Digital Commons Network^™

Beyond The Chart: Clinical Decisions That Protect Patients, Stephanie Bell Kelsey, Rhea May Brasi, Carlisa Caso, Tida Chitmongran, Kieaira Cooksey, Erika Ferrell, Jacqueline Franke, Aizel Joyce Garrido, Lidia Geberslassie, Laurie Gillmore, Theo Hipos, Mindi Johnson, Heimy Jun, Robin Kanaan, Jiahui Li, Alexis Mangubat, Katia Marcu, Sara Mccarthy, Adithya Nath, Brenda Orozco, Maria Papageorge, Elizabeth Ruckman, Debbie Salcido, Aleczandrea Schmelzle, Vivian Stark, Kara Traynor

Nursing 711 Class Projects

The cases in this collection were written by graduate nursing students enrolled in the Master of Nursing program at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas School of Nursing. Each author drew from their own clinical experience to illustrate how structured reasoning shapes patient care at the bedside and beyond. Their willingness to reflect honestly on moments of uncertainty, advocacy, and judgment — and to share those reflections with students who are still developing their own — is the foundation of this work. This collection exists because of their generosity.

The Experience Of Using Ai In An Undergraduate Evidence-Based Practice And Nursing Research Course, Christa E. Hartch

General Submissions: Academic Settings and Education-based Materials

As part of a university-wide, interdisciplinary initiative, faculty in our small, private liberal arts university have been engaged in a months-long Faculty Learning Community (FLC) exploring the use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools. Attending weekly online seminars throughout the Fall 2025 and Spring 2026 semesters presented by the Council of Independent Colleges, participating faculty, from undergraduate, masters, and doctoral programs across disciplines were asked to implement the use of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) into course assignments. GAI is defined as any type of AI that uses deep learning models to generate or create new content (Bowen & Watson, 2024). A …

Anxiety, Cognitive Load, And Simulation Effectiveness In Pre-Licensure Bsn Students, Brittany Behrens

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

High-fidelity simulation experiences are an integral component of pre-licensure nursing curricula, providing students with realistic, controlled environments to develop clinical judgement skills. While these simulations enhance learning, they can increase anxiety and cognitive load, potentially impairing students’ ability to process information and derive meaningful outcomes. The purpose of this quantitative, correlational study was to examine the relationships among pre-simulation anxiety, cognitive load, and perceived simulation effectiveness in pre-licensure BSN students. Data were collected from 90 participants using the shortened Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Cognitive Load Measurement–Naïve Rating Questionnaire, and the Simulation Effectiveness Tool–Modified (SET-M). Pearson correlation analyses indicated …

Arid: Agglomerative Regionalization Via Information Divergence, A Novel Clustering Algorithm For Geo-Spatial Data, Joshua David Sills

Dissertations and Theses

Regionalization is a clustering problem that seeks to partition geospatial data into geographically contiguous regions while remaining internally homogeneous in their attributes. It has been successfully applied towards the development of urban planning, natural resource discovery, and ecological analysis. Existing popular approaches optimize homogeneity using Euclidean or variance-based criteria, which ignore distributional differences such as variance shifts, multimodality, and higher-order dependence. This thesis introduces ARID (Agglomerative Regionalization via Information Divergence), a spatially constrained agglomerative clustering framework that replaces distance-based merging with an information-theoretic, Ward-like criterion that utilizes the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence. ARID constructs a neighborhood graph from coordinate space and …

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation As An Adjuvant For Nonfluent Aphasia: A Proof-Of-Concept Study, Lynsey M. Keator, Lisa Johnson, Roger Newman-Norlund, Kyler Spell, Samaneh Nemati, Leigh Ann Spell, Dirk B. Den Ouden, Christopher Rorden, Julius Fridriksson

Communication Sciences and Disorders Faculty Articles and Research

Effective rehabilitation tools are essential for improving language outcomes in chronic aphasia. Speech entrainment is a behavioral treatment that has shown promise in enhancing speech output in nonfluent aphasia, potentially by acting as an external mechanism to synchronize anterior and posterior language regions in the left hemisphere. Transcranial alternating current stimulation has been hypothesized to enhance functional connectivity between brain regions by amplifying endogenous oscillations. This proof-of-concept study explored whether high-definition tACS (HD-tACS) could improve speech fluency in nonfluent aphasia when paired with speech entrainment. In a double-blind, pseudorandomized study, 1 mA of HD-tACS at 7 Hz was applied to …

Language Development In Military-Affiliated Children: The Role Of Parental Absence, Jenna K. Walton

Morehead State Theses and Dissertations

A capstone submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in the Ernst and Sara Lane Volgenau College of Education at Morehead State University by Jenna K. Walton on March 23, 2026.

Dietary Inflammatory Index And Objective Disease Activity In Ibd: No Association Found, Rúbia Moresi Vianna De Oliveira, Ana Carolina Junqueira Vasques, Stefhani Andrioli Romero, Nitin Shivappa Mbbs, Mph, Ph.D., Michael David Wirth, James Hébert Scd, Glaucia Fernanda Soares Ruppert Reis, Cristiane Kibune Nagasako

Faculty Publications

Background

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) involves genetic and environmental factors, but the relationship between disease activity, adiposity, and diet remains unclear.

Objective

To investigate the association between endoscopic/radiological activity of IBD, body adiposity, and the Dietary Inflammatory Index with or without adjustment for energy density (E-DII or DII).

Method

An observational, cross-sectional study was carried out. Endoscopic activity was defined by an endoscopic Mayo score >2, Crohn’s Disease Endoscopic Index of Severity (CDEIS) > 5, and/or the presence of a deep ulcer in any intestinal segment. Body adiposity was estimated using the body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio (WHR). …

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation As An Adjuvant For Nonfluent Aphasia: A Proof-Of-Concept Study, Lynsey M. Keator, Lisa Johnson, Roger Newman-Norlund Ph.D., Kyler Spell, Samaneh Nemati, Leigh Ann Spell, Dirk B. Den Ouden, Chris Rorden, Julius Fridriksson Ph.D.

Faculty Publications

Effective rehabilitation tools are essential for improving language outcomes in chronic aphasia. Speech entrainment is a behavioral treatment that has shown promise in enhancing speech output in nonfluent aphasia, potentially by acting as an external mechanism to synchronize anterior and posterior language regions in the left hemisphere. Transcranial alternating current stimulation has been hypothesized to enhance functional connectivity between brain regions by amplifying endogenous oscillations. This proof-of-concept study explored whether high-definition tACS (HD-tACS) could improve speech fluency in nonfluent aphasia when paired with speech entrainment. In a double-blind, pseudorandomized study, 1 mA of HD-tACS at 7 Hz was applied to …

Law School News: From Textbooks To Truth: A Civil Rights Journey 3-23-2026, Naomi Zhang

Life of the Law School (1993- )

No abstract provided.

Γδ T Cells At The Interface Of Innate And Adaptive Immunity In Cancer, Arnau Solé Casaramona, Martin F Bachmann, Eva Sevick-Muraca, Mona O Mohsen

The Brown Foundation: Institute of Molecular Medicine

γδ T cells are unconventional lymphocytes that bridge innate and adaptive immunity by combining recognition of stress-induced ligands independently of classical major histocompatibility complex molecules with the capacity to undergo clonal expansion and long-term adaptation. Their unusual ability to detect malignant transformation using semi-invariant T-cell receptors, butyrophilin recognition and natural killer-like receptors positions them as powerful effector cells in tumors that evade classical immune escape mechanisms. Furthermore, distinct γδ subsets have distinct phenotyping and specific tissue-residencies, which could be leveraged to modulate immunological responses. We evaluate engineered therapies and different experimental platforms for studying γδ T cell biology. We conclude …

Proportion Of Uti And Associated Risk Factors Among Young Female Medical Students In The Age Group 17-25 Years In An Educational Institution In South Kerala, Maria Thomas Tressa, Prasanand S, Ajas Sn

Muthanna Medical Journal

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the second most common infection in women and frequently recur in young hostel-dwelling females. This study aims to estimate the Proportion of UTI and identify associated behavioural and hygiene-related risk factors among female medical students aged 17–25 years. Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional analytical study was conducted from August to October 2024 at Dr. Somervell Memorial C.S.I. Medical College, Karakonam. Sample size of 139 was calculated using Proportion of 40.8% with 8% precision. All eligible female students were included after written informed consent. A pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire was used. Data were analysed using …

Circulating Levels Of Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (Igf-I) And Risk Of Multiple Myeloma: An Observational And Mendelian Randomisation Study, Yolanda Benavente, Sara Hermosa, Nikos Papadimitriou, Alyssa I. Clay-Gilmour Ph.D., Elizabeth E. Brown, Jonathan N. Hofmann, Nathaniel Rothman, Qin Lan, Sonja I. Berndt, Demetrius Albanes, Mark Purdue, Mitchell J. Machiela, Stephen J. Chanock, Parveen Bhatti, Wendy Cozen, Aaron Norman, Susan L. Slager, James R. Cerhan, Vincent Rajkumar, Et. Al.

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Bauer V. Beamon: Clothing Equitable Rescission’S Flexible Nature In A Rigid Straitjacket, Hunter Canfield

Arkansas Law Notes

Fraudulent deals, shady contracts, and questionable transactions occur daily. But when the truth is not disclosed and deceit seeps into the heart of a transaction, is there recourse for those affected? Historically, courts of equity have provided remedies where legal relief often fails. For instance, consider a home buyer who, after closing, discovers previously undisclosed toxic mold or structural defects that compromise the property’s habitability. Monetary damages alone may not truly restore the home buyer—especially if the property’s condition is so severe that the buyer would never have purchased the home had the truth been disclosed. In precisely these situations, …

Tlr3 Mediated Type I Interferon Response In Mammalian Cell Defense Against Cryptosporidium Parvum Infection., Anjelica Matias

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Cryptosporidium parvum is a major cause of a diarrheal disease which affects many children in the USA as well as the rest of the world, yet the contribution of its double stranded RNA (dsRNA) viral symbiont, Cryspovirus (CSpV1) to host innate immunity remains unclear. This study investigated whether CSpV1 activates Toll Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) signaling pathways and downstream Interferon type I (IFN I) responses in mammalian intestinal epithelial cells. Confluent Human Ileocecal Colorectal Adenocarcinoma cells (HCT8) were exposed to CSpV1, and the expression levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Factor 3 (TRAF3), Nuclear Factor-𝜅-light chain enhancer of activated B-cells …

Gli Weekly, March 23, 2026, Franke Global Leadership Initiative

GLI Weekly

The Big Give -- Become an Ambassador -- Advising Information -- BTC Scholarship Workshops -- Beyond the Classroom Experience Planning -- Wild Stories: Wilderness, Policy, Packing, & Writing -- UM Global Career Accelerator -- EF Global Challenge -- Baby Food & Supply Drive -- K(no)w Fear -- Volunteer for the GLI -- GLI Volunteer: Bike Repair & EmPower Pack -- Project Community Connect -- BioBlitz at Traveler's Rest -- Animal Wonders Volunteer Day -- VolunteerUM -- TESOL Certificate Program -- Cliff Edwards Lecture Series: The Impending Death of Democracy, the Constitution and the Rule of Law -- The Global Engagement …

Associations Between Reported Use Of Nutritional Labels And Calorie Intake In Us Adults: Findings From Nhanes 2017–2020, Ariana M. Chao, Nancy Greene, Alexandra Paul, Paule V. Joseph

College of Nursing Faculty Papers & Presentations

Objective: Caloric information is commonly displayed on nutritional fact labels and food menus. Yet evidence is limited on whether label use is associated with a reduced-calorie diet. This study examined the associations between the use of caloric information on nutritional facts and menu labels and daily caloric intake. Methods: We used data from adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017–2020 to conduct a cross-sectional study. Calorie label use on nutritional labels and menus was assessed using the Flexible Consumer Behavior Survey telephone interview. Caloric intake was evaluated using the mean of two 24-h diet recalls implemented …

Assessment Of Early Breast Cancer Response To Chemotherapy With Ultrasound Radiomics, Swapnil Dolui, Basak Dogan, Corinne Wessner, Jessica Porembka, Priscilla Machado, Bersu Ozcan, Nisha Unni, Maysa Abu-Khalaf, Flemming Forsberg, Kibo Nam, Kenneth Hoyt

Department of Medical Oncology Faculty Papers

Objective: This prospective study investigated the use of H-scan ultrasound (US) imaging as a novel component of a multiparametric radiomic analysis framework for characterizing human breast cancer response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) before and early after treatment initiation. Methods: Thirty breast cancer patients scheduled for NAC were scanned using a clinical US system (Logiq E9, GE HealthCare) equipped with a 9L-D linear array transducer. Radiofrequency (RF) data was obtained at baseline (pre-NAC) and after 10% and 30% of the complete dose of chemotherapy. The RF data was analyzed by a bank of 256 frequency-shifted bandpass filters to form H-scan US …

A Mitochondrial Plasma Proteomic Signature Identifies Metastatic Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma, Clara Steiner, Tiegang Han, Steven Safi, Wafaa Bzeih, Hadi Mansour, Eddy Saad, Jessica F. Williams, Vinay K. Giri, Liliana Ascione, Yehonatan Elon, Adam P. Dicker, Yan Tang, Toni K. Choueiri, Elizabeth P. Henske, Wenxin Xu

Department of Radiation Oncology Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) is characterized by the accumulation of abnormal mitochondria, a high rate of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, and altered oxidative metabolism. There are no existing circulating biomarkers to distinguish metastatic ChRCC from clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC).

METHODS: High-throughput plasma proteomic profiling using the SomaScan platform was performed in 18 ChRCC (including 16 metastatic ChRCC) and 197 metastatic ccRCC patients. Data were harmonized to generate a unified 7K-protein matrix.

RESULTS: Differential expression analysis was performed using limma (version 3.62.2). Of 7272 quantified human plasma proteins, 209 were differentially expressed between ChRCC and ccRCC. Upregulated …

A Retrospective Analysis Of Taxane-Based Chemotherapy In Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma, Mir Lim, Nikhil Grandhi, Preksha Shah, Kanwal Raghav, Victoria Serpas, Maria Pia Morelli, Katrina Pedersen, Aparna Kalyan, Mohamed Salem, Ryan Huey, John Paul Shen, Huamin Wang, Hua Wang, Anjali Vinocha, Jane Thomas, Robert Wolff, Michael J Overman

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: Small bowel adenocarcinoma (SBA) is molecularly distinct from colorectal and gastric cancers, yet treatment typically parallels colorectal cancer. We evaluated the activity of taxane-based therapy in the largest SBA cohort to date.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed SBA patients treated with taxane-based chemotherapy at MD Anderson Cancer Center from 1994-2024. Eligible patients had pathologic confirmation, received >1 treatment cycle, and had tumor response evaluation. Survival analyses were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard models.

Results: Seventy patients were identified. Median age was 57, and 59% were male. Primary sites were duodenum (44%), jejunum (34%), and Ileum (16%). Metastatic sites …

Antimicrobial Activity Of Sulbactam-Durlobactam Against Acinetobacter Baumannii-Calcoaceticus Complex Strains Causing Non-Respiratory And Non-Bloodstream Infections From The United States (2023–2025), Elizabeth Cyr, Jill Argotsinger, Eric T Beck, Robin R Chamberland, Andrew E Clark, Anne R Daniels, Rachael Liesman, Mark Fisher, Philip Gialanella, Jonathan Hand, Amanda T Harrington, Romney M Humphries, Holly Huse, Robert Hamilton-Seth, Julia D Hankins, Wesley D Kufel, Scott W Riddell, Meera Mehta, Ryan Demkowicz, A Brian Mochon, Hossein Salimnia, Ayesha Khan, Virginia M Pierce, Raghava Potula, Tsigereda Tekle, Patricia J Simner, Robert J Tibbetts, Christine Vu, Lilian M Abbo, Octavio Martinez, Rebekah E Dumm, Manohar B Mutnal, Timothy C Jenkins, Violeta Chávez, Paulette Pinargote, Jennifer Bowling, Erik Munson, Daniel V Zurawski, David P Nicolau, Tomefa E Asempa, On Behalf Of The Acinetobacter Baumannii Complex National Biorepository (Acnbio) Study Group

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Acinetobacter baumannii most often causes pneumonia in critically ill patients. However, A. baumannii is also an important cause of a broader range of infections, including skin/wound and urinary tract infections. This study aims to evaluate the in vitro activity of sulbactam-durlobactam and comparator antibiotics, including meropenem and cefiderocol against A. baumannii-calcoaceticus complex isolates from non-respiratory and non-bloodstream sources. Samples included 285 A. baumannii-calcoaceticus complex isolates enriched for carbapenem resistance collected across 17 states in the United States (January 2023–May 2025). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted by manual broth microdilution and interpreted according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and …

Airway Challenges In Goldenhar Syndrome And Implications For Pediatric Care: A Systematic Review, Salma Alkhatib, Noor Chughtai, Maximus S. Reese, Carson Maris, Christopher M. Ahmad, Jared Nichols

Student Publications

Goldenhar syndrome, also known as the oculo-auriculo-vertebral (OAV) spectrum, is a rare congenital disorder characterized by craniofacial and vertebral anomalies due to abnormal development of the first and second branchial arches. These structural abnormalities often necessitate frequent surgical interventions in patients with Goldenhar syndrome and may also impair airway visualization, thereby complicating effective tracheal intubation. Despite recognition of the airway risks associated with Goldenhar syndrome, evidence guiding anesthetic and airway management remains limited and unexplored. Current literature consists predominantly of isolated case reports, with each portraying a unique and patient-specific airway scenario. A systematic review of the literature was conducted …

Xanthogranulomatous Osteomyelitis: A Systematic Review Of Reported Cases, Diagnostic Challenges, And Treatment Outcomes, Adam W. Youssef, Cameron Ballard, Dryden Dalbey, Paul M. Doney, Rayhan Shaikh, Venkata S. Puttagunta, Adil Bhatti, Michael D. Hubbard

Student Publications

Xanthogranulomatous osteomyelitis (XO) is a rare form of chronic osteomyelitis characterized by mass-forming inflammatory lesions rich in lipid-laden macrophages. It commonly presents as an osteolytic, tumor-like bone lesion that may expand rapidly and mimic malignancy on imaging, leading to diagnostic uncertainty. This systematic review was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to characterize the clinical presentation, diagnostic strategies, treatment approaches, and outcomes of reported XO cases. Case reports and case series with histopathologic confirmation of XO were included. Extracted data encompassed patient demographics, immune status, anatomic involvement, clinical features, diagnostic modalities, management …

Chimes: March 23, 2026, Calvin University

Chimes

Calvin's 150th marked by historic royal visit by Ian Tjoelker

D3 Hockey makes nationals run in historic season before D2 move by Zack Kern & Hendrik Beelen

Celebrating 150 years: "Calvin on the Road" tour visits Grand Rapids by Alec DeYoung

Jordan archaeology May term cancelled by Sarah Sparling

Calvin's CubeSat program launches into action by Ellery Johnson

Disability, Inclusion And Language-In-Education Policy In The Global South: The Colombian Context, Rosa Dene David, Kimberley Brown

Applied Linguistics Faculty Publications and Presentations

This paper calls for a shift related to English language-in-education policy and inclusive education initiatives in Colombia to ensure that English language learners with disabilities receive equitable and inclusive classroom instruction that is context-appropriate. We call for English language initiatives and policies to draw from theories and practices from both the Global South and the Global North in order to teach towards inclusive education. Trends in both English language teaching and inclusive education have drawn upon the Global North for solutions, which cannot be systemised to fit one international standard. Instead, using the Colombian context as an example, the present …

Precision Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, Travis M Wilson, Uzair Munaf, Nafhat Shaikh, Affan Rizwan, Riyan Siddiqui, Hafeez Ul Hassan Virk, Mahboob Alam, Umair Khalid, Muzamil Khawaja, Tanawat Attachaipanich, Larisa H Cavallari, Tania Ahuja, Michael G Nanna, Samin K Sharma, Lloyd W Klein, Gary S Mintz, Chayakrit Krittanawong

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Precision-based percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) integrates contemporary strategies across the pre-, intra-, and post-procedural phases to improve outcomes and minimize complications. Emerging evidence underscores the value of these strategies in reducing adverse events and improving procedural efficiency. While artificial intelligence and pharmacogenomics hold long-term promise for enhancing personalization, their clinical utility in PCI remains in the early stages of development.

Drowning Prevention In The West: Who Did It Better?, Arran Hedley

University Honors Theses

This paper aims to communicate the differences on how the US, UK and Australia have approached drowning prevention in each of their nations. This paper addresses drowning statistics within each nation, national, state and local policies, access to public facilities, and the preventative strategies, swim lessons and Lifeguarding. These are the criteria each nation is being graded upon, because each criteria is a factor that can help mitigate drowning deaths.

For literature around this subject, there are many papers on each individual nation's approach to drowning but in researching there does not appear to be a comparison of the nations' …

The Power Of A Princess: Rebranding For A New Generation, Victoria A. Heath

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The lyric “Well, that sounds an awful lot like princess problems” from Snow White (2025) reflects Disney’s evolving portrayal of its princesses as more self-aware and independent. This shift is echoed in earlier live-action adaptations, such as Beauty and the Beast (2017), where Belle’s longing for “adventure in the great wide somewhere” signals her rejection of a limited, traditional role. Guided by Feminist Film Theory and media framing, this study examines how Disney’s rebranding of princess characters in Beauty and the Beast (2017), The Little Mermaid (2023), and Snow White (2025) reflects contemporary ideals of empowerment. Through narrative content and …

Making Sense Of The Body: Cognitive Science, Disability, And Embodiment, Cheyne L. Joslin

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this project is to analyze different methodological approaches in the philosophy of cognitive science, with the goal of determining their usefulness for explaining and understanding bodily awareness and skill-acquisition over time. The examples of skill-acquisition are limited to motor control, impaired by various kinds of disability—but then acquired over time, via technological or rehabilitative means. These phenomena of motor learning are then viewed through the lens of two competing theoretical approaches in cognitive science: neuromechanical cognitive science, and radical enactivist cognitive science.

The strengths of the neuromechanical framework are found in its historical pedigree, and in the …

Semiotics Of Difference: Language, The Body, And Haitian Personhood In The Dominican Republic, Benjamin Puterbaugh

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The present dissertation is an ethnographic and multimodal semiotic analysis of the role of signs in the daily life of Haitians in the Dominican Republic (DR). I investigate how language and other embodiments of Haitian alterity are perceived and ascribed value by hegemonic social orders. I center the analysis on the popular perceptions of the Haitian person-type or characterological figure (Agha, 2003) as (over)determiners of actual Haitian subjectivity. I investigate the ways that Haitian personhood is translated, that is, perceived and assigned value, in the Dominican context, and the implications this has on realities of Haitian immigrants. In addition to …

Shades And Shapes: Intersectional Perspectives On Filipino Women’S Skin Color And Body Build, Aliah Jazz G. Alonte, Kelly Nyle M. Baligod, Mi Tang, Yuzhu Zhao, Liezl R. Astudillo

DLSU Senior High School Research Congress Conference Proceedings

This study examines how Filipino women evaluate physical attractiveness, likeability, and social competence based on variations in skin color and body build, traits shaped by colonial legacies and reinforced by contemporary media. A 2×2 factorial experimental design was used, involving 180 female college students (ages 18–24), who rated target images that varied by skin color (light vs. dark) and body build (slim vs. large). While neither skin color nor body build alone had a significant main effect on perceptions of attractiveness, a significant interaction emerged: slim, dark-skinned individuals were rated more attractive than their light-skinned counterparts, whereas light-skinned individuals were …