Digital Commons Network^™

Studying Factors Of Environmental Injustice And Ways To Achieve Equity, Arham Hussain, Reginald Metellus

Publications and Research

In today's day of age, the biggest concern for current and future generations: the environment. The urban heat island (UHi) with its significant energy, health, and societal impacts is among the major environmental issues in urban regions, especially in historically underserved and socially vulnerable communities (HUSVCs). In the 1930s, the former federal agency, Homeowners' Loan Corporation (H0Lq, created ''Residential Security" maps of major cities, known today as "redlined" areas. These neighborhoods were often designated as "hazardous" due to the high percentages of people of color living there, leading to systematic disinvestment based on race. While the program ended in 1968, …

Natural Language Processing For Disaster Tweets, Akinyemi D. Apampa, Nan Li

Publications and Research

Our goal is to establish an automatic model that identifies which tweets are about natural disasters based on the content of the tweets. Our method is to construct a decision tree based on keyword searching. We will construct the model using 7,645 tweets and test our model on 3,465 tweets as an assessment of the performance.

Hieronymus Bosch's Dismantled Triptych And The 'Devotio Moderna', Mary E. Tippett

Institute for the Humanities Theses

Flemish painter Jeroen van Aken, better known as Hieronymus Bosch, created a triptych depicting the folly of humanity. This dismantled triptych includes the Ship of Fools, the Allegory of Intemperance, the Death of the Miser, and the Rotterdam Wayfarer, completed between 1500 and 1510. Throughout his career, Bosch explored a peculiar take on the traditional forms of wellknown religious motifs throughout Renaissance Europe by populating his scenes with fantastical creatures and monsters. Scholars have long since suggested that these forms were inspired by illuminated manuscripts. However, scholars provided no explanation as to why these texts drew …

Invisibly Inked: An Intersectional Analysis Of Tattooed Female Arrest Patterns, Jocelyn N. Camacho

Sociology & Criminal Justice Theses & Dissertations

This project fills a gap in the literature of law enforcement response to a visible tattoo on a racialized female arrestee. With the increase in popularity of tattoos and their inherited status as a proxy for deviance, the entanglement of both racialized female bodies and symbols of deviance at the place of entry into the criminal justice system is significant. The racialized female body does not move without carrying the history of violence and inequality on it. As such, the entry of female bodies of Color into the criminal justice system is a time where capturing their experience is critical. …

Rite Of Identity, Youmee Lee

Theses

Rite of Identity, a graduate thesis film, is a 2D animated visual poem of deaf children’s experiences. The film follows the protagonist’s journey in navigating a visual realm and a black-and-white realm, which represent the deaf world and the hearing world. Childhood experiences of struggling to assimilate into mainstream society are conveyed through the protagonist in the black-and-white realm. The purpose of the film is to encourage the viewers to think about what it is like for a child to be underestimated and to struggle with a soundscape that is not perceived naturally in the realm. Deaf children have a …

Balanced Ar Glasses System Between Text And Image Information Helps People Get A Better Reading Skill, Libo Jiang

Theses

Nowadays, people prefer browsing images and videos on their phones rather than reading a book (Thain 2018). Even if they decide to read something, they are still heavily distracted by electronic devices. In my thesis, I’m trying to balance the visual and text information and help people to stay more focused while reading. My solution: Focus is an AR glasses system that recognizes the contents users are viewing and records users’ reading and image browsing time. And users have to earn image/video time by reading the text. The glasses block images/videos if they run out of image time.

Natural 2d Layered Mineral Cannizzarite With Anisotropic Optical Responses, Arindam Dasgupta, Xiaodong Yang, Jie Gao

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Cannizzarite is a naturally occurring mineral formed by van der Waals (vdW) stacking of alternating layers of PbS-like and Bi2S3-like two-dimensional (2D) materials. Although the PbS-type and Bi2S3-type 2D material layers are structurally isotropic individually, the forced commensuration between these two types of layers while forming the heterostructure of cannizzarite induces strong structural anisotropy. Here we demonstrate the mechanical exfoliation of natural cannizzarite mineral to obtain thin vdW heterostructures of PbS-type and Bi2S3-type atomic layers. The structural anisotropy induced anisotropic optical properties of thin cannizzarite flakes are explored through angle-resolved polarized Raman scattering, linear dichroism, and polarization-dependent anisotropic third-harmonic generation. …

Counselor Perceived Competence Diagnosing Disorders From Dsm-5 Diagnostic Categories Survey Results And The Development And Validation Of Scores On The Diagnostic Self-Efficacy Scale, Erin Elizabeth Woods

Counseling & Human Services Theses & Dissertations

This dissertation focused on the diagnostic self-efficacy of mental health counselors. The diagnosis of mental health disorders serves a wide array of functions in the counseling field including communication, treatment planning, and third-party reimbursement. Self-efficacy, or one’s belief in their own ability to accomplish a task, is considered a factor in successful task completion. The literature lacked information about which mental health disorders counselors are most confident diagnosing and an instrument which measured the self-efficacy of counselors specific to the diagnostic process. The MEASURE approach was employed to create the Diagnostic Self-Efficacy Scale and validate scores on this instrument with …

Centering Community College Students' Experiences: A Multiple Methods Study Of Multiple Measures For Writing Placement, Nicole L. Hancock

English Theses & Dissertations

Community colleges are trying to reform their placement procedures from use of a single placement test score to a system that collects multiple measures to be used either as a replacement solitary measure or in conjunction with other measures for more accurate placement into writing courses than what occurred with the placement test, which often resulted in disparate impact for students of color. In this study of multiple measures placement assessment for writing courses, I critique several large studies of community college multiple measures assessment for the lack of a community college perspective. The studies largely supported use of high …

Navy Blues: Between Waves And Warriors, Reinetta A. Vaneendenburg

English Theses & Dissertations

Personal narrative, segments of oral histories, and short prose poetry combine to reflect the experience of contemporary women line officers in the U.S. Navy. I drew from my thirty-plus years of naval service as well as oral interviews that I have collected to depict this significant transitional period for women, whose roles expanded from clerks and fleet support administrators to trained warriors and watch standers, ready for the next mission. Themes such as personal identity, sexuality, and social pressures combine to form a portrait of adventuresome and talented young women who did, indeed, persist, and persevere.

Creating More Equitable Opportunities In Early Childhood By Highlighting Parent Voice: A Qualitative Case Study, Julie Dawn Sill

Teaching & Learning Theses & Dissertations

This qualitative, single embedded case study, framed on Bioecological Systems Theory, Adult Learning Theory, and a Family-Systems Intervention Model investigates the reasons parents and caregivers of young children enroll in and complete parent education classes during the birth to three-year period, as well as the supports that may contribute to positive early parent-child communication or the barriers that may prevent these interactions from occurring (Bronfenbrenner, 2005; Dunst & Trivette, 2009; Knowles et al., 2020). Convenience sampling was used to recruit adult participants from a community organization in the Southeastern USA whose mission was to improve the school readiness of its …

Natural History Of Discourse Of Missouri House Bill 1042: Bringing A Critical Perspective To Policy Engagement In Two-Year Contexts, Mary Casey Reid

English Theses & Dissertations

In this autoethnographically-infused natural history of discourse (NHD) (Silverstein and Urban, 1996; Slembrouck, 2001), I use methods from critical discourse studies (CDS) to trace 10 years of changes in “remediation” discourses within a corpus of texts associated with Missouri HB 1042, a piece of legislation passed in 2012 that requires higher education institutions to “replicate best practices in remediation” (CBHE, 2013). After providing national and state context related to HB 1042 and the discourses circulating within the HB 1042 corpus of texts, I describe what I call the “higher ed’s remediation problem” discourse, focusing on three discourse features that I …

Metabolome And Microbiome Multi-Omics Integration From A Murine Lung Inflammation Model Of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, Ahmed El Saie, Chenlian Fu, Sandra L Grimm, Matthew J Robertson, Kristi Hoffman, Vasanta Putluri, Chandra Shekar R Ambati, Nagireddy Putluri, Binoy Shivanna, Cristian Coarfa, Mohan Pammi

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

BACKGROUND: Respiratory tract microbial dysbiosis can exacerbate inflammation and conversely inflammation may cause dysbiosis. Dysbiotic microbiome metabolites may lead to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Hyperoxia and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) interaction alters lung microbiome and metabolome, mediating BPD lung injury sequence.

METHODS: C57BL6/J mice were exposed to 21% (normoxia) or 70% (hyperoxia) oxygen during postnatal days (PND) 1-14. Pups were injected with LPS (6 mg/kg) or equal PBS volume, intraperitoneally on PND 3, 5, and 7. At PND14, the lungs were collected for microbiome and metabolomic analyses (n = 5/group).

RESULTS: Microbiome alpha and beta diversity were similar between groups. Metabolic changes included …

Analysis Of Genome-Wide Knockout Mouse Database Identifies Candidate Ciliopathy Genes, Kendall Higgins, Bret A Moore, Zorana Berberovic, Hibret A Adissu, Mohammad Eskandarian, Ann M Flenniken, Andy Shao, Denise M Imai, Dave Clary, Louise Lanoue, Susan Newbigging, Lauryl M J Nutter, David J Adams, Fatima Bosch, Robert E Braun, Steve D M Brown, Mary E Dickinson, Michael Dobbie, Paul Flicek, Xiang Gao, Sanjeev Galande, Anne Grobler, Jason D Heaney, Yann Herault, Martin Hrabe De Angelis, Hsian-Jean Genie Chin, Fabio Mammano, Chuan Qin, Toshihiko Shiroishi, Radislav Sedlacek, J-K Seong, Ying Xu, Impc Consortium, K C Kent Lloyd, Colin Mckerlie, Ala Moshiri

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

We searched a database of single-gene knockout (KO) mice produced by the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC) to identify candidate ciliopathy genes. We first screened for phenotypes in mouse lines with both ocular and renal or reproductive trait abnormalities. The STRING protein interaction tool was used to identify interactions between known cilia gene products and those encoded by the genes in individual knockout mouse strains in order to generate a list of "candidate ciliopathy genes." From this list, 32 genes encoded proteins predicted to interact with known ciliopathy proteins. Of these, 25 had no previously described roles in ciliary pathobiology. …

Simultaneous Use Of Endobronchial And Endoscopic Ultrasound Guidance As Primary Tools In The Diagnosis Of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma, Babith Mankidy, Jordan Sparkman, Shreyes Boddu, Quillann Huang, Munish Sharma

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is related to exposure to asbestos. It is insidious in nature and is generally diagnosed at an advanced stage. MPM is aggressive and portends a poor prognosis. Definitive diagnosis is usually established by obtaining pathological samples of the pleura by medical or surgical thoracoscopy. However, these procedures are invasive and carry a risk of seeding of biopsy sites with tumors. We herein report an infrequently encountered case of simultaneous use of endobronchial ultrasound and endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsy of malignant pleural mesothelioma in a 48-year-old female patient.

Cancer Evaluations During The Covid-19 Pandemic: An Observational Study Using National Veterans Affairs Data, Ashley N D Meyer, Hardeep Singh, Andrew J Zimolzak, Li Wei, Debra T Choi, Abigail D Marinez, Daniel R Murphy

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

INTRODUCTION: Fewer cancer diagnoses have been made during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pandemic-related delays in cancer diagnosis could occur from limited access to care or patient evaluation delays (e.g., delayed testing after abnormal results). Follow-up of abnormal test results warranting evaluation for cancer was examined before and during the pandemic.

METHODS: Electronic trigger algorithms were applied to the Department of Veterans Affairs electronic health record data to assess follow-up of abnormal test results before (March 10, 2019-March 7, 2020) and during (March 8, 2020-March 6, 2021) the pandemic.

RESULTS: Electronic triggers were applied to 8,021,406 veterans' electronic health records to identify …

Factors Predicting Family And Consumer Sciences Teachers' Levels Of Self-Efficacy In Stem Education, Charlene Wirfel Smith

STEMPS Theses & Dissertations

Education in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) has become widely promoted in recent years. Quality STEM education could maintain or increase the number of individuals preparing for careers in these fields and increase STEM literacy for the population. Family and Consumer Sciences (FCS) education has always used science to improve home life while reinforcing technology, engineering, and mathematics principles through hands on, relevant learning activities in the classroom. However, it is not usually recognized as a STEM subject. The purpose of this study was to determine what factors may affect FCS teachers’ level of self-efficacy in teaching STEM education …

Case Study Of A District-University Partnership: Developing Culturally Responsive Educators In A Rural Setting, Trenice Shauntel Durio

Educational Leadership & Workforce Development Theses & Dissertations

Using a theoretical framework of critical race theory and conceptual frameworks of cultural education, this study explores the intersection of district-university partnerships and culturally responsive education. The purpose of this mixed methods case study was to examine the formulation and outcomes of a district-university partnership established to offer a college level course focused on anti-discrimination, equity and inclusion, and social justice in schools. Using survey data, I explored the relationship between participation in the course and the participants’ self-reflection in the areas of empathic concern and perspective taking, preparation for culturally responsive teaching and equitable practices, and comfortability with discussions …

Family Writer's Workshop: A Case Study, Alisa Innes

Teaching & Learning Theses & Dissertations

Today’s students need to be prepared for a successful future in our competitive world. Families and educators need to work together to provide children with a comprehensive literacy foundation. Currently, there are many school-based and community-based family literacy programs that are being implemented. While these programs are successful, they are missing a crucial component: writing intervention. Writing is a skill that our students will need for higher education and future careers.

The problem for this study was that research is lacking in regards to ways to assist parents who are interested in working on writing with their child outside of …

An Acute Sense Of Place: The Songs Of Norman Blake, Thomas Jutz

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

American flat-picking guitarist, singer and songwriter Norman Blake holds legendary status among guitar players, bluegrass, and folk musicians.

The aim of this research is to analyze the interaction of sense of place in Norman Blake’s songwriting. This research will explore the techniques Blake uses to create that acute sense of place. Elements of literary criticism, cultural geography, ethnomusicology, and sense of place studies, as well as historical background information on Northern Alabama and North Georgia will be employed to show how this particular region of Southeastern Appalachia has informed Blake’s songwriting.

The research questions that I aim to answer are …

Opinion Mining Of Bird Preference In Wildlife Parks, Isiwat Adenopo

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Opinion Mining is becoming the fastest growing area to extract useful and insightful information to support decision making. In the age of social media, user’s opinions and discussions have become a highly valuable source to look for users preferences, likes, and dislikes.

The industry of wildlife parks (or zoos) is a competitive domain that requires careful analysis of visitor’s opinions to understand and cater for their preferences when it comes to wildlife. In this thesis, an opinion mining approach was proposed and applied on textual posts on the social media platform, Twitter, to extract the popularity, polarity (sentiment), and emotions …

“It’S About The Two Selves”: Experiences In Code-Switching Between Home And Academic Environments, Travis Wolven

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This qualitative research study is an exploration of how college students navigate code-switching between their home and academic environments. Data were collected from five participants using interview and small group methods. Through the lenses of Coordinated Management of Meaning (CMM) and Memorable Messages (MM) frameworks, the researcher explores how key MMs affect how participants coordinate and manage meaning in communications with others in their home and college environments. Findings were fourfold: 1) participants chose between following established and creating new rules when code-switching; 2) participants shared experiences and strategies regarding knowing when and how to code-switch; 3) preparing audiences for …

Association Between Cause Of Kidney Failure And Fracture Incidence In A National Us Dialysis Population Cohort Study, Susan Ziolkowski, Sai Liu, Maria E Montez-Rath, Michelle Denburg, Wolfgang C Winkelmayer, Glenn M Chertow, Michelle M O'Shaughnessy

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background: Bradycardia and asystole events are common among patients treated with maintenance hemodialysis. However, triggers of these events in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HD), particularly during the long interdialytic period when these events cluster, are uncertain.

Methods: The Monitoring in Dialysis Study (MiD) enrolled 66 patients on maintenance HD who were implanted with loop recorders and followed for 6 months. We analyzed associations of predialysis laboratory values with clinically significant bradyarrhythmia or asystole (CSBA) during the 12 hours before an HD session. Associations with CSBA were analyzed with mixed-effect models. Adjusted negative binomial mixed-effect regression was used to estimate incidence …

Assessment Of Donor Quality And Risk Of Graft Failure After Liver Transplantation: The Id2eal Score, Sumeet K Asrani, Giovanna Saracino, Anji Wall, James F Trotter, Giuliano Testa, Ruben Hernaez, Pratima Sharma, Allison Kwong, Srikanta Banerjee, Gregory Mckenna

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Accurate assessment of donor quality at the time of organ offer for liver transplantation candidates may be inadequately captured by the donor risk index (DRI). We sought to develop and validate a novel objective and simple model to assess donor risk using donor level variables available at the time of organ offer. We utilized national data from candidates undergoing primary LT (2013-2019) and assessed the prediction of graft failure 1 year after LT. The final components were donor Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Donor type (DCD or DBD), cause of Death = CVA, serum creatinine, Age, height, and weight (length). The ID

Experiences Of Latinx Immigrant Parents Of Children With Developmental Disabilities In The Iep Process, Claudia Montoya, Carly Gilson, Valeria Yllades

Psychological Science Faculty Publications

Given the growing proportion of students receiving special education services who are culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD), there is a critical need to understand the experiences of Latinx immigrant parents of children with disabilities. This qualitative study sought to understand the perspectives of nine Latinx immigrant parents of children with developmental disabilities regarding their child's individualized education program (IEP). We conducted semi-structured interviews and analyzed the data using a general inductive approach and constant comparison analysis. Seven themes emerged: (a) parents' insecurity of knowledge, (b) difficult terminology , (c) confusion with the IEP process, (d) discrimination or misconceptions, (e) language …

Baseline Microperimetry And Oct In The Rush2a Study: Structure-Function Association And Correlation With Disease Severity, Eleonora M Lad, Jacque L Duncan, Wendi Liang, Maureen G Maguire, Allison R Ayala, Isabelle Audo, David G Birch, Joseph Carroll, Janet K Cheetham, Todd A Durham, Abigail T Fahim, Jessica Loo, Zengtian Deng, Dibyendu Mukherjee, Elise Heon, Robert B Hufnagel, Bin Guan, Alessandro Iannaccone, Glenn J Jaffe, Christine N Kay, Michel Michaelides, Mark E Pennesi, Ajoy Vincent, Christina Y Weng, Sina Farsiu

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

PURPOSE: To investigate baseline mesopic microperimetry (MP) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the Rate of Progression in USH2A-related Retinal Degeneration (RUSH2A) study.

DESIGN: Natural history study METHODS: Setting: 16 clinical sites in Europe and North AmericaStudy Population: Participants with Usher syndrome type 2 (USH2) (N = 80) or autosomal recessive nonsyndromic RP (ARRP) (N = 47) associated with biallelic disease-causing sequence variants in USH2AObservation Procedures: General linear models were used to assess characteristics including disease duration, MP mean sensitivity and OCT intact ellipsoid zone (EZ) area. The associations between mean sensitivity and EZ area with other measures, …

Design Of The Remedē System Therapy (Rēst) Study: A Prospective Non-Randomized Post-Market Study Collecting Clinical Data On Safety And Effectiveness Of The Remedē System For The Treatment Of Central Sleep Apnea, Lee R Goldberg, Henrik Fox, Christoph Stellbrink, Biykem Bozkurt, John P Boehmer, Jorge I Mora, Rahul Doshi, Timothy I Morgenthaler, Wayne C Levy, Timothy E Meyer, Scott W Mckane, Robin Germany, Remedē System Therapy Study Group

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background: Central sleep apnea (CSA) is a disorder defined by lack of respiratory drive from the brain stem on breathing efforts. There is a lack of established therapies for CSA and most available therapies are limited by poor patient adherence, limited randomized controlled studies, and potentially adverse cardiovascular effects. The remedē System (ZOLL Respicardia, Inc., Minnetonka, Minnesota) uses transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation to stimulate the diaphragm, thereby restoring a more normal breathing pattern throughout the sleep period.

Methods: The remedē System Therapy (rēST) Study is a prospective non-randomized multicenter international study evaluating long-term safety and effectiveness of the remedē System …

Study Of The Roles Of Cytochrome P450 (Cyps) In The Metabolism And Cytotoxicity Of Perhexiline, Zhen Ren, Si Chen, Xuan Qin, Feng Li, Lei Guo

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Perhexiline is a prophylactic antianginal agent developed in the 1970s. Although, therapeutically, it remained a success, the concerns of its severe adverse effects including hepatotoxicity caused the restricted use of the drug, and eventually its withdrawal from the market in multiple countries. In the clinical setting, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 is considered as a possible risk factor for the adverse effects of perhexiline. However, the role of CYP-mediated metabolism in the toxicity of perhexiline, particularly in the intact cells, remains unclear. Using our previously established HepG2 cell lines that individually express 14 CYPs (1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, …

A Recurrent Single-Exon Deletion In Tbck Might Be Under-Recognized In Patients With Infantile Hypotonia And Psychomotor Delay, Hongzheng Dai, Wenmiao Zhu, Bo Yuan, Nicole Walley, Kelly Schoch, Yong-Hui Jiang, John A Phillips, Melissa S Jones, Pengfei Liu, David R Murdock, Lindsay C Burrage, Brendan Lee, Jill A Rosenfeld, Rui Xiao

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Advanced bioinformatics algorithms allow detection of multiple-exon copy-number variations (CNVs) from exome sequencing (ES) data, while detection of single-exon CNVs remains challenging. A retrospective review of Baylor Genetics' clinical ES patient cohort identified four individuals with homozygous single-exon deletions of TBCK (exon 23, NM_001163435.2), a gene associated with an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental phenotype. To evaluate the prevalence of this deletion and its contribution to disease, we retrospectively analyzed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array data for 8194 individuals undergoing ES, followed by PCR confirmation and RT-PCR on individuals carrying homozygous or heterozygous exon 23 TBCK deletions. A fifth individual was diagnosed …

Growth Parameters In Children With Achondroplasia: A 7-Year, Prospective, Multinational, Observational Study, Ravi Savarirayan, Melita Irving, Paul Harmatz, Borja Delgado, William R Wilcox, John Philips, Natalie Owen, Carlos A Bacino, Louise Tofts, Joel Charrow, Lynda E Polgreen, Julie Hoover-Fong, Paul Arundel, Ignacio Ginebreda, Howard M Saal, Donald Basel, Rosendo Ullot Font, Keiichi Ozono, Michael B Bober, Valerie Cormier-Daire, Kim-Hanh Le Quan Sang, Genevieve Baujat, Yasemin Alanay, Frank Rutsch, Daniel Hoernschemeyer, Klaus Mohnike, Hiroshi Mochizuki, Asako Tajima, Yumiko Kotani, David D Weaver, Klane K White, Clare Army, Kevin Larrimore, Keith Gregg, George Jeha, Claire Milligan, Elena Fisheleva, Alice Huntsman-Labed, Jonathan Day

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Purpose: This study was undertaken to collect baseline growth parameters in children with achondroplasia who might enroll in interventional trials of vosoritide, and to establish a historical control.

Methods: In this prospective, observational study, participants (≤17 years) underwent a detailed medical history and physical examination and were followed every 3 months until they finished participating in the study by enrolling in an interventional trial or withdrawing.

Results: A total of 363 children were enrolled (28 centers, 8 countries). Mean (SD) follow up was 20.4 (15.0) months. In participants < 1 year, mean annualized growth velocity (AGV) was 11.6 cm/year for girls and 14.6 cm/year for boys. By age 1 year, mean AGV decreased to 7.4 cm/year in girls and 7.1 cm/year in boys. By age 10 years, mean AGV decreased to 3.6 cm/year for both sexes. Mean height z-score in participants < 1 year was -2.5 for girls and -3.2 for boys and decreased up to the age 5 years (-5.3 for girls; -4.6 for boys). Girls and boys had a disproportionate upper-to-lower body segment ratio. Mean ratio was highest in participants aged < 1 year (2.9 for girls; 2.8 for boys) and decreased gradually to approximately 2 in both sexes from 4 years of age onward.

Conclusion: This study represents one of the largest datasets of prospectively collected …