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The Impact Of Exercise In Spaceflight And Microgravity Environments, William Bybee Jan 2020

The Impact Of Exercise In Spaceflight And Microgravity Environments, William Bybee

Mahurin Honors College Capstone Experience/Thesis Projects

Since mankind’s first spaceflight, a significant barricade in reaching distant planets has been the damaging effects of microgravity upon the human body. Effects range from loss in bone mineral density and severe muscle atrophy to autoimmune disorders. The most effective countermeasure of these effects to date is exercise. Implementation of exercise in microgravity is not an easy task, so various specialized equipment must be utilized to effectively administer it. Even with this equipment, exercise as it is currently used does not entirely prevent body systems from undergoing detrimental changes. New modalities and implementations are currently being investigated that may significantly …

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Is Rapamycin An Effective Anti-Aging Drug?, Basya Aboud Jan 2020

Is Rapamycin An Effective Anti-Aging Drug?, Basya Aboud

The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences

Scientific and pharmaceutical advancements have revolutionized medicine. Many once- debilitating or fatal diseases can now be managed with medication. However, the search for a cure for the inevitable aging diseased state remained futile until recently. Rapamycin has been studied for its possible longevity effects, providing promising results for the development of anti-aging therapies. This paper evaluates the benefits and risks of rapamycin use. While rapamycin cannot be supported as a safe anti-aging drug, rapamycin studies have elucidated parts of the aging pathway, providing a breakthrough for anti-aging research.

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Fsu Law Focus - 04/10/2020, Fsu College Of Law Office Of Communications Jan 2020

Fsu Law Focus - 04/10/2020, Fsu College Of Law Office Of Communications

FSU Law Focus Newsletter

From the Dean: Moot Court Team finished second in Judge John R. Brown Admiralty Moot Court Competition; FSU Law-Themed Zoom Backgrounds Available; Alum Profile: Gregory M. Noonan (’08); Student Profile: 3L Daumantas Venckus-Cucchiara

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Judging With A Sniff: Can Horses Associate Scents With Trained Behaviors?, Aiden Juge Jan 2020

Judging With A Sniff: Can Horses Associate Scents With Trained Behaviors?, Aiden Juge

Theses & ETDs

Past research has shown that horses are able to learn via positive reinforcement-based training and can discriminate between a variety of olfactory stimuli. This study investigates whether horses can learn to respond to olfactory cues with trained behaviors. It was expected that horses would learn to produce specific behaviors in response to olfactory stimuli. Using positive reinforcement, three horses were trained in a set of four head movement behaviors, each associated with a different scent, and subsequently tested via presentation of the scent cues. Results indicated that horses did not learn to associate scents with specific behaviors, but did learn …

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A Culture Of Adjustment : Evaluating The Implementation Of The Current Maritime Regulatory Framework On Rest And Work Hours (Evrest)., World Maritime University Jan 2020

A Culture Of Adjustment : Evaluating The Implementation Of The Current Maritime Regulatory Framework On Rest And Work Hours (Evrest)., World Maritime University

Reports

Underreporting of work hours or adjustment of work/rest hour records1 has been suggested by previous research to be a common practice in the shipping sector. With this starting point, the World Maritime University has conducted exploratory research into the implementation of the current regulatory and administrative framework on work and rest hours. The associated research activities broadly aimed to achieve the following: 1. Investigate stakeholder perceptions of the capacity of the current international regulatory framework to effectively prevent fatigue; 2. To assess the barriers to effective implementation on board ships; and 3. To evaluate the level of compliance with the …

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The Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Mental Health And Neurological Disorders, Gabriella Victoria Fernandez De Salvo Jan 2020

The Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Mental Health And Neurological Disorders, Gabriella Victoria Fernandez De Salvo

Honors Undergraduate Theses

Sleep deprivation is defined as an individual sleeping less than 6 hours per night. It is a common behavior amongst individuals who live in industrialized nations.Along with industrialization, its prevalence is also expected to rise with age. Despite this, there has been a shift in recent years with sleep deprivation increasing in the youth, likely related to the increased use of technology during the nighttime. Sleep deprivation and chronic sleep disruption are behaviors commonly observed amongst patients suffering from neurological and psychiatric disorders, like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, depression, and anxiety. Many of these patients suffer from sleep disorders like …

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Modeling, Designing And Applying Machine Learning Algorithms For Driver Drowsiness Detection, Mohsen Babaeian Jan 2020

Modeling, Designing And Applying Machine Learning Algorithms For Driver Drowsiness Detection, Mohsen Babaeian

CGU Theses & Dissertations

Driver drowsiness has been a significant hazard resulting in various traffic accidents. Therefore, monitoring this condition is crucial not only in alerting drivers, but also in avoiding fatal accidents. Many research studies propose new systems to reduce the number of drowsiness-related injuries and fatalities. The ultimate goal for a drowsiness detection system is to detect the drowsiness on time and minimize the system or environment errors to avoid false readings, such as studying physiological signal processing patterns. These potentially life-saving systems must operate in a timely manner with the highest precision. Researchers proposed various methods based on driving pattern changes, …

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Determination Of N-Linked Glycosylation Changes In Hepatocellular Carcinoma And The Associated Glycoproteins For Enhanced Biomarker Discovery And Therapeutic Targets, Connor Allen West Jan 2020

Determination Of N-Linked Glycosylation Changes In Hepatocellular Carcinoma And The Associated Glycoproteins For Enhanced Biomarker Discovery And Therapeutic Targets, Connor Allen West

MUSC Theses and Dissertations

With hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remaining as the fifth most common cancer in the world, causing more than 700,000 deaths annually, the need for reliable, early stage diagnoses and preventive treatments is crucial. While serum glycoproteins are hepatic in origin, making them excellent targets for HCC biomarkers, they can originate from both cancerous and non-cancerous regions and direct analysis of cancerous tissue itself is lacking. To counteract this, I hypothesized that direct tissue analysis combined with proteomic analysis could be utilized to identify more potential targets specific to HCC for early detection. This was done with a primary focus on glycosylation—as …

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Identification Of Previously Unknown Interactions Between G Protein-Coupled Receptors And Receptor Activity-Modifying Proteins, Emily Margaretha Lorenzen Jan 2020

Identification Of Previously Unknown Interactions Between G Protein-Coupled Receptors And Receptor Activity-Modifying Proteins, Emily Margaretha Lorenzen

Student Theses and Dissertations

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are known to interact with several other classes of integral membrane proteins. However, the extent of these interactions and their role in regulating GPCR-mediated transmembrane signaling is not well understood. For example, receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs), a family of single transmembrane proteins with only three members, are ubiquitously expressed and have been shown to interact with several different GPCRs. Most research to date has focused on the ability of RAMPs to modulate the function of several GPCRs in the secretin-like GPCR family. GPCR-RAMP interactions were shown to affect the ligand binding affinity of two different secretin-like …

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Molecular Characterization Of Mammalian De Novo Dna Methyltransferase Chromatin Recruitment, Daniel N. Weinberg Jan 2020

Molecular Characterization Of Mammalian De Novo Dna Methyltransferase Chromatin Recruitment, Daniel N. Weinberg

Student Theses and Dissertations

Precise deposition of CpG methylation is critical for mammalian development and tissue homeostasis and is often dysregulated in human diseases. The genomic localization of de novo DNA methyltransferases 3A (DNMT3A) and 3B (DNMT3B) is facilitated in part by chromatin "reader" domains to establish DNA methylation patterns genome-wide. Recent work has highlighted a role for the PWWP reader domain in directing recruitment of DNMT3B to actively transcribed gene bodies. However, our understanding of de novo DNA methyltransferase chromatin recruitment remains incomplete. Here I demonstrate using a variety of biochemical and cellular techniques that DNMT3A genomic localization is regulated by competing chromatin …

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Age At Diagnosis And Lung Cancer Presentation, Marida Gingras Jan 2020

Age At Diagnosis And Lung Cancer Presentation, Marida Gingras

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States because of its lack of symptoms until late stages. It is noted that a 5-year relative survival rate can be improved by earlier cancer detection. The currently recommended age of screening by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force may not be optimal, and the recommendations are only for smokers. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the association between the stages of presentation of lung cancer and age at diagnosis using quantitative research. Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER-18) database, 63,107 records were …

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Biom 3110: Medical Physiology (Syllabus), Bradford D. Pendley Jan 2020

Biom 3110: Medical Physiology (Syllabus), Bradford D. Pendley

Biomedical Engineering Syllabi Archive

Course Description: Basic principles of human physiology and how these are applied in medicine and biomedical engineering problem and devices; physiological principles using appropriate mathematical and engineering models to construct an understanding of how the body works as an integrated system.

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Hegemony Versus Pluralism: Ayurveda And The Movement For Global Mental Health, Murphy Halliburton Jan 2020

Hegemony Versus Pluralism: Ayurveda And The Movement For Global Mental Health, Murphy Halliburton

Publications and Research

Under the aegis of the World Health Organization, the Movement for Global Mental Health and an Indian Supreme Court ruling, biomedical psychiatric interventions have expanded in India augmenting biomedical hegemony in a place that is known for its variety of healing modalities. This is occurring despite the fact that studies by the WHO show a better outcome in India for people suffering schizophrenia and related diagnoses when compared to people in developed countries who have greater access to biomedical psychiatry. Practitioners of ayurvedic medicine in Kerala have been mounting a claim for a significant role in public mental health in …

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Modern Science And Ancient Wisdom: Tools For The 21st-Century Musician, Seth Quay Jan 2020

Modern Science And Ancient Wisdom: Tools For The 21st-Century Musician, Seth Quay

Piano Pedagogy: Masters Research Projects

Throughout human history, music has served as a powerful tool for healing, often associated with cultural ceremony, ritual and meditation. The emergence of the Music Therapy profession in the 20th century continues to utilize the medicinal effects of music as an aid in treating psychological and physical ailments. Advanced research methods now allow us to study the brain and nervous system alongside the acoustics of music to discover principles for meaningfully applying music as therapy. How can musicians apply these principles, through practice, performance, programming, and teaching, to reach larger audiences - reaching more than the typical single-person audience of …

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Anatomy Master's Degree Annual Program Outcomes Assessments, 2019-20, College Of Science And Mathematics, Wright State University Jan 2020

Anatomy Master's Degree Annual Program Outcomes Assessments, 2019-20, College Of Science And Mathematics, Wright State University

Annual Program Outcomes Assessments - All

This report reviews Wright State University's Anatomy Master's Degree program for the 2019-2020 academic year.

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Phenomenological Twilight: Genders, Orientations, And Experiences, Angel Holmes Jan 2020

Phenomenological Twilight: Genders, Orientations, And Experiences, Angel Holmes

West Chester University Master’s Theses

This master’s thesis applies concepts in phenomenology and psychology to social justice, fictional works, and lived experiences. I argue that the marginalization of different gender identities is systemic, affecting people at both the individual level and society. I employ Shulamith Firestone’s contention that this oppression is rooted in the division of men and women into biological sex classes as a feature of Western society. For Firestone, the capacity of a person to give birth is tied to societal expectations ranging from but not limited to parenting, professional careers, and the culture of romance. To support the notion that these expectations …

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Implementation Of A Dose Response To Wood Smoke Pm: A Potential Method To Further Explain Cvd In Wildland Firefighters., Dylan Richmond, John Quindry, Christopher T. Migliaccio, Brent Ruby Jan 2020

Implementation Of A Dose Response To Wood Smoke Pm: A Potential Method To Further Explain Cvd In Wildland Firefighters., Dylan Richmond, John Quindry, Christopher T. Migliaccio, Brent Ruby

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

The presentation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and comorbidities in aging and retired wildland firefighters (WLFF) continues to be one of the top health priorities to address by The United States Forest Service. In the past 20 years, experts at multiple meetings and conferences have confronted this growing concern as a formal call to action to investigation the individual components related to working in the wildland fire setting. The inhalation of wood smoke particulate matter (PM) shows evidence of altering homeostasis in WLLF’s in the areas of oxidative stress, inflammation, and arterial stiffness, all of which contribute to the development of …

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Human-Skin-Inspired Adaptive Smart Textiles Capable Of Amplified Latent Heat Transfer For Thermal Comfort, Gunwoo Kim, Calvin Gardner, Kyuin Park, Ying Zhong, Sungho Jin Jan 2020

Human-Skin-Inspired Adaptive Smart Textiles Capable Of Amplified Latent Heat Transfer For Thermal Comfort, Gunwoo Kim, Calvin Gardner, Kyuin Park, Ying Zhong, Sungho Jin

Mechanical Engineering Faculty Publications

Thermally adaptive textiles (TATs) enable human subjects to attain thermal comfort without energy consumption, which can lead to enormous energy savings on heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) in buildings. Herein, TAT structures which respond to the sweat and generate pores by opening an array of flap-shaped pores patterned on the fabric surface are proposed. A moisture-driven self-actuator for flap opening by constructing a bilayer consisting of a hygroscopic layer using polyethylene glycol and cellulose acetate, and a hydrophobic polymer using a polyester type polymer, is used and successfully demonstrated an essentially instant 4 °C apparent temperature cooling performance within …

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Improving Natural Product Research Translation: From Source To Clinical Trial, Barbara C. Sorkin, Adam J. Kuszak, Gregory Bloss, Naomi K. Fukagawa, Freddie Ann Hoffman, Mahtab Jafari, Bruce Barrett, Paula N. Brown, Frederic D. Bushman, Steven J. Casper, Floyd H. Chilton, Christopher S. Coffey, Mario G. Ferruzzi, D. Craig Hopp, Mairead Kiely, Daniel Lakens, John B. Macmillan, David O. Meltzer, Marco Pahor, Jeffrey Paul, Kathleen Pritchett-Corning, Sara K. Quinney, Barbara Rehermann, Kenneth D.R. Setchell, Nisha S. Sipes, Jacqueline M. Stephens, D. Lansing Taylor, Hervé Tiriac, Michael A. Walters, Dan Xi, Giovanna Zappalá, Guido F. Pauli Jan 2020

Improving Natural Product Research Translation: From Source To Clinical Trial, Barbara C. Sorkin, Adam J. Kuszak, Gregory Bloss, Naomi K. Fukagawa, Freddie Ann Hoffman, Mahtab Jafari, Bruce Barrett, Paula N. Brown, Frederic D. Bushman, Steven J. Casper, Floyd H. Chilton, Christopher S. Coffey, Mario G. Ferruzzi, D. Craig Hopp, Mairead Kiely, Daniel Lakens, John B. Macmillan, David O. Meltzer, Marco Pahor, Jeffrey Paul, Kathleen Pritchett-Corning, Sara K. Quinney, Barbara Rehermann, Kenneth D.R. Setchell, Nisha S. Sipes, Jacqueline M. Stephens, D. Lansing Taylor, Hervé Tiriac, Michael A. Walters, Dan Xi, Giovanna Zappalá, Guido F. Pauli

Faculty Publications

© 2019 Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology While great interest in health effects of natural product (NP) including dietary supplements and foods persists, promising preclinical NP research is not consistently translating into actionable clinical trial (CT) outcomes. Generally considered the gold standard for assessing safety and efficacy, CTs, especially phase III CTs, are costly and require rigorous planning to optimize the value of the information obtained. More effective bridging from NP research to CT was the goal of a September, 2018 transdisciplinary workshop. Participants emphasized that replicability and likelihood of successful translation depend on rigor in experimental design, …

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Response Of Liver Metabolic Pathways To Ketogenic Diet And Exercise Are Not Additive, Tai Yu Huang, Felicia R. Goldsmith, Scott E. Fuller, Jacob Simon, Heidi M. Batdorf, Matthew C. Scott, Nabil M. Essajee, John M. Brown, David H. Burk, Christopher D. Morrison, Susan J. Burke, J. Jason Collier, Robert C. Noland Jan 2020

Response Of Liver Metabolic Pathways To Ketogenic Diet And Exercise Are Not Additive, Tai Yu Huang, Felicia R. Goldsmith, Scott E. Fuller, Jacob Simon, Heidi M. Batdorf, Matthew C. Scott, Nabil M. Essajee, John M. Brown, David H. Burk, Christopher D. Morrison, Susan J. Burke, J. Jason Collier, Robert C. Noland

Faculty Publications

© Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Purpose Studies suggest ketogenic diets (KD) produce favorable outcomes (health and exercise performance); however, most rodent studies have used a low-protein KD, which does not reflect the normal- to high-protein KD used by humans. Liver has an important role in ketoadaptation due to its involvement in gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that exercise training (ExTr) while consuming a normal-protein KD (NPKD) would induce additive/synergistic responses in liver metabolic pathways. Methods Lean, healthy male C57BL/6J mice were fed a low-fat control diet (15.9% kcal protein, 11.9% kcal fat, 72.2% kcal …

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Anatomy Master's Degree Academic Program Review, 2019, College Of Science And Mathematics, Wright State University Jan 2020

Anatomy Master's Degree Academic Program Review, 2019, College Of Science And Mathematics, Wright State University

Academic Program Review Reports - All

This report reviews Wright State University's Anatomy Master's Degree program, specifically looking at the time from Fall 2015 to Fall 2019.

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Physiology And Neuroscience Master's Degree Academic Program Review, 2019, College Of Science And Mathematics, Wright State University Jan 2020

Physiology And Neuroscience Master's Degree Academic Program Review, 2019, College Of Science And Mathematics, Wright State University

Academic Program Review Reports - All

This report reviews Wright State University's Physiology and Neuroscience Master's Degree program, specifically looking at the time from Fall 2015 to Fall 2019.

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Physiology And Neuroscience Master's Degree Annual Program Outcomes Assessments, 2019-20, College Of Science And Mathematics, Wright State University Jan 2020

Physiology And Neuroscience Master's Degree Annual Program Outcomes Assessments, 2019-20, College Of Science And Mathematics, Wright State University

Annual Program Outcomes Assessments - All

This report reviews Wright State University's Physiology and Neuroscience Master's Degree program for the 2019-2020 academic year.

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Communication Of Professional Readiness In Dietetics And Human Nutrition Undergraduates: A Pilot Study, Heather Norman-Burgdolf, Emily M. Dewitt, Nathan L. Vanderford, Julie Plasencia Jan 2020

Communication Of Professional Readiness In Dietetics And Human Nutrition Undergraduates: A Pilot Study, Heather Norman-Burgdolf, Emily M. Dewitt, Nathan L. Vanderford, Julie Plasencia

Dietetics and Human Nutrition Faculty Publications

Learning experiences within the dietetics and human nutrition undergraduate curricula develop knowledge and skills pertinent to student career goals. Core competency requirements are extensively assessed in these programs, yet the communication of transferable skills gained and student professional readiness are rarely examined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate undergraduate students' perceived professional readiness following six professional development workshops on transferable skills and career preparedness communicated through resumes and personal statements. In this pilot study, twelve upper-level dietetics and human nutrition students self-assessed their resumes and personal statements with rubrics and completed surveys before and after the intervention. Following …

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Epigenetic Alterations In Response To Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes And Dha Diet Modification, Elizabeth Michelle Cole Jan 2020

Epigenetic Alterations In Response To Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes And Dha Diet Modification, Elizabeth Michelle Cole

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are a class of engineered nanomaterials that pose airborne exposure risks to human health. Immense variations in physical properties such as size and shape complicate understanding the underlying mechanisms and consequences of MWCNT exposures. There are concerns that exposures can lead to chronic pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis diseases, as is the case with other more known ultra-fine respirable materials with similar physical properties, such as crystalline silica and asbestos. Pro-inflammatory diseases can be regulated by epigenetic changes, which can be influenced by environment, including diet. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that may promote …

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The Impact Of A Curricular Change On Undergraduate Human Anatomy And Physiology Students’ Academic Behavior And Performance, Jessica A. Adams Jan 2020

The Impact Of A Curricular Change On Undergraduate Human Anatomy And Physiology Students’ Academic Behavior And Performance, Jessica A. Adams

Open Access Dissertations

This dissertation explores learning in context. Undergraduate introductory human anatomy and human physiology courses are either taught as discipline-specific or integrated anatomy and physiology (A&P) sequences. These courses are critically important to future health care professionals yet a consensus is lacking on the optimal course approach. Our institution underwent a curricular revision to change pedagogical methodologies from discipline-specific human anatomy and human physiology to an integrated A&P I and II sequence. Thus, providing a unique opportunity to study the potential impact of contextual learning. Specifically, over three years the effects integrating physiological concepts had on anatomy education were explored as …

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Psychosocial And Physiological Correlates Of Chronic Pain In Persons Living With Hiv, Michael Owens Jan 2020

Psychosocial And Physiological Correlates Of Chronic Pain In Persons Living With Hiv, Michael Owens

All ETDs from UAB

Due to recent advancements in antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) who respond well and remain adherent to their medication regimens are achieving “near normal” life expectancies. As a result, HIV is no longer considered a death sentence, but rather a chronic health condition to be managed. However, the longer a person lives with the virus, the more prone to HIV-associated chronic diseases he or she becomes. One particularly important health condition with the potential to significantly and negatively impact quality of life is chronic pain. The prevalence rates of chronic pain in PLWH are estimated to be …

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Where Do We Go From Here? A Forward-Thinking Vision For Physiology Undergraduate Education, Nancy M. Aguilar-Roca, Lisa C. Anderson, Anne R. Crecelius, Michelle B. French, Katie Johnson, Jenny L. Mcfarland, Jennifer Rogers, Claudia I. Stanescu, Erica A. Wehrwein Jan 2020

Where Do We Go From Here? A Forward-Thinking Vision For Physiology Undergraduate Education, Nancy M. Aguilar-Roca, Lisa C. Anderson, Anne R. Crecelius, Michelle B. French, Katie Johnson, Jenny L. Mcfarland, Jennifer Rogers, Claudia I. Stanescu, Erica A. Wehrwein

Health and Sport Science Faculty Publications

This paper is a summary of the special collection of papers in Advances in Physiology Education dedicated to the Physiology Majors Interest Group (P-MIG). P-MIG is a new and vibrant community (1, 2) of educators and administrators who are united by the common goal of creating physiology courses, curricula and programs that will prepare our students for the future. It is an independent consortium that welcomes anyone interested in physiology education at the level of the undergraduate degree in physiology and physiology-related fields. As demonstrated by this special collection of papers of Advances in Physiology Education, P-MIG has already made …

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The Lived Experience Of Work Stress And Coping In Eldercare Hospice Nurses, Yvette Abraham Jan 2020

The Lived Experience Of Work Stress And Coping In Eldercare Hospice Nurses, Yvette Abraham

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The number of elderly people living with terminal diagnoses has increased, along with the need for hospice nurses with specialized training to provide high-quality personal care that addresses their unique, critical needs. Research on nurses and other professionals who function in a demanding environment has demonstrated the experience of work stress, and negative physical and psychological consequences. However, little is known about the unique work stress and challenges of hospice nurses who care for the dying elderly. This study explored the meaning of hospice nurses’ experience of work stress and coping. Giorgi’s empirical phenomenological approach guided the development of the …

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Why Covid-19 Transmission Is More Efficient And Aggressive Than Viral Transmission In Previous Coronavirus Epidemics?, Fatma Elrashdy, Elrashdy M. Redwan, Vladimir N. Uversky Jan 2020

Why Covid-19 Transmission Is More Efficient And Aggressive Than Viral Transmission In Previous Coronavirus Epidemics?, Fatma Elrashdy, Elrashdy M. Redwan, Vladimir N. Uversky

Molecular Medicine Faculty Publications

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The worldwide transmission of COVID-19 from human to human is spreading like wildfire, affecting almost every country in the world. In the past 100 years, the globe did not face a microbial pandemic similar in scale to COVID-19. Taken together, both previous outbreaks of other members of the coronavirus family (severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV)) did not produce even 1% of the global harm already inflicted by COVID-19. There are also four other CoVs capable of infecting humans …

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