Dose Of Banana Peel Liquid Organic Fertilizer On The Growth And Production Of Dengdek Poek (Corchorus Aestuans), Karsi Hariyanti, Lizah Khairani, Iin Susilawati

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

Corchorus aestuans plants have potential as animal feed. Giving banana peel POC is an effort to increase the productivity of this plant. Knowing the effect of various doses of banana peel POC on the growth and productivity of Corchorus aestuans plants is the purpose of this study. The Completely Randomized Design method was used with five treatments namely P1 = 0 ml, P2 = 100 ml, P3 = 200 ml, P4 = 300 ml, P5 = 400 ml was tested on March 21 to May 30 at the Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Padjadjaran. Each treatment was repeated four times, …

Optimizing Broiler Chickens Performance With Boiled Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus) Seed Meal-Based Diets: A Sustainable Solution, A. Saleh, I. Suleiman, H. Muhammad, Z. Dankoli

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

The research explored the use of boiled sunflower seed meal (BSSM) as sustainable feed alternative for broiler chickens, evaluating its impact on their growth and development thereby reducing the industry’s reliance on resource-intensive feed ingredients. One hundred and fifty unsexed Ross broiler chicks were used for the study. The experiment was laid in a completely randomized design (CRD) in which BSSM were incorporated in the diets at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%, coded as Treatments 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Each treatment comprised of 3 replicates of 10 birds. Birds were housed in floor pens containing wood …

Growth Curve Modeling Of Garut Sheep At Uptd-Bpptdk Margawati Garut, Hana Nurlela, Heni Indrijani, Denie Heriyadi

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

Growth curves can be used to reflect changes in the body structure due to genetic and environmental responses. Here, six growth curve models are used: Gompertz, Logistic, Richard, Von Bertalanffy, Morgan-Mercer-Flodin (MMF), and Weibull models. This study aims to determine patterns and growth as seen from changes in ages and weights of male and female Garut sheep at UPTD-BPPTDK Margawati Garut. The case study method was used with 214 samples. Data from samples were processed to find similarities and curve shapes and the data was examined using Curve Expert software. The results showed that each parameter measured has a sigmoid …

The Effect Of Additioning Microencapsulated Noni Fruit Extract (Morinda Citrifolia Linn.) Product As A Feed Additive On Sentul Layer Phase Chickens Performance, Mutiara Krishadi, Tuti Widjastuti, Wiwin Tanwiriah

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

This study aimed to find out what happened to the performance of Sentul chickens when microencapsulated noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) extract was added to their food during the production phase. The research employed a sample of 40 Sentul hens aged 24 weeks and spanned 12 weeks. The investigation used a completely randomized design (CRD) and an experimental method. The treatments comprised five distinct types: P0 (basal diet), P1 (basal diet supplemented with 50 mg/kg zinc bacitracin), P2 (basal diet supplemented with 75 mg/kg MEBM), P3 (basal diet supplemented with 150 mg/kg MEBM), and P4 (basal diet supplemented with 225 …

Adding Green And Black Teas In A Rice Straw-Based Sheep Diet Improves In Vitro Dry Matter Degradability Without Affecting Gas Production And Ph, Diky Ramdani, Abdul Chaudhry

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

Rice straw (RS) is widely available in South East Asia and it can be used as a source of fibres for ruminant animals. However, RS has poor palatability and nutritional values. Thus, the use of concentrate (CON) as a dietary supplement is required to increase the utilisation of RS. Green (GT) and black (BT) teas can act as natural dietary additives in a CON. This study evaluated nutrient compositions of the diet ingredients and the impact of supplementing GT and BT in a rice straw-based sheep diet on in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD), total gas production (TGP) and pH …

Analysis Of Women's Gender Equality In Household Livelihoods Of Dairy Farmers Post-Foot And Mouth Disease (Fmd), Muhammad Fauzi, Marina Sulistyati, Andre Daud

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

Gender equality is an increasingly relevant issue for developing countries, including Indonesia. However, recognition of women's contribution to the livestock sector still needs to improve, which can affect their motivation to be more actively involved in the livestock business. The Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) pandemic has become an additional challenge by causing a decrease in income from livestock activities. This research aims to examine the division of women's roles, analyze the impact of household characteristics on gender equality, and evaluate the level of gender integration among post-FMD livestock farmers. The research method used was simple random sampling and multinomial …

Heat Stress Response In Dairy Cattle, Olga Tessalonika, Nyimas Popi Indriani, Nyimas Popi Indriani, Mansyur Mansyur

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

Indonesia is a tropical country with high ambient temperatures and humidity. In Indonesia’s hot and humid summer, dairy cows cannot dissipate enough body heat to prevent a rise in their body temperature. Increasing air temperature, temperature humidity index, and rectal temperature above a critical threshold are associated with decreased dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, and milk production efficiency. Modifications including shades and cooling fans can help dissipate body heat, lower body temperature, and increase BMI. Genetic selection for heat tolerance is possible, but continued selection for better performance without consideration for heat tolerance will result in greater susceptibility to …

Evaluation Of Semen Quality And Estimation Of Semen Repeatability Value Of Madura Bulls At Lembang Artificial Insemination Center, Ema Wigiyanti, Heni Indrijani, Siti Darodjah, Asep Kurnia

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

Madura bull are one of the local bulls in Indonesia whose semen is used for artificial insemination. This study aims to evaluate the quality of semen and the repeatability value of semen from Madura bulls at the Lembang Artificial Insemination Center. A total of 1,402 semen collection data from three Madura bulls from 2014-2020 were used for analysis. The data was analyzed descriptively to evaluate semen quality consisting of semen volume, sperm motility and sperm concentration. Repeatability value was estimated using analysis of variance and intra-class correlation. The results showed that the average volume, motility, and concentration were 5.32 ± …

The Relationship Between Parity To Placental Retention And The Impact On Days Open And Calving Intervals In Dairy Cows At Kpsbu Lembang, Idzni Hafilah, Septiyani Septiyani, Nurcholidah Solihati

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

Placental retention or retensio secundinae is one of the reproductive disorders that often occurs in dairy cows. This will interfere reproductive efficiency, including Days Open and Calving Interval. Retained placenta is defined as the failure to completely pass all of the placenta from the uterus (cotyledon villi) for more than 8 hours after parturition. This study aimed to determine the relationship between parity and placental retention and its impact on lambing days and lambing distance in dairy cows. The research was conducted at North Bandung Cattle Farming Cooperative (KPSBU) Lembang. The method used was data analysis using descriptive analysis and …

Differences In Quantity And Quality Of Fresh Semen And Frozen Semen After Thawing In Limousin And Simmental Cattle At Lembang Artificial Insemination Center, Benny Ahmat, Ervi Herawati, Tati Rohayati, Aisyatus Salamah

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences in quantity and quality of fresh semen and post-thawing frozen semen of two different cattle breeds at the Lembang Artificial Insemination Centre (BIB). The method applied in this research was case study method and used secondary data. The research material consisted of semen production records obtained from 9 Limousin cattle and 9 Simmental cattle, which were collected in July 2023 at 08.00-09.00 WIB. The variables studied were colour, volume, consistency, pH, motility, mass movement, concentration, post-thawing motility, and individual spermatozoa movement. The results showed that Limousin cattle semen had milky …

Estimated Model Of Correlation Environmental Factor With Crowing Characteristics Of Pelung Chickens, Indrawati Asmara, Dani Garnida, Nena Hilmia, Muhammad Maulana

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

Indonesia has high biodiversity, one of which is the diversity of local chickens such as Pelung chicken which is included in the singing chicken category. The characteristics of Pelung chicken's crowing sound are thought to be influenced by several factors, including genetic and environmental factors. This research was conducted to determine the relation of environmental factors to the characteristics of the crowing sound. The research was conducted using a survey method with purposive sampling techniques in Bandung, Cianjur and Sukabumi Regencies. The samples used were 32 Pelung chickens. The data observed were the duration, number, and crowing volume of Pelung …

Description Of Services Per Conception, Conception Rate And Pregnancy Rate In Dairy Cattle Post Foot And Mouth Disease At Kpsbu Lembang, Maulyda Miftahuljannah, Septiyani Septiyani, Nucholidah Solihati

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

The availability of dairy cow milk in Indonesia is still insufficient to meet domestic needs, one of which is caused by the declining dairy cow population due to infectious diseases, namely FMD (Foot and Mouth Disease). Not only does it cause economic losses, FMD also results in a decline in the reproductive status of dairy cows. To assess whether a cow's productivity level is good or not, it can be determined quantitatively by calculating several reproductive efficiency parameters, namely Service per Conception (S/C), Conception Rate (CR) and Pregnancy Rate (PR). The aim of this research is to describe the reproductive …

The Effect Of Closed House Cage Density On Microclimate Of Broiler Chickens, Jajat Zakaria, Nabila Rifianda, Tuti Widjastuti, Mansyur Mansyur

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

The microclimate in the cage plays an important role in broiler productivity. Productivity is influenced by a good environment so that production will be maximized. The research was conducted in March-April 2023 in Pinggirsari Village, Arjasari District, Bandung Regency. The samples used were 52,500 broiler chickens of the Cobb CP 707 strain aged 0-32 days whose temperature, humidity, CO₂ levels and NH₃ levels in the cage were calculated. The cage used in this research is a closed house cage measuring 12x90 m divided into 6 partitions measuring 12 x 15 m, with each partition equipped with a feeding …

Potential Of Patikala Fruit (Etlingera Elatior) In Improving The Physical Quality Of Spent Layer Meat, Irmawaty Majid, Jumriah Syam, Andi Mutmainnah, Muhidal Akbar

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

Patikala (Etlingera elatior) is a local Indonesian plant that can be used to improve meat quality because it contains secondary metabolic compounds and acid compounds which can be used to improve the meat quality of spent layer meat. This study aims to determine the potential of patikala fruit (Etlingera elatior) as a local plant in improving the physical quality of spent layer meat. This research method used a completely randomized design,with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The research design was determined based on the amount of meat used, namely soaking spent layer meat without patikala ( …

Correlation Between Socio Economic Characteristic And Entrepreneur’S Motivation Of Dairy Goat Farmers With Dairy Goat Business Sustainability, Lilis Nurlina, Hasni Arief, Unang Yunasaf, Marina Sulistyati

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

ABSTRACT

The aim of this research were to study : (1) socio economic characteristic of dairy goat farmers; (2) entrepreneur’s motivation of dairy goat farmers; (3) dairy goat sustainability business; (4) dairy goat farmer’s strategy to business sustainability; ( (5) correlation between socio economic characteristic and entrepreuneur motivation farmer with dairy goat business sustainability. The research used mix method, there were quantitative and qualitative approach. Respondents of this research were 15 dairy goat farmers, that are variants from small scale business, medium and big scale. The result of this research showed that : (1) characteristic socio economic of dairy goat …

Identification Of Worm Parasites In Beef Cattle Feces In The Village Nangka Bay, Kubu Raya District, Yeti Rohayeti, Dela Heraini, Imam Subhi

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

Beef cattle are meat-producing cattle used for fulfilling and improving people's nutrition. The increase in the beef cattle population in Indonesia has not fully met the demand for meat nationally due to the low productivity of local livestock. Low livestock productivity can occur due to livestock health factors, one of them being caused by worm parasites infection. This disease causes economic loss, resulting in lower growth and weight gain, and can lead to death. A qualitative examination, stool test is needed for a qualitative examination to identify gastrointestinal parasites in livestock, especially the type and degree of infection. This study …

The Role Of Social Media In Mastering Broiler Livestock Management, Muhamad Ramdani, Anie Kusumastuti, Puji Akhiroh

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

Social media has experienced rapid development and has had a significant impact on various aspects of life, including the broiler livestock industry. Social media plays an important role in increasing the practical skills needed for effective broiler livestock raising management, including playing a role in providing easy and fast access to information, education, and interaction between individuals. This research aimed to analyze the influence of social media roles as an information medium, educational medium, and networking & communication medium for mastering broiler management. The research method used a quantitative approach using a survey method. Data were collected through direct interviews …

Application Of Rectal Exploration Techniques For Pregnancy Diagnosis In Goats, Ali Saifudin, Siti Aslimah, Teguh D. Putra, Bambang Hadisutanto

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

This study aims to explore the potential of applying rectal exploration (ER) techniques to goats for practical purposes. The principle of pregnancy detection in this technique is based on palpable gestational changes in the goat's reproductive tract in terms of location, consistency, and size. This study used 6 female goats aged 2-3 years with normal reproductive cycles and had given birth and one fertile male goat at the age of 2-3 years. Mating was carried out naturally. Previously, female goats had been in estrus synchronization with a double injection of prostaglandin 1.5 ml/head each intramuscularly with an interval of 11 …

Study Of The Implementation Of Health Management For Pig Breeding In Cv Roku, Manggarai, East Nusa Tenggara, Korbinianus Rinca, Roselin Gultom, Maria Luju, Yohana Febrizki Bollyn

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

The application of health management is a determining factor for the success of a pig farm business. This research was conducted to find out the implementation of pig health management in CV. Roku, Manggarai, East Nusa Tenggara. The data used in this research was secondary data. The secondary data was reconfirmed to the owner using the direct interview method using questionnaires. Secondary data that has been confirmed using the interview method, was then analyzed descriptively. The practice of health management studied was the application of medication, biosecurity, and vaccination to gilts, sows, and piglets. The results of the study showed …

Performance Of Four Strains Of Broiler Chicken Grandparent Stock Flock In Indonesia, Rofii Rofii, Maria Ulfah, Sri Darwati, Muladno Muladno

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

This study aims to compare the performance of broiler GPS flocks from 4 GPS strains in Indonesia (Cobb, Ross, Indian River, Hubbard). This research was conducted from November 2022 to March 2023. Data were collected from some breeding companies' audit results conducted by the Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health. The results showed that the broiler GPS flock performance in the young age group showed a significance value of <0.05, and there was a significant difference in the HDP variable indicator. The average HDP weight for the Ross, Cobb, Indian River, and Hubbard GPS strains was 78.05±3.28, 74.00±3.30, 78.99±3.37 and 75.85±3.61, respectively. The average egg and hatchling weight was also significantly different among each strain, but only on the variable factor of the breeding company. There were no significant differences among the strain factor variables and primary product variables, such as the average number of DOC PS per hen by breeding company and strain. On average, a female GPS line in the young age group period for the Ross, Cobb, Indian River, and Hubbard strains produced 15.14 ± 2.2, 14.92 ± 4.6, 15.35 ±1.47, and 13.78 DOC, respectively. There is no mutual interaction between the performance of HDP flocks, egg weight, and hatching weight of DOC PS from variable factors of the breeding companies with each strain. Factorial interactions only occur in the primary product variable, meaning each broiler GPS strain reared by each breeder company in Indonesia has different performances.

Factors Affecting The Reproductive Performance Efficiency Of Beef Cattle In The South Sulawesi Province, Iqbal Alim, Rudy Priyanto, Jakaria Jakaria

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

The application of artificial insemination (AI) technology continues to improve, especially in South Sulawesi, one of Indonesia's beef cattle population centers. This study aims to determine the factors influencing AI implementation in South Sulawesi. Reproduction performance secondary data was obtained from iSIKHNAS. Data were tabulated by district, inseminator, cattle breed, and reproductive variables (S/C value and pregnancy percentage). Data were analyzed using descriptive, variance, and correlation analyses. Bali, Limousin, and Simmental cattle had S/C of 2.24, 2.44, and 2.61, respectively. Different district locations have better S/C (P<0.05), such as Palopo, Barru, Sidenreng Rappang, Jeneponto, North Luwu, Sinjai, Bantaeng, and Tana Toraja. The performance of inseminators had a significant effect (P<0.05). Although with a low number of inseminators, Tana Toraja had the best reproductive efficiency, compared to Soppeng, which has many inseminators but low livestock reproductive efficiency (P<0.05). In conclusion, reproductive efficiency performance is influenced by location (district topography) and inseminator performance, whereas the breed of cattle does not affect S/C values and pregnancy percentage. The results of the correlation analysis showed that S/C has a positive correlation with inseminator performance of 44.3%.

Utilization Of Kepel (Stelechocarpus Burahol) Leaf Extract As A Feed Additive In Broiler Chicken Feed, Adi Mustawa, Tuti Widjastuti, Denny Rusmana

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

This study aims to determine the best level of Kepel leaf extract (Stelechocarpus burahol) used in feeds based on the amount of Escherichia coli in excreta, ileal villi, protein digestibility, ration consumption, and body weight gain (BWG) of broiler chickens. The research was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD), four levels of Kepel leaf extract in rations repeated five times. The Kepel leaf extract (EDK) levels used consisted of P ₀ = basal ration, P ₁ = P ₀ + 0.15% EDK, P ₂ = P ₀ + 0.30% EDK and P ₃ = P _{0 …}

The Effect Of Adding Chestnut Tanin Extracts On Ration To Performance Of New Zealand White Rabbit Crossbreed, Sauland Sinaga, Denny Rusmana, Apritama Apritama, Danela Nisa

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

Sauland Sinaga, Deni Rusmana, Apritama and Danela Nisa

ABSTRACT

This study aims to determine the impact of adding chestnut tannin extract to the diet on developing body weight gain and ratio conversion of New Zealand White crossbreed rabbits. Experimental methods with a completely randomized design were used in this research. There were four treatments: R0 (Control Feed); R1 (0.25% addition of chestnut tannin extract); R2 (0.5% addition of chestnut tannin extract); R3 (0.75% addition of chestnut tannin extract); with five replications. Statistical analysis showed that the result was significant for body weight gain (p<0.05) and not for protein consumption and ratio, conversion and protein efficiency ratio, percentage, and component carcass. Tannin from a chestnut tree extract can be used at 0.25% in rabbit ration as an additive to replace antibiotics and growth promoters in rabbits.

Production Performance Evaluation Of Pre-Laying Period At 3 Strains Of Gps Broiler Chicken In Indonesia, Ahmad Bestari, Sri Darwati, Maria Ulfah, Muladno Muladno

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

The production performance of GPS on Cobb, Indian River, and Hubbard strains has not been well studied. This study aimed to compare the production performance between female GPS strains at 24 weeks of age and the standards set by each principal. This research was conducted from November 2022 to March 2023. The results showed a significant difference in most production performance between GPS strains at 24 weeks of age by each strain. Significant differences were observed for body weight, feed consumption, depletion and uniformity. As for comparing the production performance between the GPS strains and the standards set by the …

Edible Coating Chitosan As An Antimicrobial In The Thawing Process Of Frozen Broiler Chicken Carcasses With Different Shelf Life, Yusni Tampubolon, Zakiyah Nasution, Erin Alawiyah

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

This study aims to determine the amount of chitosan edible coating concentration best used as antimicrobial during the thawing process of frozen broiler chicken carcass in different shelf lives. This study used a completely randomized factorial design (RALF) which consisted of two factors, namely factor 1: differences in shelf life (1, 2, and 3 months) and factor 2: concentration of chitosan edible coating (0.1 %, 1.5%) with 12 treatments and five replications. The total microbial count, pH, percentage of drip loss, and cooking losses of each sample were evaluated. The obtained data were analyzed using Two Way Analysis of …

Productivity Analysis Of Grandparent Stock In 21 Week Age Growing Phase, Sumiarti Sumiarti, Sri Darwati, Rudi Afnan, Muladno Muladno

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

This research aimed to compare the productivity of GPS strains, namely Ross, Cobb, Hubbard, and Indian River in hens and males at 21 weeks of age. The research data was obtained from the results of an audit of the breeding company by the Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, from November 2022 to March 2023. The results showed that the comparison of hen productivity in the four strains, namely (1) the Indian River strain had a high body weight compared to other strains, (2) the Hubbard strain has a higher depletion rate than the other strains, …

Production Performance Evaluation Of D-Line Three Strains Grand Parent Stock Of Broiler Chicken In Indonesia, Rosikin Rosikin, Rudi Afnan, Sri Darwati, Muladno Muladno

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

Production performance research was carried out on three Grand Parent Stock (GPS) broiler strains, namely Indian River, Ross and Cobb. The data was obtained from the results of production performance audits of broiler GPS breeders during the laying period of 25 – 65 weeks. Variables measured include laying lifeability, egg/hen house production, rate peak production/hen house, hatching egg/hen house production, fertility, hatchibilty, and saleable chick/henhouse. Data were analyzed quantitatively using t-test, analysis of variance (Anova) and Duncan. This study showed that the Indian river strain had higher production characteristics in terms of vitality, egg production, peak production, hatching egg production, …

The Effect Of Adding Gtg Solution In Drinking Water On Final Body Weight, Feed Efficiency, And Income Over Feed Cost Of Local Duck, Wiwin Tanwiriah, Dani Garnida, Endang Sujana, Andi Mushawir

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

This research aims to determine the effect of adding GTG solution in drinking water to the body weight gain, final body weight, ration efficiency and income over feed cost in local ducks. This study used 60 male Tasikmalaya local ducks which were divided into 4 treatment groups and then put into 5 pens as replications, so there were 20 pens. Ducks were reared from 1 day to 45 days old. The initial body weight of the ducklings after being weighed had a coefficient of variation of 5.10 %. GTG solution consists of water, ginger juice, turmeric juice, and garlic juice …

Performance Of Padjadjaran Quails Grower Period Feed With Different Energy And Protein Levels, Muhammad Quddus, Iwan Setiawan, Endang Sujana

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

This study aimed to determine the recommended energy and protein level of the Padjadjaran quail's broiler feed for a 3-6 weeks growth period on its production performance. The treatments applied were nine ratios with different energy and protein levels, consisting of P1=(ME 2800 kcal/kg, protein 20 %); P2=(ME 2800 kcal/kg, protein 22 %); P3=(ME 2800 kcal/kg, 24 % protein), P4=(ME 2900 kcal/kg, 20 % protein); P5=(ME 2900 kcal/kg, 22 % protein); P6=(ME 2900 kcal/kg, 24 % protein); P7=(ME 3000 kcal/kg, 20 % protein); P8=(ME 3000 kcal/kg, 22 % protein); P9=(ME 3000 kcal/kg, 24% protein). Each treatment was replicated three times, …

The Influence Of Different Land Transportation Time From Banjarnegara To Semarang On Body Condition Response Of Local Male Sheep, Fauzia Herwinda, Agung Purnomoadi, R.R. Retno Adiwinarti, Edy Riyanto

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

This study aims to determine the body conditions and body weight loss of male local sheep after transportation from Banjarnegara to Semarang at different times. This study used 22 local rams aged 10 months weighing 17.14 + 1.68 kg (CV= 9.8%). This research used a Completely Randomized Design with two treatments and 11 replications. The treatments were different transportation times consisting of 4 hours (T1) and 6 hours (T2). The parameters used in this study were pulse rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature in Banjarnegara (before transportation), Temanggung (during rest), and Semarang (after transportation), as well as body weight loss …