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Acute Effects Of Footwear And Footstrike Pattern On Achilles Tendon Loading During Running, Xini Zhang, Liqin Deng, Songlin Xiao, Weijie Fu

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The study aimed to investigate the effect of footwear and foot strikes on Achilles tendon (AT) loading during running. Eleven male recreational runners with rearfoot strike pattern were recruited. The ground reaction force, kinematics, and kinetics of the ankle joint at 10 km/h were collected using an instrumented split-belt treadmill and a motion capture system. The morphological and mechanical characteristics of AT were recorded and calculated with a synchronous ultrasonic imaging instrument. The results showed a significantly greater peak AT force in minimalist shoes and forefoot strike pattern. The peak force and length change of the AT significantly increased when …

The Coordination Of Upper And Lower Limb Movements In Shooting Basketball From Various Distance: A Pilot Study, Zhichen Feng, Beier Chen, Yu Song, Qin Zhu

ISBS Proceedings Archive

Using continuous relative phase (CRP) to quantify upper-lower limb coordination in shooting basketball. Six male participants performed free-throws and 3-point shots in a random order to yield 10 swish shots and 10 missed shots at each distance for analysis. The SPM analysis on CRPs revealed that a similar strategy was used to coordinate upper and lower limbs for shooting (p>0.05), with no distinguished coordination pattern for swish shots (p>0.05). The analysis on between-trial variability of coordination revealed that swish shots required more adjustment of proximal coordination, and 3-point shots entailed more adjustment of distal coordination. These findings shed …

Gender Differences In Muscle Contraction And Co-Contraction Activities During The Impact Phase Of Single-Leg Landing Task In Badminton, Zhe Hu, Dingxuan Wang, Pingping Zhu, Yanjia Xu

ISBS Proceedings Archive

Our study aimed to explore ACL injury risk factors in females versus males during badminton single-leg landings. Sixteen players (8 male, 8 female) participated, with lower limb kinematics, ground reaction forces, and muscle activity measured using motion capture, force plates, and electromyography (EMG). Independent samples t-test analyzed gender differences in leg kinematics, mean normalized leg muscle activation (MVC%), and muscle co-contraction post-landing. Females, compared to males, exhibited higher rectus femoris, medial hamstring, and gastrocnemius muscle activity during the post-landing phase. Additionally, males had a higher co-contraction ratio in the medial and lateral gastrocnemius than females. Female badminton players' neuromuscular control …

Influence Of Motor-Cognitive Performance On Landing Biomechanics In Different Conditions: Preliminary Results, Filippo Bertozzi, Claudia Brunetti, Scott M. Monfort, Chiarella Sforza, Manuela Galli, Marco Tarabini

ISBS Proceedings Archive

This pilot study examines the impact of varied cognitive loads on lower limb biomechanics during landing tasks. Ten male athletes performed a novel motor-cognitive assessment and then a landing task in three conditions with different cognitive loads. Findings suggest cognitive conditions may affect GRF, joint kinematics, and kinetics. Specifically, unanticipated tasks may elevate GRF, while altered hip abduction indicates adjustments in base support. Hip and knee moments vary based on cognitive conditions, emphasizing their influence on load absorption. Additionally, divided attention correlates with increased knee abduction moment, underscoring its relevance in managing potentially harmful sports movements. These results reinforce prior …

Trunk Posterior Pulling Perturbation Increased Variables Associated With Acl Loading During Landing, Yu Song, Zhichen Feng, Kaden Van Valkenburg, Lauren Salsgiver, Kareem Mersal, Boyi Dai

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of posterior pulling perturbation applied to the upper or lower trunk on variables associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) loading during landing. Thirty-eight participants performed double-leg vertical jumps with and without posterior pulling perturbation applied to the upper/lower trunk shortly after the peak jump height. Perturbation resulted in significantly greater impact forces, smaller knee flexion angles, and greater knee extension and adduction moments compared to no perturbation. Upper trunk perturbation resulted in smaller trunk flexion angles than the lower trunk perturbation location. Mid-flight posterior pulling perturbation applied to upper and …

Association Between Jump Performance And Acl Injury Kinematic Risk Factors, Claudia Brunetti, Filippo Bertozzi, Rodrigo Rabello, Alice Ranzini, Chiarella Sforza

ISBS Proceedings Archive

This study aimed to provide further insights into unclear aspects in the existing literature concerning the association between ACL injury kinematic risk factors and jump performance, as they might conflict. Fifty-four physically active females executed drop jumps with a maximal CMJ. A motion capture system provided knee and hip kinematics. Jump height, contact time, reactive strength index, initial speed, and power were obtained using a contact platform. Spearman’s correlations between first and second landing kinematics and jump indicators were evaluated. The results showed how highly performing participants were also able to land safely, plausibly reducing ACL injury risk factors. These …

Gait And Foul Risk Differences Between Treadmill And Overground Racewalking, Qipeng Song, Xiaoxue Zhu, Peixin Shen

ISBS Proceedings Archive

This study compared treadmill and overground racewalking kinematics among 22 elite athletes at their personal best (PB) and 85% PB speeds, revealing significant differences. Ankle dorsiflexion angle decreased at heel strike, while hip flexion angle increased, alongside greater hip angle at toe-off. Comparing PB to 85% PB, contact time and hip flexion angle at heel strike decreased, along with decreased ankle plantarflexion at toe-off, but flight time and step length at heel strike increased. This suggests treadmill racewalking, particularly at PB speeds, exhibits unique gait features, yet without significant differences in flight time and knee angle between conditions, implying no …

Jy61 Imu Sensor External Validity: A Framework For Advanced Pedometer Algorithm Personalisation, Boris Bačić, Chengwei Feng, Weihua Li

ISBS Proceedings Archive

This case study aims to compare a low-cost inertial sensor prototype (JY61 IMU + ESP8266 MCU designed for real-time non-proprietary data streaming over Wi-Fi) with a high-end mobile (iPhone 13 Pro Max) using Matlab pedometer algorithm. Preliminary experiments used data collected at 100 Hz including 20, 50, and 100 steps on a partially carpeted and partially hard floor surface with the test subject wearing high heels and tennis shoes. The error comparison between the sensor (0–1%) and high-end mobile (0–2%) suggests that the sensor can be used as a privacy-preserving pedometer which is smaller, lighter and a low-cost alternative to …

Machine Learning Approaches For Identification Of Parkinson’S Disease Severity Using Multimodal Features, Hwayoung Park, Changhong Youm, Bohyun Kim, Hyejin Choi, Juseon Hwang, Minsoo Kim

ISBS Proceedings Archive

This study aimed to create a digital biomarker for assessing the severity of Parkinson's disease (PD) using multimodal features from 50 PD patients and 50 healthy controls. They underwent clinical tests, gait analysis using a motion capture system, postural and functional evaluations, and lifestyle questionnaires. These multimodal features underwent dimensionality reduction techniques such as logistic regression and principal component analysis to identify PD severity using the MDS-UPDRS total score. The results developed six models using machine learning algorithms (Linear Regression and Random Forest), with Model 1 performing the best; spatiotemporal variables from gait analysis were crucial in identifying PD severity. …

Measuring Pole Forces In Seated Shot Put, Connor J.M. Holdback, Richard M. Kelso, David S. Haydon, Paul N. Grimshaw, Ross A. Pinder, Rony Ibrahim

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The measurement of throwing pole forces in seated shot put has not been reported previously in the research literature, forming a considerable gap in the understanding of seated throwing. In this research, two methods for pole force measurement are presented: a deflection-based and a direct load-sensing method. From the comparison of each method, the measurement of pole forces without an instrumented pole is found to be feasible (RMSE

Peak Hamstring Muscle-Tendon Lengths During Non-Fatigued And Fatigued Accelerative And Maximal Speed Sprint Running In Soccer Players, Shayne Vial, Anthony Blazevich, Mitchell Turner, Mark Scanlan, Jodie Cochrane Wilkie

ISBS Proceedings Archive

Fatigue is thought to be a contributing factor to hamstring injury during sprint running. Injuries can happen during acceleration or maximum speed phases between peak hip flexion and foot-strike, when the hamstring muscle-tendon unit (MTU) is at its longest. The angular displacements of the bones onto which the muscles attach influence hamstring MTU lengths, thus any fatigue-induced alterations to these displacements may be expected to influence MTU lengths, and thus injury risk. We collected 3-D kinematics and modelled hamstring MTU kinematics during the initial three steps of acceleration and two continuous steps of maximum speed sprinting before and after a …

Characteristics Of Turn Performance In Elite Breaststroke Swimmers, Kazumasa Ozeki, Seiya Kaimasu, Hiroshi Suito, Shinji Sakurai

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between the breaststroke turn phase time and movement during the turn phase in male competitive swimmers. The participants were six male breaststroke swimmers. All subjects performed three 100 m breaststroke trials with a push start, and the trial with the shortest time was selected for analysis. The swimmers were filmed using four cameras, and kinematic variables during the turn phase were calculated using two-dimensional analysis. The total turn time was 8.96 ± 0.20 s, and the 5 m RTT was 5.60 ± 0.13 s. Significant negative correlations were found between total …

Visual Task Constraints Influence Head Control And Coordination Variability In Contact Sport Athletes, Samuel R. Zeff, Joseph Hamill, Douglas Martini, Richard Van Emmerik

ISBS Proceedings Archive

We sought to determine whether contact sport participation affects visual acuity, head control, and coordinative variability during locomotor tasks. Thirteen contact and eleven noncontact athletes completed treadmill walking tasks with and without a visual Landolt C task (identify open circle orientation). During baseline, head motion did not differ between groups, but contact athletes had reduced pelvis-thigh variability compared to noncontact athletes. During the visual condition only noncontact athletes reduced vertical head displacement which may reflect an adaptive motor strategy not present in contact athletes. These differences were accompanied by significantly reduced coordinative variability in contact athletes compared to noncontact athletes. …

Differences In Intra-Foot Movement Strategies During The Cutting Task Among Cai, Copers, And Healthy Individuals, Peimin Yu, Xuanzhen Cen, Justin Fernandez, Yaodong Gu

ISBS Proceedings Archive

Individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) suffer from the resulting sequela of repetitive lateral ankle sprains (LAS), whilst copers appear to cope with initial LAS successfully. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the intra-foot biomechanical differences among CAI, copers, and healthy individuals. Twenty-two participants per group were included and required to perform a cutting task. A five-segment foot model with eight degrees of freedom was used to explore the intra-foot movement among these three groups. Joint moment differences were not found among these three groups, however, Copers presented greater eversion angles compared to others. Copers rely on …

Effects Of Vision And Multiple Cognitive Tasks On Pre-Landing And Early Landing Mechanics Associated With Acl Loading, Boyi Dai, Yu Song, Peyton Hatcher, Raychl Fairbanks, Jefferson Danso, Ling Li

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of vision and 1 or 2 cognitive tasks on lower extremity biomechanics associated with ACL loading variables (knee flexion angles, increased impact forces, and knee extension moments) during single-leg drop landing tasks. Thirty-four participants performed landing tasks with or without vision and with or without 1-2 cognitive tasks. The cognitive tasks included counting backward and/or recalling the number of beeping tones. The results indicated counting backward significantly decreased knee angles, and a lack of vision could increase impact forces. However, the combination of two cognitive tasks did not result in …

Profiling Of Spin Bowlers With Biomechanical Parameters Derived From A Smart Cricket Ball, Franz Konstantin Fuss, Batdelger Doljin, Rene E. D. Ferdinands

ISBS Proceedings Archive

This paper introduces a novel approach to advanced profiling by utilising a smart cricket ball (gyro sensor at its centre). It identifies the type of delivery and determines various physical and skill performance parameters. Five spin bowlers (finger and wrist spinners) were profiled using this new method. Four bowlers executed the correct delivery (side and topside spin), while one bowler unintentionally bowled top/topside-spin instead of side-spin. The study measured the ability to convert torque (T) into spin rate (ω) using the ratio of spin rate per unit torque (ω/T [rps/N/m]), which ranged from …

Effects Of Dynamic Knee Valgus Alignment On Ground Reaction Force And Knee Moment During Landing, Tzu-Lin Wong Dr., Wei-Ching Chang

ISBS Proceedings Archive

This study examined the impact of dynamic knee valgus alignments on vertical ground reaction force(vGRF) and knee moment in 33 male collegiate athletes during a single-leg vertical jump from a 30-cm box. Categorized into valgus (n=12), neutral (n=8), and varus (n=13) groups based on knee angular displacement during landing, participants were analyzed 100 milliseconds immediately after initial ground contact. Normalized results indicate that the varus group demonstrated higher peak vGRF and maximum knee moment compared to the valgus and neutral groups. No significant differences were found in parameters like time to peak vGRF, loading rate, and peak hip moment. Our …

Comparing Postural Control In Adolescents (11-14 Years) Involved/Not Involved In Afterschool Sports Activities: A Pilot Study, Ken Pitetti, Edwin M. Loovis, Ruth A. Miller

ISBS Proceedings Archive

This study characterized postural control (PC) of adolescents who were involved (A=athletes) or not involved (NA=non-athletes) in after-school sport activities. PC was determined by the median velocity (MVelocity, mm/sec) of the center-of-pressure (COP) on a force plate when removing vision (eyes closed) and manipulating somatosensation (standing on firm or foam surface) while in two-foot, tandem, and one-foot stances (12 stances). Fifty-one youth, 22 A (age 12.1±0.9 yrs, 10 females) and 29 NA (age 12.3±0.7 yrs, 10 females) performed two, 30-sec trials in all 12 stances, with the best trial used for data analysis. The Mann-Whitney test revealed lower MVelocity (i.e., …

Influence Of Inertial Measurement Unit Placement On Knee Flexion Angle Measurement During Cycling, Tjorven Schnack, Arnold Baca, Philipp Neumeister

ISBS Proceedings Archive

Inertial measurement units (IMUs) enable measurements of joint kinematics during sports in the field. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of IMUs for measuring the knee flexion angle during cycling. To expand the limited research on optimal placement of IMUs on body segments, three different IMU placement setups were tested. Joint angles were calculated from the IMU orientations via OpenSim. Kinematics were captured from six experienced cyclists and compared to optical motion capture. Apart from an amplitude offset between the angle courses measured by IMUs and optical motion capture, no significant differences were observed between measurement …

Teaching Newton’S Laws Of Motion In Biomechanics Using Game-Based Pedagogy For High School Teachers’ Professional Development, Stuart A. Evans Dr, Charlene Willis Dr

ISBS Proceedings Archive

It is important to consider teachers’ professional development (PD) when they are tasked with teaching Newton’s Law of motion in biomechanics to high school students for the first time. Physical education (PE) teachers regularly use the Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) pedagogy to teach physical activity to students. TGfU is a pedagogical model which originated in the 1980s with the main objective of promoting game-based learning in physical activity and sport. However, research involving if the TGfU pedagogy can be used to impart practical and theoretical knowledge to teachers when teaching Newton’s Laws of Motion in biomechanics is limited. The …

The Effect Of Footwear Fit On Movement Complexity In Trail Running, Kathryn Harrison, Eric C. Honert, Daniel Feeney

ISBS Proceedings Archive

In trail running athletes must adapt their movement patterns to navigate obstacles in their path. Sample entropy is a method to evaluate an athlete’s flexibility to alter their movement from stride to stride. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of running speed, duration, terrain, sex, and footwear on movement complexity in trail runners. Thirty trail runners (15 female) ran a trail loop in two shoes: a lace shoe and a wrap shoe. We used linear mixed effects models to examine the effects of independent variables on sample entropy of foot accelerations. More technical terrain, faster running …

An Accuracy-Integrated Metric For Evaluating Throwing Performance, Billy Lozowski, Gretchen D. Oliver

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The purpose of this study was to present a proof-of-concept for a novel Accuracy-Integrated Metric (AIM) to evaluate throwing performance. Ball velocity, displacement from target, and throw distance data were simulated for ten throws, and an AIM score calculated for each. Throws were ranked per conventional evaluation methods (by ball velocity), and by AIM score. When ranked on ball velocity, throw 7 ranked highest (36.0 m.s^-1); however, it scored lowest with AIM (10.2) owing to a large displacement value. Discrepancies in these rankings highlight the limitations of relying solely on one aspect of performance when evaluating throwing. By …

Isbs 2024 Conference Proceedings Title And Foreward, Jana Holder, Isabella Fessl, Eric Harbour, Hermann Schwameder

ISBS Proceedings Archive

The ISBS is an international society totally dedicated to biomechanics in sports, whose primary purposes are:

• To provide a forum for the exchange of ideas for sports biomechanics researchers, coaches and teachers.
• To bridge the gap between researchers and practitioners.
• To gather and disseminate information and materials on biomechanics in sports.

Papers underwent a double blinded review process. Each paper in these proceedings has been reviewed by at least two members of the scientific committee.

Transforming The Applied Learning Experience Through Interdisciplinary Fieldwork, Dawn M. Drake, Ashley Elias, Carissa Ganong, Michael L. Grantham, Mark S. Mills

The Geographical Bulletin

This paper introduces an interdisciplinary field research project undertaken by faculty at Missouri Western State University in an effort to improve student learning outcomes and enrich student experience. The project uses a single ecosystem, the nine human-built ponds on the campus, and combines five different faculty members’ areas of research across ecology, microbiology, and geography to immerse students in an interactive applied learning opportunity that not only helps them develop research skills, but also learn to present their research to a variety of audiences. The paper reviews the nature of the project, the conditions that allowed the project to emerge, …

Left Behind In Lockdown: Covid-19 And The Denver Unhoused Community, Lucy Briggs

The Geographical Bulletin

The population experiencing homelessness in Denver, Colorado, increased by nearly 15% from 2018 to 2019. This trend, combined with the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic of 2020, led to a distinct crisis for unhoused communities. This research attempted to answer the question, “How has COVID-19 impacted the locational strategies and spatial patterns of the Denver unhoused population in relation to public spaces and resources in the city core?” More specifically, this research has three objectives: (1) To explore the impact of COVID-19 on the shelter availability in Denver, (2) to develop an understanding of COVID-19’s impact upon public restrooms in Denver, and …

Reflecting On Interdisciplinary Trends In Artificial Reef Design, Monitoring, And Assessment In The Us Southeast: Insight From Recent Developments And Hope In The Restoring Resilient Reefs Act, Johnathan D. Johnson, Clayton J. Whitesides

The Geographical Bulletin

Although artificial reefs (Figs. 1 and 2) have long been the focus of biological and ecological research, “the economics and social impact of artificial reefs … have not been carefully examined” (Bohnsack and Sutherland 1985, 11). Since the time of that statement in the mid-1980s, we are pleased to report that much research on the economics and social impacts of artificial reefs has been published in the academic literature (e.g., Sutton and Bushnell 2007, Whitmarsh et al. 2008, Stolk, Markwell, and Jenkins 2009, and Islam et al. 2014).

An Overview Of Environmental Themes In The Video Game Industry, Michael A. Davis

The Geographical Bulletin

Video games of the early 1990s have an appreciable depth of environmental tones that seem prophetic by today’s standards as climate change and environmental degradation have emerged as significant topics of scientific and geographic inquiry. The political and cultural environment of the late 1980s and early 1990s played a significant role in the development of environmentally-minded video games. Since the 20th century, the depiction of these environmental themes have changed with a greater understanding of environmental science literature, have incorporated educational qualities to game play, and have migrated from large video game developers (e.g., Sega and Nintendo) to independent developers …

Front Matter And Editorial Note, Casey D. Allen

The Geographical Bulletin

Volume 63 Issue 2 Front Matter including Editorial Note

Making Space For Yeast: Toward A Zymurpolitics, Walter W. Furness

The Geographical Bulletin

Geographic scholarship on craft brewing has characteristically fixated on place as a lens through which to understand and valuate ostensibly “local” beer, wherein fermentation acts as an alchemistic shorthand, transmuting far-flung ingredients into a product emphatically rooted in a particular location. However, yeast tends to receive little attention in this literature, even though it is a primary agent (alongside humans) in acting on raw materials to produce beer. Defying the notion of “hyperlocal,” yeast is frequently sourced from distant laboratories, though some breweries maintain their own cultures in-house. This paper draws on existing literature, observation, and interviews with brewers to …

From Mayberry To Merlot: Shifting Geographies Of Wine In The Yadkin Valley, North Carolina, Aron Massey

The Geographical Bulletin

The Yadkin Valley of North Carolina is in a period of transition. Tobacco has been the most important crop, and the tourism to the region focused on Mt. Airy, inspiration for the fictional town of Mayberry. Local officials are promoting wine tourism as a tactic to update these industries. Through qualitative fieldwork utilizing in-depth interviews with Yadkin Valley winemakers, tourism officials, business leaders, and a Baptist preacher, this project reveals the numerous geographies of wine evolving together as the industry grows in this region. The paper discusses the physical environment suitable for producing high-quality wines from European grape styles and …