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Design, Development, And Evaluation Of An Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Chatbot For Honors College Student Advising In Higher Education, Reginald Saint-Aude Lucien Mar 2021

Design, Development, And Evaluation Of An Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Chatbot For Honors College Student Advising In Higher Education, Reginald Saint-Aude Lucien

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Academic advising is seen increasingly as an essential function supporting the educational mission of universities. Institutions have made significant investments supporting academic advisors and student success initiatives by leveraging technology resources such as Canvas and Degreeworks. There is a rising need for technology that can assist academic advisors in their responsibility to guide students along the path to academic success and AI resources that promote more efficient use of human capital are positioned to meet that need. Chatbot applications can serve as a technology-mediated intervention for delivering information and interactive content to support student success.

This study aimed to design, …


Calculate The Reliability Of The Bts-Bsc Network With The Reserved Line Connection, Dilmurod Davronbekov, Utkir Karimovich Matyokubov Mar 2021

Calculate The Reliability Of The Bts-Bsc Network With The Reserved Line Connection, Dilmurod Davronbekov, Utkir Karimovich Matyokubov

Chemical Technology, Control and Management

The issue of reserving communication lines between the base station and the mobile network base station controller which are considered as one system is considered. Analytical expressions have been developed for calculating the reliability of the system for various options for backing up communication lines between the base station and the base station controller. The results of research and calculations of reliability for ten different types of backup communication lines of the base station and the base station controller are presented.


Assessing Hotel Employee Knowledge On Risk Factors And Risk Management Procedures For Microbial Contamination Of Hotel Water Distribution Systems, Brandon Leftwich, Samuel T. Opoku, Jingjing Yin, Atin Adhikari Mar 2021

Assessing Hotel Employee Knowledge On Risk Factors And Risk Management Procedures For Microbial Contamination Of Hotel Water Distribution Systems, Brandon Leftwich, Samuel T. Opoku, Jingjing Yin, Atin Adhikari

Health Policy & Community Health: Faculty Publications

Water management plans (WMPs), sometimes referred to as risk management plans (RMPs) or water safety plans (WSPs), are not mandatory for hotels in many countries of the world, including he US. As such, many hotel personnel are uninformed of WMPs and the precautions to take if their hotel water system is compromised. The purpose of this study was to identify hotel personnel’s knowledge and practices of WMPs through a survey incorporating the Health Belief Model (HBM). Data were collected from 59 hotels within Fulton County, Georgia, USA, through a questionnaire, and questions were developed tailored to the HBM. Significant associations …


Recovering A Grammar For The Soul: A Review Of The Logic Of The Body, Donald Roth Mar 2021

Recovering A Grammar For The Soul: A Review Of The Logic Of The Body, Donald Roth

Faculty Work Comprehensive List

"We need to not only change the way we think, we need to change what we do, and we need to conceive of what we are doing in a way that fits us into our soli deo gloria identities."

Posting about ­­­­­­­­the book The Logic of the Body from In All Things - an online journal for critical reflection on faith, culture, art, and every ordinary-yet-graced square inch of God’s creation.

https://inallthings.org/recovering-a-grammar-for-the-soul-a-review-of-the-logic-of-the-body/


The Effects Of U.S. Fiscal Policy On Income Inequality ( 1913 – 2013 ), J.D. Lewis Mar 2021

The Effects Of U.S. Fiscal Policy On Income Inequality ( 1913 – 2013 ), J.D. Lewis

Theses and Dissertations

Income inequality in the United States has reached a level not seen since the Great Depression. Some academics and lawmakers suggest that growing inequality is due to changes in fiscal policy, arguing that cuts in taxes and government spending have reduced the inequality-mitigating effect of fiscal redistribution. While older research provides some support for this argument, newer research suggests otherwise. This disagreement in the literature led me to ask, How has fiscal policy affected income inequality in the United States during the last century? This study seeks to answer this question using data from Piketty et al. (2018), which includes …


Bibliometric Analysis Of Researchers’ Competencies Through Web Of Science, Muhammad Abbas Ganaee, Shamshad Ahmed, Muhammad Ajmal Khan, Ayesha Gulzar Mar 2021

Bibliometric Analysis Of Researchers’ Competencies Through Web Of Science, Muhammad Abbas Ganaee, Shamshad Ahmed, Muhammad Ajmal Khan, Ayesha Gulzar

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Universities and institutes of higher education produce researchers and scholars who can find the solutions to the problems in their fields of studies. Researchers belonging to any academic discipline should have certain competencies and skills to conduct a valuable research. This study uses the Bibliometric method to investigate the literature published on researchers’ competencies, not limited to any specific subject. The query to search literature on research competencies was run on Web of Science and 5,716 results were analyzed. A comparison of pattern of publications and citations year wise was presented from 1905 to 2020. The study reveals that most …


Methodology For Determination And Assessment Of Uncertainty Sources Of Textile Materials Total Thermal Resistance, Abdurauf Abdurashidovich Abdukayumov, Ortagoli Sharipovich Hakimov Mar 2021

Methodology For Determination And Assessment Of Uncertainty Sources Of Textile Materials Total Thermal Resistance, Abdurauf Abdurashidovich Abdukayumov, Ortagoli Sharipovich Hakimov

Chemical Technology, Control and Management

The problems of improving of methods for determination of the total thermal resistance of textile materials are considered. A comparative analysis of the applied methods based on stationary and non-stationary heat exchange is performed. A higher accuracy of non-stationary methods based on measuring the cooling time of a heat cell with subsequent determination of the cooling rate and the total thermal resistance of the material under study is noted. A method is proposed for estimating the variance of the main values required for calculating the total thermal resistance of materials. The results of the study of the relationship between sources …


Analysis Of Consistency Of Similarity Predicates To Measures Of Similarity And Advantages Of Their Application In Digital Systems For Solving Intellectual Problems, Makhmudjon Abdullaev, Nodira Batirdjanovna Alimova Mar 2021

Analysis Of Consistency Of Similarity Predicates To Measures Of Similarity And Advantages Of Their Application In Digital Systems For Solving Intellectual Problems, Makhmudjon Abdullaev, Nodira Batirdjanovna Alimova

Chemical Technology, Control and Management

The results of the analysis of the correspondence of similarity predicates to similarity measures used in various metric methods used for signal classification and the feasibility of using similarity predicates in the construction of digital systems for solving intellectual problems, for which the simplification of computational operations is of no small importance, are presented. Some general and distinctive features of the similarity predicate are considered in comparison with the euclidean metric in relation to one-dimensional and two-dimensional spaces, and generalized to the case of n-dimensional metric spaces. The expediency of using methods based on the calculation of similarity predicates, which …


Fighting To Protect Individual Privacy In A Rapidly Advancing Technological World, Farzana Ahmed Mar 2021

Fighting To Protect Individual Privacy In A Rapidly Advancing Technological World, Farzana Ahmed

DePaul Journal of Art, Technology & Intellectual Property Law

No abstract provided.


Becoming One With Nature: A Nature Intervention For Individuals Living With Cancer Participating In A Ten-Week Group Exercise And Wellness Program, Samantha L. Morris, Ian Newhouse, Tracey Larocque, Kelly-Jo Gillis, Leanne Smith, Elizabeth K. Nisbet Mar 2021

Becoming One With Nature: A Nature Intervention For Individuals Living With Cancer Participating In A Ten-Week Group Exercise And Wellness Program, Samantha L. Morris, Ian Newhouse, Tracey Larocque, Kelly-Jo Gillis, Leanne Smith, Elizabeth K. Nisbet

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(3): 498-518, 2021. Positive outcomes for psychological and physiological health have resulted from a nature experience. However, evidence is limited for nature-based interventions and their effect on a cancer population. The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to determine if incorporating the One Nature Challenge (ONC) into a ten-week group exercise program (WE-Can) for individuals living with cancer could offer additional psychological and/or physiological benefits to those previously observed in WE-Can. For this study, two separate ONCs were implemented throughout two seasons (summer and winter) to formulate a ONC group (n = 18; 60 ± …


Leucine Supplementation Does Not Improve Muscle Recovery From Resistance Exercise In Young Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Crossover Study, Jeferson L. Jacinto, João Pedro Nunes, Alex S. Ribeiro, Juliano Casonato, Mirela C. Roveratti, Bruna N. S. Sena, Edilson S. Cyrino, Rubens A. Da Silva, Andreo F. Aguiar Mar 2021

Leucine Supplementation Does Not Improve Muscle Recovery From Resistance Exercise In Young Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Crossover Study, Jeferson L. Jacinto, João Pedro Nunes, Alex S. Ribeiro, Juliano Casonato, Mirela C. Roveratti, Bruna N. S. Sena, Edilson S. Cyrino, Rubens A. Da Silva, Andreo F. Aguiar

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(2): 486-497, 2021. This study aimed to investigate the effects of free leucine supplementation on muscle recovery from resistance exercise (RE) in young adults. Fourteen untrained subjects (23.9 ± 3.6 years old) underwent RE sessions (leg press and hack squat: three sets of 8-12 reps at 70% 1RM) supplemented with leucine (LEU: two daily doses of 3g) or a placebo (PLA), separated by a seven-day washout period. Following each occasion, participants were evaluated in three subsequent days (24h, 48h, and 72h) for muscle recovery via a repetition-to-failure test. The following markers were assessed: repetition performance, …


Transversus Abdominis And Lumbar Multifidus Thickness Among Three Dance Positions In Argentine Tango Dancers, Eleni Gouridou, Eleftherios Kellis, Ermioni Katartzi, Nikolaos Kofotolis Mar 2021

Transversus Abdominis And Lumbar Multifidus Thickness Among Three Dance Positions In Argentine Tango Dancers, Eleni Gouridou, Eleftherios Kellis, Ermioni Katartzi, Nikolaos Kofotolis

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(1): 473-485, 2021. Core muscle function is considered a risk factor for low back pain appearance in dancers. The purpose of this study was to examine the transversus abdominis and lumbar multifidus thickness among Argentine Tango dancers in different functional dance positions. A secondary purpose was to compare muscle thickness at rest and contraction between dancers and untrained participants. Ten trained dancers and ten untrained women aged 33.8 ± 6.09 years participated in this study. Using ultrasonography, the transversus abdominis and lumbar multifidus muscle thickness were measured at rest and during contraction in three different …


Returns To International Migration: Evidence From A Bangladesh-Malaysia Visa Lottery, Ahmed Mushfiq Mobarak, Iffath A. Sharif, Maheshwor Shrestha Mar 2021

Returns To International Migration: Evidence From A Bangladesh-Malaysia Visa Lottery, Ahmed Mushfiq Mobarak, Iffath A. Sharif, Maheshwor Shrestha

Discussion Papers

We follow 3,512 (of 1.4 million) applicants to a government lottery that randomly allocated visas to Bangladeshis for low-skilled, temporary labor contracts in Malaysia. Most lottery winners migrate, and their remittance substantially raises their family’s standard of living in Bangladesh. The migrant’s absence pauses demographic changes (marriage, childbirth, household formation), and shifts decision-making power towards females. Migration removes enterprising individuals, lowering household entrepreneurship, but does not crowd out other family members’ labor supply. One group of applicants were offered deferred migration that never materialized. Improved migration prospects induce pre-migration investments in skills that generate no returns in the domestic market.


Sga 52 Senate 2021-03-28 Minutes, Niu Student Government Association Senate Mar 2021

Sga 52 Senate 2021-03-28 Minutes, Niu Student Government Association Senate

Student Government Association Archives

No abstract provided.


Sga 52 Senate 2021-03-28 Agenda, Niu Student Government Association Senate Mar 2021

Sga 52 Senate 2021-03-28 Agenda, Niu Student Government Association Senate

Student Government Association Archives

No abstract provided.


Study On Quantitative Detection Of Soluble Solids And Firmness Of Yellow Peach Chips By Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, Cao Nian-Nian, Liu Qiang, Peng Jing, Tu Kang, Zhao Bao-Ming, Zhu Jin-Xing, Pan Lei-Qing Mar 2021

Study On Quantitative Detection Of Soluble Solids And Firmness Of Yellow Peach Chips By Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, Cao Nian-Nian, Liu Qiang, Peng Jing, Tu Kang, Zhao Bao-Ming, Zhu Jin-Xing, Pan Lei-Qing

Food and Machinery

The spectral data was collected by using two different infrared spectroscopies with 400 to 1 000 nm (visible-shortwave) and 1 000 to 2 500 nm (longwave) from yellow peach chips. Then four mathematic algorithms, i. e. standard normal variate transformation (SNV), multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), moving-average smoothing (MS) and 1st-derivative (1-Der), were utilized in data preprocessing. Regression models by linear partial least squares (PLS) and non-liner support vector machine (SVM) were constructed for the predicting the soluble solids content (SSC) and firmness in yellow peach chips, respectively. Moreover, the feasibility analysis for prediction of SSC and firmness were vitrificated by …


Simulation Research On Motion Connection System Of Omnidirectional Mobile Robot Based On Pid Bontrol, Lin Xian-Xin Mar 2021

Simulation Research On Motion Connection System Of Omnidirectional Mobile Robot Based On Pid Bontrol, Lin Xian-Xin

Food and Machinery

In this study, the mathematical model of rigid connection between omni-directional mobile robot and dish transportation tray was established, and its transfer function was calculated. The impact interference of the object subjected to inertia force and friction force on the system performance was analyzed, and the method of using series PID controller for correction was proposed. Through theoretical and empirical formula calculation, the optimal control system and the optimal system waveform were obtained. The simulation results showed that the rigid connection between omni-directional mobile robot and tray on overhead track was better, and the efficiency of dish transportation was improved. …


Early Satellite Cell Communication Creates A Permissive Environment For Long-Term Muscle Growth, Kevin A. Murach, Bailey D. Peck, Robert A. Policastro, Ivan J. Vechetti Jr., Douglas W. Van Pelt, Cory M. Dungan, Lance T. Denes, Xu Fu, Camille R. Brightwell, Gabriel E. Zentner, Esther E. Dupont-Versteegden, Christopher I. Richards, Jeramiah J. Smith, Christopher S. Fry, John J. Mccarthy, Charlotte A. Peterson Mar 2021

Early Satellite Cell Communication Creates A Permissive Environment For Long-Term Muscle Growth, Kevin A. Murach, Bailey D. Peck, Robert A. Policastro, Ivan J. Vechetti Jr., Douglas W. Van Pelt, Cory M. Dungan, Lance T. Denes, Xu Fu, Camille R. Brightwell, Gabriel E. Zentner, Esther E. Dupont-Versteegden, Christopher I. Richards, Jeramiah J. Smith, Christopher S. Fry, John J. Mccarthy, Charlotte A. Peterson

Center for Muscle Biology Faculty Publications

Using in vivo muscle stem cell (satellite cell)-specific extracellular vesicle (EV) tracking, satellite cell depletion, in vitro cell culture, and single-cell RNA sequencing, we show satellite cells communicate with other cells in skeletal muscle during mechanical overload. Early satellite cell EV communication primes the muscle milieu for proper long-term extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and is sufficient to support sustained hypertrophy in adult mice, even in the absence of fusion to muscle fibers. Satellite cells modulate chemokine gene expression across cell types within the first few days of loading, and EV delivery of miR-206 to fibrogenic cells represses Wisp1 expression required …


An Ellis Island Christmas, Alexandra Mcmillin Mar 2021

An Ellis Island Christmas, Alexandra Mcmillin

Diverse Families Bookshelf Lesson Plans and Activities

No abstract provided.


Changes In Soil Chemistry And Foliar Metabolism Of Himalayan Cedar (Cedrus Deodara) And Himalayan Spruce (Picea Smithiana) Along An Elevational Gradient At Kufri, Hp, India: The Potential Roles Of Regional Pollution And Localized Grazing, Rakesh Minocha, Alexandra R. Contosta, Gregory B. Lawrence, Ravinder K. Kohli, Subhash C. Minocha, Stephanie Long Mar 2021

Changes In Soil Chemistry And Foliar Metabolism Of Himalayan Cedar (Cedrus Deodara) And Himalayan Spruce (Picea Smithiana) Along An Elevational Gradient At Kufri, Hp, India: The Potential Roles Of Regional Pollution And Localized Grazing, Rakesh Minocha, Alexandra R. Contosta, Gregory B. Lawrence, Ravinder K. Kohli, Subhash C. Minocha, Stephanie Long

Faculty Publications

We investigated changes in soil chemistry and foliar metabolism of Himalayan cedar [Cedrus deodara (Roxb. Ex Lamb.) G.Don] and Himalayan spruce [Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss] trees along a steep elevational gradient in the lower Himalayan Mountains at Kufri, Himachal Pradesh (HP), India. The foliar and soil samples were collected from four locations along a 300 m elevational gradient at ridge, high-, mid-, and low-elevation sites within the forested Shimla Water Catchment Wildlife Sanctuary that provides water for the city of Shimla, HP,. Observations at the time of sampling revealed that the high-elevation site was being heavily grazed. Soils collected at …


Saudi Special Education Teachers’ Perspectives On The Use Of Ipads To Enhance Communication Skills For Students With Autism, Adil Alghamdi Mar 2021

Saudi Special Education Teachers’ Perspectives On The Use Of Ipads To Enhance Communication Skills For Students With Autism, Adil Alghamdi

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This study explored teachers’ perceptions of rough-and- tumble (R&T) play in early childhood education in Saudi Arabia. The literature on rough-and-tumble play in Saudi Arabia is limited in scope, and more research is needed to explore teachers’ perceptions on this type of play for early learners. The pertinent literature reveals that R&T play, which includes running, jumping, fighting, wrestling, chasing, pulling, pushing, and climbing, among other rough playful activities, can positively impact learning and development across psychosocial, emotional, and cognitive domains. Teachers’ understanding of R & T play is key, and the attitudes of Saudi early childhood teachers who are …


Clinicopathological Features Of Craniopharyngioma: A 15-Year Study From A Tertiary Care Center In Pakistan, Saroona Haroon, Anoshia Afzal, Shamail Zia, Syed J. Ali, Fazail Zia, Farozaan Shamail, Muhammad Irfan, Atif A. Hashmi Mar 2021

Clinicopathological Features Of Craniopharyngioma: A 15-Year Study From A Tertiary Care Center In Pakistan, Saroona Haroon, Anoshia Afzal, Shamail Zia, Syed J. Ali, Fazail Zia, Farozaan Shamail, Muhammad Irfan, Atif A. Hashmi

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Introduction: Craniopharyngiomas (CPs) are benign neoplasms and most common suprasellar tumors. They are more frequent in children, contributing to a significant number of intracranial tumors in the pediatric population and are thought to be arising either from the epithelial remnant cells of the craniopharyngeal duct or from the adenohypophysis epithelium. Two subtypes of CPs exist, namely, adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) and papillary craniopharyngioma (PCP). ACP is more common in children with a relatively aggressive clinical course and more frequent relapses than PCP. The study objective was to evaluate the clinicopathological features of CP in our population.
Methods: We conducted a retrospective …


A Sleepless Night: Can You Correctly Understand The Harm Of Insomnia, Wenwen Zhu Mar 2021

A Sleepless Night: Can You Correctly Understand The Harm Of Insomnia, Wenwen Zhu

Postgraduate Conference on Interdisciplinary Learning: Re-Imagining Postgraduate Studies in the 21st Century and Beyond

No abstract provided.


New Class Of Boundary Value Problems, Abdon Atangana Mar 2021

New Class Of Boundary Value Problems, Abdon Atangana

Information Sciences Letters

A category of singularly perturbed boundary value problem for nonlinear equation of fourth order with two parameters is considered here. The Adomian decomposition and Variational iteration techniques are used to propose an asymptotic solution to this problem. Some examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the two techniques for solving the boundary value problems of nonlinear equation of fourth order with two parameters. The two solutions are compared for small and large x.


A Domain Oriented Approach For Network Software Requirement Modeling, Chenshu, Wuguoqing, Yejunmin Mar 2021

A Domain Oriented Approach For Network Software Requirement Modeling, Chenshu, Wuguoqing, Yejunmin

Information Sciences Letters

Requirement analysis on NS (network software) poses a lot of problems for the reason of dynamic deploying topology, dynamic proposing and dynamic changing of requirement. In this paper, we propose a unified solution for NS requirement modeling called PVSS. The purpose of PVSS is to provide a stepwise modeling framework on extracting common artifacts of families of NS applications from domain on constructing reusable domain models, then refined and customized for specific NS requirement model.


A New Network Multiplier Using Modified High Order Encoder And Optimized Hybrid Adder In Cmos Technology, Pooya Asadi Mar 2021

A New Network Multiplier Using Modified High Order Encoder And Optimized Hybrid Adder In Cmos Technology, Pooya Asadi

Information Sciences Letters

In this paper, a new low power, high speed network multiplier is presented. For increasing performance of multiplier, a novel modified high-order encoder is proposed. Previous encoders have complicated hardware and their ability to decrease number of input operands is low. Presented encoder uses high-order algorithm and therefore reduces number of partial products efficiently. A new hybrid adder is presented which uses ideas of carry lookahead adder and ripple carry adder to modify final adder architecture. Previous carry lookahead adders have large carry network and their ability to decrease noise margin is low. It uses a DCVS carry network, which …


A Real-Time Anomaly Network Intrusion Detection System With High Accuracy, Ahmed A. Elngar, Dowlat A. El A. Mohamed, Fayed F. M. Ghaleb Mar 2021

A Real-Time Anomaly Network Intrusion Detection System With High Accuracy, Ahmed A. Elngar, Dowlat A. El A. Mohamed, Fayed F. M. Ghaleb

Information Sciences Letters

Reliance on Internet and online procedures increased the potential of attacks launched over the Internet. Therefore, network security needs to be concerned to provide secure information channels. Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is a valuable tool for the defense-in-depth of computer networks. However, building an efficient IDS faces a number of challenges. One of the important challenges is dealing with data containing high number of features. This paper is devoted to solve this challenge by proposing an effective PSO-Discritize-HNB intrusion detection system. The proposed PSO-Discritize-HNB IDS combines Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Information Entropy Minimization (IEM) discritize method with the Hidden …


Efficiency Analysis In Outsourced Database Using One Time Signature Scheme, Aihab Khan Mar 2021

Efficiency Analysis In Outsourced Database Using One Time Signature Scheme, Aihab Khan

Information Sciences Letters

In the outsourced database model (ODB) entities need third party service providers. As the third party service provider is being untrusted, so there should be a mechanism to determine the integrity and authenticity in the query result which is given to the actual client, by the service provider. In the digital signature schemes, verification is efficient. In this many separate signatures can be combined into a single signature, but the problem with digital signatures (for RSA 1024 bits) is that they have storage overhead. To overcome this weakness, we use one way hash chain that requires little storage as compare …


Eigen Value And It′S Comparison With Gaussian Rbf, Multi-Quadratic Rbf And Inverse Multi-Quadratic Rbf Methods, Abhisek Paul, ,Paritosh Bhattacharya Mar 2021

Eigen Value And It′S Comparison With Gaussian Rbf, Multi-Quadratic Rbf And Inverse Multi-Quadratic Rbf Methods, Abhisek Paul, ,Paritosh Bhattacharya

Information Sciences Letters

For any system Eigen value is the characteristic value and It is the characteristic roots for an equation which modeled that system. In this paper we have introduce Radial Basis Function (RBF) to evaluate Eigen value approximation for any given system. We have made some approximation to get best possible output with the help of pseudo inverse technique in Radial Basis Functions. We have experimented and compared the Eigen values of matrices with respect to Gaussian RBF, Multi-Quadratic RBF and Inverse Multi-Quadratic RBF methods. In this paper we worked on several matrices and calculated their Eigen value by using different …


Cryptanalysis Of An Improved Smartcard-Based Remote Password Authentication Scheme, Sk Hafizul Islam, G. P. Biswas, Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo Mar 2021

Cryptanalysis Of An Improved Smartcard-Based Remote Password Authentication Scheme, Sk Hafizul Islam, G. P. Biswas, Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo

Information Sciences Letters

In recent years, several dynamic identity-based two-factor user authentication using password and smartcard have been proposed to provide mutual authentication between the user and server over unreliable networks. However, the design of secure cryptographic schemes is still notoriously hard, and there have been several instances of detected flaws in published schemes. For example in 2010, Hao and Yu demonstrated thatWang et al.’s user authentication scheme is insecure against off-line password guessing and server masquerade attacks, and proposed an improved scheme. Subsequently in 2012, Chao pointed out that the improved scheme of Hao and Yu is, unfortunately, susceptible to off-line password …