Digital Commons Network^™

Professional Identity Formation And The Nextgen Bar Open Opportunities For Law Student And Law School Success, Neil Hamilton

The Journal of Law Teaching and Learning

No abstract provided.

So Much More Than Greenacre, Christine Rollins

The Journal of Law Teaching and Learning

No abstract provided.

Thumbtax, Sandra K. Lewis

Tax Adviser

No abstract provided.

Significant Recent Developments Concerning Estate Planning (Part Iii), Cases And Rulings On Other Income Tax Matters, Retained Interests, Employee Benefits And Gift Tax, Byrle M. Abbin, David K. Carlson

Tax Adviser

No abstract provided.

Implementing Preoperative Anxiety Screening To Enhance Patient-Centered Care: A Quality Improvement Initiative, Adam Chaban, Abigail Limary, Amir Ghafarian, Joyce Li, George Mckelvey, Wael Saasouh

Medical Student Research Symposium

Background: Preoperative anxiety affects 40–80% of surgical patients and is associated with poorer perioperative experiences. Despite evidence linking preoperative anxiety to increase postoperative pain, sleep disturbances, morbidity and delayed recovery, structured anxiety assessment is not routinely integrated into outpatient pre-anesthesia workflows. The Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS) is a validated tool that quantifies patient anxiety and information needs. This quality improvement (QI) project aims to implement APAIS screening in a Pre-Anesthesia Testing (PAT) clinic and evaluate its feasibility, workflow integration, and acceptability.

Methods: This QI initiative will be conducted in adult elective surgery patients at the Detroit Medical …

A Decade Analysis At An Academic Hospital Center Of The Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (Tips) Procedure With Intracardiac-Echocardiography (Ice) Guidance., Anointing Onuoha, Sonja Klumpp, Priya Gupta, Riley Draper, Gauthier Dongmo, Peter J. Massa

Medical Student Research Symposium

Title: A decade analysis at an academic hospital center of the Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) procedure with Intracardiac-echocardiography (ICE) guidance.

Authors- Anointing Onuoha, Sonja Klumpp, Priya Gupta MD, Riley Draper MD, Gauthier Dongmo MD, Peter J. Massa MD. 

Background: The TIPS procedure has been well established since 1989 and has undergone developments with the utilization of Intracardiac-echocardiography (ICE) guidance. The aim of the study is to analyze the utilization of ICE for TIPS procedures.

Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted, analyzing all TIPS procedures completed at Henry Ford Hospital from January 2010 to January 2024. TIPS procedures were …

Development And Assessment Of A Low-Fidelity Aortic Cross-Clamping Simulation Model, Abdul Naser Zamzami, Omer Abdullah, Trisha Ray, Lauren Malinzak

Medical Student Research Symposium

Title: Development and Assessment of a Low-Fidelity Aortic Cross-Clamping Simulation Model

Authors: Abdulnaser Zamzami(1), BS; Omer Abdullah(1), BS; Trisha Ray(1), BS; Lauren Malinzak(2), MD

Wayne State School of Medicine(1)

Division of Transplant Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan(2)

Background: Aortic cross-clamping is a high-stakes, technically challenging procedure typically reserved for highly-trained staff, which often excludes resident experience, leaving a crucial training gap for emergency situations. To address this, a mini-curriculum and 3-D hands-on simulation model for supra-celiac and infra-renal clamping were developed.

Methods: Participants, including medical students and up to fourth-year residents, completed pre- and post-surveys as well as hands-on …

Radiomics Analysis Of Deltoid Muscle On Preoperative Shoulder Imaging For Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty, Henry Lee Bs, Christina Hills Bs, Connor Sakis, Humza Bhatti Bs, Arya Sharma, Perra Razoky Md, Prateek Chintalapati Md, Lisa Doan Bs, Adam Alessi Phd, Jared Mahylis Md, Stephanie Muh Md, Chad Klochko Md

Medical Student Research Symposium

Title: Radiomics Analysis of Deltoid Muscle on Preoperative Shoulder Imaging for Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Authors: Henry J. Lee BS, Christina Hill BS, Connor Sakis BS, Humza Bhatti BS, Arya Sharma, Perra Razoky MD, Prateek Chintalapati MD, Lisa Doan BS, Adam Alessio PhD, Jared Mahylis MD, Stephanie Muh MD, Chad Klochko MD

Background: Studies have shown that increased preoperative deltoid volume is associated with improved postoperative outcomes in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA). Radiomics is a field which uses mathematics and machine learning for image analysis. It shows promise as a tool for characterizing the deltoid preoperatively. This study …

Ghastly Growths And Bone Chilling Cases Pediatric Tumor Diagnosis Demystified, Alexander Aly Restum, Arif Musa

Medical Student Research Symposium

Background:

Pediatric skeletal tumors range from benign to malignant and require multimodal imaging for accurate diagnosis. Recognizing key features enables early detection, guides management, identifies underlying syndromes, and improves outcomes. This presentation provides an educational overview of pediatric tumor evaluation.

Methods:
We conducted a focused review of peer-reviewed literature and representative pediatric imaging studies to outline the radiologic characteristics of common benign and malignant bone tumors in children. Core imaging patterns, diagnostic challenges, and modality-specific advantages were synthesized to create a practical interpretive framework for radiologists.

Results:
The reviewed literature and imaging demonstrated consistent defining features across pediatric bone tumors. …

Enhancing Medical Student Readiness To Provide Care For Youth Involved In The Juvenile Justice System, Tara Rahmani, Noah Kos, Kristen Bartow, Sospeter Machani, Jonathan Hakim, Elyse Vanderwoude, Anastasia Sahu, Abigail Schuch, Jennifer Mendez Ph.D, Laura Benjamins Md,Mph, Faap, Aahivms, Anupama Devara, Adeel Khan D.O.

Medical Student Research Symposium

Title

Enhancing Medical Student Readiness to Provide Care for Youth Involved in the Juvenile Justice System

Authors

Tara Rahmani, Noah Kos, Kristen Bartow, Sospeter Machani, Jonathan Hakim, Elyse VanderWoude, Anastasia Sahu, Abigail Schuch, Jennifer Mendez, Ph.D, Laura Benjamins, MD, MPH, Anupama, Devara, MD, Adeel Khan, DO

Background

Youth involved in the juvenile justice system face profound health inequities with higher rates of mental health needs, substance use, and trauma. Despite this, medical students rarely receive preparation to work in correctional health settings. Prior research has shown that youth in detention often exhibit behaviors shaped by past trauma and neglect, which …

Hot Spots: Zonal Cutaneous Functional Unit Analysis Of High-Risk Regions In Pediatric Shoulder/Hip Scald Burns, Christian Hudson-Bradford Md, Alexander J. Kallabat Bs, Candace R. Marquette Ms, Elika Ridelman Phd, Beth Angst Otr/L, Sarah Hackert Dpt, Pt, Justin Klein Md, Christina Shanti Md

Medical Student Research Symposium

Hot Spots: Zonal Cutaneous Functional Unit Analysis of High-Risk Regions in Pediatric Shoulder/Hip Scald Burns

Authors - Christian Hudson-Bradford, MD, Alexander J. Kallabat, BS, Candace R. Marquette, MS, Elika Ridelman, PhD, Beth Angst, OTR/L, Sarah Hackert, DPT, PT, Justin Klein, MD, and Christina Shanti, MD

Introduction

Pediatric scald burns present significant healing challenges. This study utilizes a novel zonal classification of cutaneous functional units (CFUs) of the shoulder and hip to identify anatomical risk factors and patient characteristics associated with poor outcomes, specifically delayed healing (>14 days) and the need for scar management (SM).

Methods

A retrospective review …

The Prevalence And Effects Of Gestational Maternal Allergy: A Narrative Review, Alice Werynski Bs, Kang Chen Phd

Medical Student Research Symposium

Title:

The Prevalence and Effects of Gestational Maternal Allergy: A Narrative Review

Authors:

Alice Werynski B.S, Kang Chen Ph.D

Background:

Maternal allergies are a prevalent yet overlooked category of gestational disease. Pregnancy is characterized by a Th2 dominant immunological environment, and because many allergic diseases also rely on Th2 cytokines and IgE-mediated pathways, allergy during pregnancy may impact symptoms and influence maternal and fetal outcomes.

Methods:

This narrative review summarizes and compares literature on the prevalence of allergic conditions in pregnancy, their immunologic mechanisms, and their effects on maternal health, fetal development, and treatment safety. The search was conducted through …

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Variations And Strategies For Injury Prevention: A Systematic Review, Hana Abdelmeguid, Bamdad Tayyari, Yuvedha Senthil Velan, Michael J. Montalbano Md

Medical Student Research Symposium

Objective

Anatomical variations in the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), namely extra-laryngeal terminal bifurcation and non-recurrent inferior laryngeal nerve, are known risk factors for RLN injury during surgery and represent a considerable jeopardy for iatrogenic damage like vocal cord paralysis. This systematic review aims to identify strategies for protecting RLN during thyroid surgery from nerve damage.

Methods

A search was conducted using EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PUBMED for articles published till February 2023 while strictly adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Subject headings and keywords related to anatomical variations, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and surgical prevention …

Evaluating Normothermic Machine Perfusion For Dcd Liver Transplants: Outcomes, Costs, And Value Implications, Meet S. Patel, Alisha Williams, Kyrillos Ayoub, Noor Kamaladin, Charles S. Day

Medical Student Research Symposium

Background: As liver transplantation expands to include marginal donor organs, technologies such as the TransMedics Organ Care System (OCS) offer the potential to improve graft viability and clinical outcomes. However, limited institution-level evidence exists evaluating the cost-outcomes balance of OCS use in Donation-After-Circulatory-Death (DCD) liver transplantation. This study assesses the clinical, operational, and economic value of OCS implementation within a high-volume transplant center.

Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted of all DCD liver transplants performed at Henry Ford Hospital from January 2021 to April 2024. Outcomes were compared between traditional cold storage (2021; n=23) and OCS perfusion (2023–2024; n=82). …

From Learners To Leaders: A Peer-Led Simulation Program For Anesthesia Procedural Skills Training In Medical Students, Noah S. Kos, Ryan Beyers, Chloe Sutlick, Benjamin Sun, Tochi Mbagwu, Dr. John D. Mitchell Md

Medical Student Research Symposium

Title: From Learners to Leaders: A Peer-Led Simulation Program for Anesthesia Procedural Skills Training in Medical Students

Authors: Noah Kos, Ryan Beyers, Chloe Sutlick, Benjamin Sun, Tochi Mbagwu, John D. Mitchell, M.D.

Background: Procedural skill competency is vital in medical education, but limited faculty availability poses challenges. We implemented a peer-led simulation program teaching peripheral IV insertion (PIV) and endotracheal intubation, with a focus on student leadership.

Methods: Sixteen peer educators, trained by attendings, conducted monthly workshops from July-October 2025. Students practiced at PIV and intubation stations, assessed via validated rubrics (17 items for PIV, 21 for intubation; 5-point scale). …

Vaccine Communication Through A Global And Local Health Lens, Ivan Kyagaba, Sydni B. Rosenfeld, Shridula Kotakondla, Sarah M. Okeke, Maria F. Pacheco Martinez, Muhammed Zahriyeh, Danielle J. Santoyo, Atta Illahi, Jennifer Mendez, Anupama Devara, Michal T. Ruprecht

Medical Student Research Symposium

Background:

Public trust in vaccines has plummeted. Physicians serve as trusted voices in their communities, so they should be trained to communicate vaccine science effectively. Tailored communication training can help medical students develop adaptable skills for diverse clinical situations. Vaccine inaccessibility in conflict-affected regions differs from vaccine hesitancy in the Global North. This study examines the impact of medical communication education on medical students’ understanding of immunization challenges in conflict zones and their readiness to communicate confidently with patients domestically.

Methods:

A medical communication curriculum was modeled on the impact of missed vaccinations in underserved communities. The curriculum included one …

Health Practices And Use Of Traditional Medicine Among Asian Indian Immigrants In The United States: A Pilot Study, Parita Patel, Anil N.F. Aranha

Medical Student Research Symposium

Title: Health Practices and Use of Traditional Medicine Among Asian Indian Immigrants in the United States: A Pilot Study

Authors

Parita Patel, MPH¹; Anil N.F. Aranha, PhD^1,2

Medical Education¹, Internal Medicine², Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan

Abstract

Background and Purpose: Traditional and alternative medicine (TAM), including Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Naturopathy, and home remedies, remains widely used among Asian Indian (AI) immigrants in the United States alongside Western medicine. Cultural familiarity, family influence, and perceived safety shape these practices. This pilot study examined TAM prevalence, patterns, and perceptions among AI immigrants and …

Inter-Class Mentorship Improvements At Wayne Directed By Student Senate, Trevor P. Buck, David Abdelnour, Leah Abdallah, Daniel Molnar, Jason Booza

Medical Student Research Symposium

Background: Incoming medical students at Wayne State SOM often face challenges adapting to the expectations and pace of medical school. To support this transition, the Class of 2028’s Student Senate created M101: Survival Guide, a comprehensive student-authored resource for the incoming Class of 2029.

Objective: This student-driven project aimed to provide a clear and consolidated resource to improve preparedness, reduce early academic stress, and foster smoother integration into medical school and extracurriculars.

Methods: The guide was developed through collaborative input from first-year students, incorporating personal experiences from the full M1 curriculum. Content was organized into sections covering themes such as …

Integrating Consumer-Grade Wearable Data Into Orthopedic Risk Stratification For Amateur Athletes: A Perspective On An Untapped Clinical Tool, Youssef Salama, William Gadbois, Kevin Reck, Scott Yaekle

Medical Student Research Symposium

Background:

Consumer-grade wearables have rapidly expanded beyond fitness tracking, providing continuous physiologic and biomechanical data. Metrics such as heart rate variability (HRV), sleep efficiency, and training load have been validated as markers of both recovery and overtraining. However, orthopedic care has not yet translated these data into clinical use. Given the rising burden of overuse injuries in recreational athletes, wearable-derived information may offer a practical opportunity for early detection and prevention within outpatient settings.

Methods:

A narrative perspective review of literature from 2010–2025 was performed using PubMed. Studies addressing wearable device validity, physiologic correlates of musculoskeletal injury, and training-load modeling …

Comparing Injury Incidence Between Major League Soccer And The English Premier League During The 2024/2025 Season: A Retrospective Cohort Study, William Gadbois, Youssef Salama, Kevin Reck, Scott Mohamed El-Sayed Yaekle

Medical Student Research Symposium

Background

Major League Soccer (MLS) and the English Premier League (EPL) differ substantially in geographic footprint, travel requirements, competition structure, and scheduling. These structural differences may influence player injury risk, yet no study has directly compared injury incidence between the two leagues within the same competitive season. In 2024, MLS introduced a centralized, standardized injury-reporting system that improved transparency and created a unique opportunity for direct comparison with the EPL.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study will analyze all reported time-loss injuries during the 2024 MLS and 2024–25 EPL seasons. Injury data will be collected from publicly available league reports, club …

Characterizing Stiffness Dynamics Of Normal And Malignant Breast Spheroids Using Brillouin Microscopy, Razanne Rafat Zaghloul, Karlin Hilai, Chenjun Shi, Jitao Zhang

Medical Student Research Symposium

Background: Breast cancer progression and metastasis are closely linked to alterations in the mechanical properties of tumor cells and their microenvironment. Softer, more deformable cells are often associated with higher metastatic potential. While atomic force microscopy (AFM) is the current gold standard for mechanical characterization, it is limited to surface measurements and can damage 3D cultures. It remains unclear how the mechanical properties evolve over time in normal versus malignant spheroids. This study utilizes Brillouin light-scattering microscopy, a non-contact and label-free optical technique, to assess stiffness changes in normal and malignant breast epithelial spheroids over time. Understanding these mechanical signatures …

Environmental Mercury Alters Immune Pathways Linked To Autoimmune Risk In Mice Mirroring Humans, Maurgan Lee, Paul Stemmer, Randall Gill, Allen Rosenspire, Anil Aranha, Heather Gibson

Medical Student Research Symposium

Background and Purpose: Mercury is a pervasive environmental contaminant, and human epidemiologic studies have linked chronic low-level exposure to increased autoimmune disease-risk. Dysregulated lymphocyte activation and impaired signaling tolerance are central mechanisms in human autoimmunity. Protein phosphorylation governs lymphocyte differentiation and function, alterations in phosphoproteomic networks may represent a signature of immune disruption. This study evaluates how low dose mercury exposure modifies B and T cell abundance and intracellular signaling patterns in BALB/c and Diversity Outbred (DO) mice.

Methods: BALB/c and DO mice were exposed to low dose HgCl2 in their water for two weeks or provided standard water controls. …

Age-Dependent Physiologic Differences And Predicted Survival In Pediatric Trauma Patients, Christian Hudson-Bradford Md, Laura Elizabeth Sansoterra, Elika Ridelman Phd, Samantha Carranza, Megan Zacarias, Christina Shanti Md

Medical Student Research Symposium

Background:
Pediatric trauma patients exhibit outcomes not fully captured by adult-derived prediction models. This study examined clinical measures associated with predicted survival in this population.

Methods:
A retrospective review was conducted at a level one pediatric trauma center for patients ≤12 years old admitted between July 2015 and October 2024 with major trauma (Injury Severity Score (ISS) >15). A total of 406 eligible cases were categorized by Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) survival probability as preventable (>0.50), possibly preventable (0.25–0.50), or non-preventable (< 0.25). Demographic, physiologic, and management variables were compared using Kruskal–Wallis and chi-square tests with Bonferroni correction.

Results:
Most patients were classified as preventable (83%), followed by possibly preventable (9.8%) and non-preventable …

Comparative Effectiveness Of Liposomal Bupivacaine And Regional Nerve Blocks For Analgesia After Total Knee Arthroplasty, Ahmed Makled, Amir Ghafarian, Jawad Saad, Muhammed Zahriyeh, Muaaz Wajahath, Khaled Saleh

Medical Student Research Symposium

Title: Comparative Effectiveness of Liposomal Bupivacaine and Regional Nerve Blocks for Analgesia After Total Knee Arthroplasty

Introduction: Liposomal bupivacaine (Exparel) has been adopted in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) as a long-acting local anesthetic. However, its comparative effectiveness against standard regional anesthesia techniques, such as femoral or adductor canal block, remains insufficiently defined. This study evaluates postoperative analgesic utilization following TKA among patients receiving Exparel, regional blocks, or no regional intervention, using matched cohorts from a large national dataset.

Methods: Patients who underwent primary TKA between January 1, 2005 and January 1, 2025 were retrospectively identified from a multi-institutional electronic medical …

Real-World Clinical Outcomes Of Robotic-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Propensity-Matched Comparative Study, Hassan Yassine, Amir Ghafarian, Jawad Saad, Abdel Kareem Hilo, Muaaz Wajahath, Khaled Saleh

Medical Student Research Symposium

Background:

Robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty (RA-TKA) is increasingly utilized to improve component alignment and soft-tissue balance, yet its impact on clinically meaningful outcomes in large real-world populations remains uncertain. Although prior studies demonstrate improved radiographic accuracy, whether robotic assistance reduces postoperative complications, opioid utilization, or midterm mechanical failure has not been established at scale.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective, propensity-matched cohort study using the TriNetX US Collaborative Network to identify adults undergoing primary TKA from 2018–2023. Robotic-assisted procedures were defined by CPT 27447 with concurrent robotic navigation codes. Propensity score matching (1:1) was performed to balance demographics and comorbidities, yielding …

Malnutrition At The Time Of Surgery Predicts Increased Morbidity After Distal Femur Fracture Fixation: A Propensity-Matched Analysis, Jawad Saad, Amir Ghafarian, Tyler Forbes, Muaaz Wajath, Noor Saad, Khaled Saleh

Medical Student Research Symposium

Abstract

Background: Distal femur fractures (DFF) are serious injuries most often affecting older adults with multiple medical comorbidities. Malnutrition is known to worsen outcomes in elective orthopedic surgery, but its impact in urgent DFF fixation, where optimization time is limited, remains unclear. This study evaluated whether preoperative malnutrition predicts 90-day morbidity after DFF fixation and whether implant choice influences risk among malnourished patients.

Methods: Adults undergoing operative DFF fixation from 2005–2025 were identified using the TriNetX U.S. Collaborative Network. Malnutrition was defined as serum albumin ≤3.5 g/dL or leukocyte count ≤1.5×10³/µL within one year preoperatively. After 1:1 propensity matching for …

Maternal Cardiovascular Outcomes In Pregnancies Complicated By Pulmonary Hypertension: A Multicenter Cohort Study, Ali Eidy, Aiden Tang, Tarun Bomma, Prit Patel, Asa Smith-Villegas, Ali Awad Md

Medical Student Research Symposium

Title: Maternal Cardiovascular Outcomes in Pregnancies Complicated by Pulmonary Hypertension: A Multicenter Cohort Study

Authors: Ali Eidy, BS, Aiden Tang, BS, Tarun Bomma, BS, Prit Patel, BS, Asa Smith-Villegas, BS, Ali Awad, MD

Background: Routine pregnancies exhibit a considerable amount of cardiovascular strain, which is only amplified when complicated by pulmonary hypertension (PH). Despite advances in PH treatment and therapy, there is limited data that shows the outcomes of PH on maternal cardiovascular health. This study evaluated these risks across a large, diverse cohort to better understand how PH affects maternal hemodynamics and cardiac functions.

Methods: Using the TriNetX Research …

Five-Year Prescription Trends In Anti-Vegf Utilization: A Randomized Sampling Of Real-World Injection Patterns, Sarah Noonan Bs, Batoul Dabajeh Bs, Richard Tuttle Bs, Ahmad Yousef Ba, Mba, Paul Edwards Md, Katherine Jaje Md, Deedra Lapointe Mha, Robert Culmone Cpa, Charles S. Day Md, Mba

Medical Student Research Symposium

Background

Previous studies have demonstrated that bevacizumab (Avastin) achieves comparable visual outcomes to branded agents such as aflibercept (Eylea), ranibizumab (Lucentis), and faricimab (Vabysmo), while offering a substantially lower cost. This study evaluates five-year prescription trends across three cohorts to identify changing utilization patterns. Real-world prescription behaviors enable this analysis to provide insight into clinical decision-making and to highlight opportunities to enhance value-based ophthalmic care.

Methods

A retrospective, descriptive analysis was conducted using electronic medical record data between 2020-2025. Three patient cohorts were identified based on anti-VEGF injection type and sequence:

• Cohort 1: Bevacizumab (Avastin) only

• Cohort 2: Bevacizumab (Avastin) …

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Variation In Baroreceptor Sensitivity Prevents Generalized Anxiety, Alexander Weaver, Jack Summers, Judy Taha, Zachary Miklja, Warren Lockette

Medical Student Research Symposium

VARIATION IN BARORECEPTOR SENSITIVITY PREVENTS GENERALIZED ANXIETY. Alexander Weaver, Jack Summers, Judy Taha, Zak Miklja, Warren Lockette. Division of Endocrinology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.

Key words: anxiety, baroreceptors, cardiovascular disease, PIEZO 1, humans, instantaneous baroreceptor sensitivity

BACKGROUND

We reported ex vivo measurements of PIEZO 1 channel activity in erythrocytes can predict those individuals with high levels of generalized anxiety. Because PIEZO 1 channels are expressed in cardiac baroreceptors, we next tested our hypothesis that contrasts in generalized anxiety in the population could be due to individual differences in PIEZO 1-dependent instantaneous baroreceptor sensitivity.

METHODS

Thirteen …

Economic Perspectives On Medical Training: A Specialty-Level Break-Even Analysis For Wayne Trained Physicians, Michael Niculcea, Joseph Kunnappilly, Isaak Miller, Connor Genschaw, Biola Makinde-Odusola

Medical Student Research Symposium

Title:

Economic Perspectives on Medical Training: A Specialty-Level Break-Even Analysis for Wayne Trained Physicians

Michael Niculcea, Joseph Kunnappilly, Isaak Miller, Connor Genschaw, Biola Makinde-Odusola

Background:

U.S. medical students graduate with high educational debt, yet financial literacy remains overlooked in medical school curricula. Trainees enter residency with a limited understanding of how specialty and loan repayment strategies affect long-term finances. Break-even analysis, which identifies when total revenue exactly offsets total costs, can help students at Wayne State University School of Medicine (WSUSOM) better visualize the factors shaping their financial futures.

Methods:

This analysis assumes 4 years of medical school financed entirely …