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Fair + Equitable November 2025, International Association Of Assessing Officers

Fair + Equitable

The November 2025 issue of F+E offers insight into the new Vertical Equity Indicator, included in the recently exposed draft Standard on Ratio Studies. In addition, the Research and Standards Committee review how IAAO technical standards are developed. Also in this issue:

• What's trending in the IAAO library
• Can states convert church land into affordable housing?
• Voting starts on Nov. 1 for 2026 Board of Directors
• IAAO makes recommendations to the Delaware legislature
• How the Great Real Estate Transfer will reshape our cities
• Thought leader article on demystifying AI-powered AVMs
• New designees and career opportunities.

Phylogenetic Comparative Vocal Evolution, Casper W. Buchanan

Master's Theses

Vocal learning is a trait unique to humans, bats, cetaceans, primates, and birds (Jarvis & Nottebohm, 1997; McComb & Semple, 2005; Wilbrecht & Nottebohm, 2003). Although there has been extensive research on vocal learning in songbirds, parrots are an even closer proxy to human learning, as they are social, intelligent, and lifelong learners, with some having repertoires of over 300 sounds (Benedict et al., 2022; Péron et al., 2011; Thomsen et al., 2019; Toft & Wright, 2015). Elevated vocal learning can be attributed to the need for parrots to have strong communication skills through the sharing of information over foraging, …

Ames, The Seventh Amendment, And The Honest Belief Trap Tautologizing Title Vii, Amos N. Jones

SMU Law Review Forum

A widely covered Sixth Circuit decision on July 29, 2025, against a tenured African American female law professor at the University of Michigan has dramatically materialized in the face of the unanimous decision of the Supreme Court of the United States only weeks earlier in Ames v. Ohio Department of Youth Services, decided on June 5, 2025. The Court had just eliminated another basis for employment-discrimination case dismissals, centering its original-textualist interpretative mode under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and buttressing plaintiffs’ Seventh Amendment rights to trial by jury. Meanwhile, the Michigan panel in Beny …

Llms Are Bad Judges. So Use A Classifier Instead., Jack Kieffaber, Kimo Gandall, Steven Foster, Kenny Mclaren

SMU Law Review Forum

Large Language Models suffer from prompt variance—meaning they’ll give you totally different legal answers depending on how you phrase your question. Jonathan Choi demonstrated this recently when he asked ChatGPT five legal questions, each rephrased 2,000 times, and watched as the bot spat out different answers every time. When you tell somebody that AI is going to replace the judge, the lawyer, and the legal system in the next twenty years, Choi’s article has become the go-to rebuttal; it’s the crown jewel of the “AI bad” genre.

Choi’s absolutely right that LLM’s are bad judges. And, if every AI was …

A Blunt Reality: How § 922(G)(3) Of The Gun Control Act Violates The Second Amendment Rights Of Marijuana Users, Christian Z. Macdonald

SMU Law Review Forum

Over 98% of Americans live in a state that has some form of legal marijuana, with over half of Americans having used the drug at least once. The United States also has a strong historical tradition of individual gun ownership for the purposes of self-defense, with gun ownership currently at its highest level in decades. In this modern era of both rising gun ownership and marijuana usage, could it truly be the case that any American who uses cannabinoids forfeits her presumptively protected constitutional right to firearm possession? The answer depends upon whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(3) unconstitutionally infringes on …

The Active Classroom: A Narrative Review Of Active Teaching Methods And The Flipped Classroom Model In Graduate Medical Education., Kalyan Kandra, Praneetha Vennam

Articles

Graduate medical education (GME) is undergoing a significant pedagogical transformation, moving away from traditional, passive learning environments toward more dynamic, learner-centered approaches. This narrative review examines the implementation and impact of active teaching methods in GME, with a specific focus on the flipped classroom model. In this narrative review, we compare and contrast these innovative strategies with traditional didactic lectures, evaluating their effects on learner engagement, knowledge retention, clinical reasoning, and overall satisfaction. Active learning, grounded in constructivist theory, repositions the resident as an active participant in their education, utilizing methods such as case-based learning, team-based learning, and simulation. The …

State Courts, Public Opinion, And The Changing Abortion Landscape After Dobbs, Anna Gunderson, Chesani Askew, Jeong Hyun Kim, Nichole Bauer

Faculty Publications

The June 24, 2022 Supreme Court decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization represented a seismic shift in abortion policy in the United States. Since then, state courts have begun playing an integral role in expanding or restricting abortion access in their jurisdictions. What do these cases look like and how does the public respond to court decisions that are pro- or anti-abortion? We collect original data on state court abortion cases post-Dobbs and field two survey experiments pre- and post-Dobbs to investigate these questions. We find state courts have expanded their scope in abortion policy and that pro-abortion …

Reproducibility Of Fnirs Within Subject For Visual And Motor Tasks, Julie C. Wagner, Anthony Zinos, Scott A. Beardsley, Wei-Liang Chen, Lisa Conant, Marsha Malloy, Joseph Heffernan, Brendan Quirk, Robert W. Prost, Mohit Maheshwari, Jeffrey Sugar, Harry T. Whelan

Biomedical Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is becoming a popular metric to noninvasively identify brain activity through assessing changes in oxygenated (HbO) and deoxygenated (HbR) hemoglobin concentration. Several aspects of fNIRS imaging are appealing for clinical applications but the reproducibility of fNIRS signals has yet to be determined over several sessions. To address this, four participants completed at least ten sessions on separate days where they performed Motor and Visual tasks while fNIRS signals were measured from 102 channels spanning the entire head. Reproducibility was quantified as the percentage of significant task related activity occurring across sessions at the channel and …

Analysis Of Modern Research In The Field Of Automation And Digitalization Of The Dairy Industry, N.A Kabulov, U.K. Sabirov, A.K. Oqilov

Chemical Technology, Control and Management

This article presents a systematic analysis of modern research aimed at the advancement of automation and digitalization technologies in the dairy industry, with particular emphasis on the processes of product sorting and quality control. The main directions of digital solution implementation are examined, including the use of robotic sorting lines, computer vision systems, spectral analysis sensors, and artificial intelligence tools for the automatic verification of product compliance with established standards. A comparative analysis of existing approaches to the implementation of intelligent control systems within the technological cycle — from raw material intake to packaging and finished product logistics — is …

Modern Significance And Development Trends In The Production Of Vegetable Oils, Umidjon Ruziev, F.O. Qosimov, M.K. Shodiev

Chemical Technology, Control and Management

This article provides a comprehensive analytical review of the current state of the global vegetable oil production market. It describes the diversity of raw materials supplied, which includes both traditional and emerging fat sources. The paper also describes the technological stages of production, emphasizing modern innovations that contribute to more efficient, high-quality, and safe production. The article also covers global trends by comparing production dynamics between countries, highlighting regions with the highest rates of production growth and explaining the reasons for their competitive advantages. Particular attention is paid to environmental and socio-economic aspects, including sustainable land use, certification, carbon footprint, …

Algorithms For The Synthesis Of A Temperature Control System For The Inner Tube Heat Exchanger With A Steam Jacket, H.Z. Igamberdiyev, Jasur Sevinov, U.F. Mamirov, Sh.M. Abdishukurov

Chemical Technology, Control and Management

The synthesis of a feedback propagation control law for an inner tube heat exchanger with a steam jacket is addressed in this text. A controller has been developed that, based on temperature measurements taken at four points. The maintains the output temperature at a specified level by acting on the steam jacket temperature. To determine the parameters of the plant, a linear quadratic optimal (LQ-optimal) algorithm is employed. In the considered case, the optimal controller includes a proportional–integral (PI) component, as well as an additional term that requires storing the control input over the current interval for its computation. The …

The Problem Of Identification Of Linear Stationary Objects With Distributed Parameters By Their Experimental Transient Characteristics, Miraziz Vorisovich Sagatov

Chemical Technology, Control and Management

A wide class of control system elements can be described with reasonable accuracy by the concept of a linear stationary dynamic object. Several mathematical descriptions of such an object are known. The traditional mathematical model is a high-order ordinary linear differential equation. In the Laplace image space, this corresponds to a fractional-rational transfer function. The latter can be decomposed into elementary fractions. Then, using the convolution theorem and tables of elementary Laplace transform functions, one can access the originals. It is crucial to ensure precise alignment of the parameters of the mathematical model of the object used in the corrector …

Different Brain Network Connectomic Relationships Subserve Hand Dexterity During Task Versus Resting States In People With Brain Tumors, Timothy F. Boerger, Leon Taquet, Kaitlin Goetschel, Sarah Young, Jennifer Connelly, Jeffrey R. Binder, Brian Schmit, Max O. Krucoff

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to explore different brain network connectomic relationships subserving hand dexterity in patients with contrast-enhancing brain tumors during task and resting states.

Method

We measured hand dexterity, resting state functional connectivity, and task-based functional connectivity in 21 participants with newly diagnosed brain tumors. Hand dexterity was measured using the 9-hole peg test (9HPT), and patient-reported outcomes were assessed with the Duroz Hand Index (DHI).

Findings

We discovered the following: (1) The inability to complete dexterous tasks is most associated with low somatomotor-basal ganglia network connectivity during rest but high somatomotor-basal ganglia network connectivity during …

Enhancing Nigeria’S Compliance With International Maritime Anti-Corruption Framework, Usman Abdulrahman

World Maritime University Dissertations

No abstract provided.

Navigating Equity In The Digital Era : Addressing Challenges And Advancing Rights Of Female Seafarers Through Policy Reform, And Artificial Intelligence, Margaret Dixon

World Maritime University Dissertations

No abstract provided.

The Ratification And Implementation Of The International Maritime Organisation (Imo) Instruments : A Social And Policy Persepctive On Maritime Governance In Fiji, Miriama Latianara

World Maritime University Dissertations

No abstract provided.

Human Element And Emerging Technologies : Imo Efforts To Address The Impact Of Digitalization In The Context Of Automation On Board, Eduardo Matías Hidalgo Bassi

World Maritime University Dissertations

No abstract provided.

Resilience Of Indonesia As A Flag State : Analysis Of Key Determinants And Vessel Performance Trends In Psc Mou, Ridho Budiman

World Maritime University Dissertations

No abstract provided.

Oil Spill Pollution In The Caspian Sea In Case Of Azerbaijan : Evaluating Spill Patterns And Governance Gaps In Azerbaijan’S Marine Oil Pollution Response, Ulviyya Hasanova

World Maritime University Dissertations

No abstract provided.

A Study Of Regulatory, Safety And Environmental Aspects Of Biofuels In International Shipping, - Kiran Chempakassery Sasidharan

World Maritime University Dissertations

No abstract provided.

Strengthening The Oversight Scheme Of Flag State Delegation Of Authority To Recognized Organizations : A Study On Flag State Administration Of The Philippines, Elaiza Marie Perez

World Maritime University Dissertations

No abstract provided.

Examine The Port Operation Efficiency After Implementation Of International Ship And Port Facility Security Code : A Case Study Of Sihanoukville Autonomous Port (Pas) In Cambodia, Vechra Soung

World Maritime University Dissertations

No abstract provided.

Assessing Marpol Annex V Port Reception Facilities Of The National Port Of Liberia (Freeport Of Monrovia), Barbara Wade Cummings

World Maritime University Dissertations

No abstract provided.

Governance In Nigeria’S Extended Continental Shelf : Implications For Domestic Regulation, Mark Terver Mailumo

World Maritime University Dissertations

No abstract provided.

Intelligent Decision-Making Systems In Smart Greenhouses, Muso Berdiyor Ugli Allanov

Chemical Technology, Control and Management

Smart greenhouses offer a solution to sustainable food production under climate uncertainty, yet their management often depends on fixed rules or human intuition. This study proposes an intelligent decision-making framework that integrates optimization, simulation, and a neural set into a self-learning system. By generating “conditionally real data” through simulation and evolutionary algorithms, the system can predict microclimatic changes and optimize control of water, energy, and nutrients. Continuous digital feedback enables adaptive, data-efficient operation even with limited real data. Experimental results demonstrate reduced resource use and improved yield stability, advancing the development of autonomous and resilient greenhouse ecosystems.

Active Galactic Nuclie In Diverse Galactic Environments, Divya A. Patel

College of Arts & Sciences Senior Theses

We examine how the presence of active galactic nuclei (AGN) correlates with location in large-scale cosmic structures using the Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey across the G09, G12, and G15 fields. Our sample contains 18,927, 9,273, and 1,148 galaxies {with} highly dense filaments, moderately dense tendrils, and highly underdense voids, respectively. AGN galaxies were identified using Baldwin-Phillips-Telverich (BPT) diagnostic diagrams based on [NII], [SII], and [OI]. We compare AGN fractions in filament, tendril, and void regions, and as a function of distance from the nearest filament centerline. Our results reveal a mild excess in filament compared to void, when …

Code As Counselor: How Robo-Will Platforms Are Productizing Estate Planning Services, John Speirs

North Carolina Journal of Law & Technology

No abstract provided.

The Contractualization Of Disability Rights Law, Yaron Covo

University of Chicago Law Review

What body of law determines the content and scope of disability rights in the United States? The conventional wisdom is that the rights of disabled individuals are enshrined in and shaped by an array of civil rights statutes. While this answer is correct, it is incomplete. As this Article shows, U.S. disability rights are also built upon contract law concepts and doctrines. For example, in interpreting disability rights statutes, courts have turned to the parol evidence rule, the duty of good faith, and the doctrines of impossibility, materiality, duress, and mistake. Although not explicitly enumerated in disability rights statutes, these …

The Progression Of Deinstitutionalization And Its Effects On The American South: A Judicial Analysis Of 20th-Century United States Supreme Court Decisions, Eva-Marie V. Jones

Honors College Theses

This thesis explores the effects of four landmark Supreme Court cases on the deinstitutionalization movement in the American south. Previous literature frequently discusses the legislative implications of this era; however, no law is applicable without the interpretation and application of the judiciary, which so often contextualizes the greater public perspective. Rarely has an analysis of judicial decisions involving psychiatric care merged with regional focus, and certainly not in a format accessible to the average individual.

From unmarked graves to abandoned infrastructure, the legacy of historic psychiatric care in the United States has been largely obscured – yet its consequences continue …

When Deep Learning Meets Information Retrieval-Based Bug Localization: A Survey, Feifei Niu, Chuanyi Li, Kui Liu, Xin Xia, David Lo

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Bug localization is a crucial aspect of software maintenance, running through the entire software lifecycle. Information retrieval-based bug localization (IRBL) identifies buggy code based on bug reports, expediting the bug resolution process for developers. Recent years have witnessed significant achievements in IRBL, propelled by the widespread adoption of deep learning (DL). To provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art and delve into key issues, we conduct a survey encompassing 61 IRBL studies leveraging DL. We summarize best practices in each phase of the IRBL workflow, undertake a meta-analysis of prior studies, and suggest future research directions. …