleles control antigen presentation for T cell recognition, which is pivotal for autoimmunity, infectious diseases and cancer. Current knowledge of HLA-bound peptides is limited, skewed and falls short of population-wide HLA binding profiles for high-value targets. Here we present ESCAPE-seq (enhanced single-chain antigen presentation sequencing), a massively parallel platform for comprehensive screening of class I HLA-peptide combinations for antigen presentation via deep DNA sequencing. ESCAPE-seq demonstrates programmability, high throughput, sensitivity and nominated viral and cancer epitopes. We simultaneously assessed over 75,000 peptide-HLA …

Safety Handbook - Faculty And Staff

University press releases and calendars

No abstract provided.

Is “Pre-Sepsis” The New Sepsis? A Narrative Review, Rémy Gerard, Antoine Dewitte, Fridolin Gross, Thomas Pradeu, Maël Lemoine, Julien Goret, Maria Mamani-Matsuda

Presidential Fellows Articles and Research

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by a dysregulated immune response to infection, leading to organ dysfunction and high mortality. Despite advances in treatment, sepsis remains difficult to manage. Historically, the concept of sepsis evolved from ancient observations of infection-related decay to the germ theory of the 19th century. The latest Sepsis-3 definition describes sepsis as life-threatening organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated host response. However, this clinical characterization may be too late for effective intervention. The concept of endotypes and the ontological data applied to sepsis highlight the substantial heterogeneity in pathophysiological pathways leading to this endpoint. We propose …

Correlation Between Family Support And Depression Among Pre-Elderly Individuals With Hiv In Jakarta, Gracella Tanjaya, Surilena Surilena, Nicholas Hardi, Eva Suryani

Jurnal Keperawatan Indonesia

Depression among pre-elderly with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can significantly impact their quality of life. Family is often the primary source of support for this demographic and is recognized as a protective factor against depression. Therefore, identifying protective factors against depression is essential for promoting healthy aging among pre-elderly with HIV. This study aimed to determine the correlation between family support and depression among pre- elderly with HIV in Jakarta. A total of 120 pre-elderly with HIV from the Indonesia AIDS Coalition who were receiving HIV care at health centers across Jakarta participated in this cross-sectional study. The participants were …

Effects Of An Integrated Nutritional Health Intervention On Energy And Protein Intake In Under Five-Year Malnourished Children, Yani Maidelwita, Tukimin Bin Sansuwito, Faridah Mohd Said

Jurnal Keperawatan Indonesia

Malnutrition is thought to be the cause of more than one third of all child deaths, despite being rarely cited as a cause. In Indonesia, 19.9% of the population is malnourished, which is a very high prevalence. To prevent and treat malnutrition in children, numerous strategies have been developed, including an integrated nutritional health intervention. This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of an integrated nutritional health intervention for the energy and protein intake of malnourished children under the age of five. This study had a quasi-experimental design with a pre- and post- test control group. The research took place …

Cross-Cultural Adaptation And Validation Of Ranas-Based Instrument For Measuring Latrine Use Behavior In Indonesia, Vera Yulyani, Fatwa Sari Tetra Dewi, Iswanto Iswanto

Kesmas

Using toilets is a simple way to prevent diarrhea, yet no validated tool exists to measure this habit. This study aimed to develop and validate instruments for measuring latrine use consistency. This questionnaire was adapted from the risk, attitude, norm, ability, and self-regulation (RANAS) framework developed in India and modified for Indonesia. It was evaluated by three experts using the content validity index (CVI). The face validity index (FVI) was pilot-tested on 40 community respondents. Variables measured included behavior, habits, intentions to use toilets, knowledge, attitudes, norms, abilities, and self-regulation. Question items with relevance and clarity scores of item CVI …

Influences Of The Western Press On News Framing Of Global Events In Developing Countries: Examining Covid-19 And Climate Coverage In A Bangladeshi News Organization, Arif Md Tareque Habib

Communication ETDs

This study shows that a small number of Western news organizations (e.g., Reuters, The New York Times) may influence how local news organizations in developing countries frame global crises and that this influence may lead local news organizations to ignore locally relevant aspects of those crises. To test this thesis, two studies were conducted on the coverage of two crises -- COVID-19 and climate change -- by a news organization in Bangladesh, a developing country in South Asia. The news organization, www.bdnews24.com, serves both as a news agency or news supplier for local newspapers and an online newspaper for users. …

Dysbiosis In The Nasal Mycobiome Of Infants Born In The Aftermath Of Hurricane Maria, Ruochen Wang, David De Ángel Solá, Félix E. Rivera-Mariani, Benjamin Bolaños-Rosero, Nicolás Rosario Matos, Leyao Wang

Faculty and Staff Publications & Presentations

Hurricanes and flooding events substantially elevate indoor fungal spore levels, which have been associated with increased risks of developing childhood asthma and other adverse respiratory outcomes. Although environmental fungal compositions following major hurricanes have been well characterized, the fungal communities within the nasal cavity (i.e., the nasal mycobiome) of exposed individuals remain unexplored. We collected nasal swab samples from infants following Hurricane Maria in San Juan, Puerto Rico, during two periods (March to August 2018 and February to September 2019). We processed a total of 58 samples (26 from the first year and 32 from the second year post-Hurricane Maria) …

Assessment Of Covid-19 Risks Related To Behaviour And Body Resistance In The Remote Area: Case Study In Jeneponto, Basri Basri, Andi Tilka Muftiah Ridjal, Lukman Setiawan, Renaldi M

Journal of Environmental Science and Sustainable Development

COVID-19 has posed significant global health threats, with responses varying across populations due to differences in risk perception, behaviour, and biological vulnerability. In Indonesia, most research has focused on urban settings, with limited attention paid to rural or remote communities. This study assesses COVID-19- risks related—specifically behavioural and immunity-related-factors—in the remote area of both Bontoramba Subdistrict, Jeneponto Regency. A cross-sectional study was conducted using cluster random sampling across eight villages, with 183 participants selected from a total of 12,242 households. Data were collected between November to December 2020 using a validated structured questionnaire, administered both online and face-to-face interviews. The …

Effective And Eco-Friendly Strategies To Control Birds In Industrial Estate, Jasti Rahayu, Upik K. Hadi, Susi Soviana

Journal of Environmental Science and Sustainable Development

Bird infestations in industrial areas can cause infrastructure damage, contamination, and health risks. Despite these impacts, they are rarely addressed in environmental management strategies. At the Kaltim Industrial Estate (KIE) in Bontang, East Kalimantan, synanthropic bird species that thrive in human-altered environments have become persistent nuisances, particularly because of structural opportunities for roosting and altered ecological conditions. To address this issue, this study applied Integrated Pest Bird Management (IPBM), a non-lethal and environmentally friendly approach that combines species identification, behavior analysis, and targeted deterrents. IPBM was selected for its adaptability to industrial settings and its alignment with sustainable development goals. …

Impact Of Resources And Structure On Scholarly Productivity In Pediatric Critical Care Fellowship, Andrew G Smith, Danny Castro, Caroline Andy, Angela S Czaja, Donald L Boyer, Erika L Abramson, Pnina Weiss, Richard B Mink

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background: Pediatric critical care medicine (PCCM) fellowship structures vary widely among programs and have not been examined since 2006. The development of scholarly knowledge and skills is an important part of fellowship training. However, the optimal PCCM fellowship structure to enable fellows' scholarly productivity is unknown. Objective: We examined PCCM fellowship time structure and resources to better understand their association with scholarly productivity.

Methods: This is a secondary analysis of cross-sectional survey data from PCCM fellowship program directors. We defined highly productive programs as those in which greater than 75% of fellows published papers from their scholarly projects in the …

The Eleventh Annual Meeting Of The Southeastern Association Of Shared Resources (Seasr) Nashville, Tn, Usa June 12-14, 2024, Jenny C Schafer, Lyra M Griffiths, Tania E Mesa, Deidre Daria, Daniel Kraushaar, Kristen V Massey, Edith M Sampson, Laura Fox-Goharioon, Laxminarayanan Krishnan, Stacie Woolard, Aaron Pitre

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

No abstract provided.

Central Lines And Peripherally Inserted Central Line Reeducation, Monica Lyn Gallik

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Objective: Will a central line and peripherally inserted central line reeducation program increase the nurses’ knowledge pertaining to dressing changes, cap changes, and chlorohexidine baths? Method: 26 nurses on an observation unit were sent a power point presentation. Of the 26 nurses that received the power point 18 nurses participated. The power point presentation had a pretest and posttest embedded into it. Both the pretest and posttest consist3ed of the same 10 questions. The average of the pretest and posttest were used to calculate the normalized learning gained. Results: The average pretest score was 60, the average posttest score was …

Description Of The Combined Evidence-Based, Theory-Based And Person-Based Approaches Used To Develop A Behavioural Intervention Package To Support Non-Allergist Healthcare Workers To Remove Incorrect Penicillin Allergy Records From Medical And Surgical Adult Inpatients In A Uk Hospital, Neil Powell, Mathew Upton, Bridie Kent, Jonathan Sandoe, Sarah Tonkin-Crine

School of Biomedical Sciences

Objectives To develop a behavioural intervention package to support non-allergist healthcare workers (HCWs) to remove incorrect penA records from medical and surgical adult inpatients. This paper describes the development of the penicillin allergy de-labelling (PADL) intervention and the implementation intervention that will support non-allergist-delivered PADL. Design We combined evidence-based, theory-based and person-based approaches. Qualitative research with healthcare professionals and patients explored barriers and enablers to implementation of the proposed PADL pathway. Key intervention design objectives and the key features of the implementation intervention required to achieve each objective were then developed and captured as guiding principles. We produced a logic …

In Silico Prediction Of Cytotoxic T-Cell Epitopes From Helicobacter Pylori Virulence Factors Using An Immunoinformatics Approach, Demy Valerie Chacon, Kiana Alika Co, Daphne Noreen Enriquez, Aubrey Love Labarda, Reanne Eden Manongsong, Edward Kevin B. Bragais

Biology Faculty Publications

Background: Helicobacter pylori infects approximately half of the global population, leading to gastric and duodenal ulcers. Despite the availability of antibiotics, challenges such as patient reluctance, high treatment costs, and antibiotic resistance limit their effectiveness, making vaccination a promising alternative. This study used immunoinformatics to identify candidate epitopes for a multiepitope vaccine construct against H. pylori.

Material and methods: The protein variability server was utilized for conservation analysis. The epitopes were screened for antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity, cross-reactivity, and population coverage. Selected epitopes were docked with their corresponding human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, and thermodynamic quantities were determined. Five virulence …

Ecoimmunology Of Dirty Physella Acuta Snails, Kevin Arthur Mcquirk

Biology ETDs

Research on Physella acuta, an invasive freshwater snail, reveals insights into its parasitology, fitness, and molecular biology. Morphological and molecular analyses revealed two distinct mitogenomic lineages, local (B) and invasive (A) strains of native P. acuta, both having comparable trematode infection rates, suggesting that the low infection rates observed from A in invaded regions result from "enemy release" rather than immune incompatibility. Fitness assessments showed that while lineages A and B performed similarly under laboratory conditions, rewilding experiments revealed significantly higher fitness in lineage A. Transcriptomic profiling supported these differences, with A snails showing greater immune-related gene expression and …

Some Corrections To The Record On Lemkin’S Early Years: The Evidence From Poland, Zachary Mazur

Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal

This piece addresses some misunderstandings regarding Raphael Lemkin's early years in Poland, his influences and the development of his ideas. While discussing some of the extent published information, I point out what other archival documents from Poland and the League of Nations have to say about Lemkin's past. One of the main points is that Lemkin was an unreliable narrator on his own life, and this has caused confusion.

Exploration, Expansion, And Optimization Of Bacteriophage Virus-Like Particle Vaccines, Andzoa N. Jamus

Biomedical Sciences ETDs

Bacteriophage virus-like particles are highly immunogenic, self-assembling platforms used for various vaccines. This work shows efforts to explore new vaccine candidates against Chlamydia trachomatis, targeting proteins that play critical roles in attachment and entry into the host cell, as well as in pathogenesis and bacteria proliferation. This work also shows the optimization of previously identified candidates, by investigating how altering routes of immunization can change the antibody profiles elicited, both systemically and locally. Finally, this work shows the establishment of various Chlamydia infection models in an effort to expand the ways in which vaccine efficacy can be investigated, particularly …

Immune Regulation In Fungal Airway Inflammation And Host Defense, Ruoning Wang

Biomedical Sciences ETDs

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs characterized by complex pathophysiological mechanisms and diverse endotypes, primarily categorized as T helper type 2 cell (Th2)-high and Th2-low asthma. Despite significant advances in understanding asthma pathogenesis, the mechanisms governing the pulmonary immune system’s response to external challenges have not been fully understood. To address these gaps, this comprehensive project was designed to investigate the interplay between fungal infections and specific CD4⁺ T cell populations in asthma. Our findings suggest that fungal infections can contribute to neutrophilic asthma by promoting the migration of platelet-myeloid aggregates into the lungs. We also …

Assessing The Effects Of Antibiotic Selectivity And Temperature On The Antimicrobial Activity Of Isolates Derived From The Deep-Sea Sponge Pheronema Capenteri, Lex L. Hilario

The Plymouth Student Scientist

The rapid increase of antibiotic resistance necessitates the discovery of novel antibiotic compounds capable to tackle these resistant bacteria. Deep-sea sponges accommodate a diverse and dense microbiome filled with an array of bacterial communities that have the potential to produce novel antimicrobials. Some discovered novel strains have already shown their capability in producing secondary metabolites that are effective against clinically relevant strains. This study aims to evaluate the impacts of different culture conditions; antibiotic selectivity and temperature, on the antimicrobial activity of isolates recovered from three different Pheronema carpenteri deep-sea sponges. Using culture-dependant methods, a total of 59 bacterial isolates …

Exploring Immune System Through Computational Modeling: A Comprehensive Study Of Lymph Nodes And Immune Response Scaling, Vaccine Efficacy, And Large-Scale Extreme First Passage Time, Jannatul Ferdous

Computer Science ETDs

The adaptive immune response is a complex defense mechanism that develops over time to recognize and eliminate pathogens with remarkable precision and durability. This dissertation investigates the dynamics, scaling, and efficiency of the adaptive immune response through a synthesis of computational modeling, mathematical analysis, and agent-based simulations. First, we analyze the topology of the lymphatic network and investigate the T cell search time to find the lymph node that is containing the matching dendritic cell. Second we show how the scaling of lymph node number and volume with body mass, leads to scale-invariant search times for T cells locating antigen-bearing …

Cd45 And Cd148 Are Critically Involved In Neutrophil Recruitment And Function During Inflammatory Arthritis In Mice, Jan-Niklas Heming, Andreas Margraf, Karolina Najder, Giulia Germena, Mathis Richter, Anika Cappenberg, Katharina Henke, Bernadette Bardel, Lena Schemmelmann, Marina Oguama, Pia Lindental, Wida Amini, Jacqueline Sobocik, Georg Schett, Gerhard Krönke, Helena Block, Jan Rossaint, Oliver Soehnlein, Alexander Zarbock

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Neutrophils play a key role in autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, contributing to tissue damage through rapid recruitment and activation. In this study, we investigated the regulatory properties of two receptor-like tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs), CD45 and CD148, in inflammatory arthritis. Using an in vivo mouse model of K/BxN serum transfer-induced arthritis, we found that CD45 and CD148 feature distinct regulatory properties during inflammatory arthritis. CD45 is required for neutrophil infiltration, cytokine release, and reactive oxygen species production, whereas CD148 deficiency leads to a delayed onset of arthritis but unaltered overall neutrophil infiltration and reduced ROS production. Furthermore, we could demonstrate …

Transforming Cancer Care: A Narrative Review On Leveraging Artificial Intelligence To Advance Immunotherapy In Underserved Communities, Victor M. Vasquez Jr., Molly Mccabe, Jack C. Mckee, Sharon Siby, Usman Hussain, Farah Faizuddin, Aadil Sheikh, Subramanian Dhandayuthapani, Shrikanth Gadad, Jessica Chacon

School of Medicine Publications

Purpose: Cancer immunotherapy has transformed oncology, but underserved populations face persistent disparities in access and outcomes. This review explores how artificial intelligence (AI) can help mitigate these barriers. Methods: We conducted a narrative review based on peer-reviewed literature selected for relevance to artificial intelligence, cancer immunotherapy, and healthcare challenges, without restrictions on publication date. We searched three major electronic databases: PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and arXiv, covering both biomedical and computational literature. The search included publications from January 2015 through April 2024 to capture contemporary developments in AI and cancer immunotherapy. Results: AI tools such as machine learning, …

Xpert Mtb/Rif Ultra Assay For Pulmonary Tuberculosis And Rifampicin Resistance In Adults And Adolescents, David J Horne, Jerry S Zifodya, Adrienne E Shapiro, Elizabeth Chandler Church, Jonah S Kreniske, Alexander W Kay, Katie Scandrett, Karen R Steingart, Yemisi Takwoingi

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background: Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Xpert Ultra) is a molecular World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended rapid diagnostic test that simultaneously detects tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance. This review updates a comparative accuracy Cochrane review of Xpert MTB/RIF and Xpert Ultra as Xpert Ultra has replaced Xpert MTB/RIF.

Objectives: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Xpert Ultra) for detecting pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults and adolescents with presumptive tuberculosis based on signs or symptoms or with an abnormal chest x-ray suggestive of tuberculosis.

Search methods: We searched seven databases including CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and Embase, plus two trial registers (ClinicalTrials.gov …

Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Tahani Ali Alshammari, Ali Mohi Alqahtani

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Abstract:

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a highly contagious pathogen causing significant respiratory infections across all age groups, with heightened severity in infants and the elderly. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the virus's epidemiology, the associated dangers, and current therapeutic interventions. Historical data identifies RSV as a primary cause of respiratory hospitalizations in infants and ageing populations, with reinfection common throughout life. After several trials and molecular diagnostics to find treatment options, various vaccines, antiviral drugs, and monoclonal antibodies have been licensed for use in various parts of the world. Recent studies explore the importance of passive immunization …