Digital Commons Network^™

Defining “Delineation”: How The Circuit Split On The Delineation Test For The Copyrightability Of Fictional Characters Can Be Fixed, Kurt Bauer

American University Law Review

The standard for the copyrightability of fictional characters needs clarification. Courts have long relied on the delineation test to determine whether a character is sufficiently developed to merit protection separate from its underlying work, yet the circuits diverge on how this test should be applied. The Ninth Circuit’s Towle test relies on overruled precedent, treats characters as static, imposes an originality threshold beyond that required by the Copyright Act, and risks extending protection to inanimate props. In contrast, the Second Circuit has tied delineation more clearly to the Act’s core requirements of originality and fixation, offering a more principled approach. …

Bringing Section 7 Into The Next Century, Amy J. Schmitz, David M. Brodsky

American University Business Law Review

In 1925, Congress passed a historic piece of legislation, the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), that attempted to change the American judiciary's hostility towards enforcing arbitration agreements and awards. This hostility was rooted in English common law and migrated to the American civil justice system. But in 1925, Congress gave life to the broad use of executory agreements to enforce compliance with contracts through arbitration.

The Right To Arbitrate(?): Integrating Consumer Protection Into Judicial Review Of The Mccarran-Ferguson Act And The New York Convention, Rachel Bamberger

American University Business Law Review

International commercial arbitration has grown increasingly popular as an alternative method of dispute resolution. This Comment explores the struggle courts face when they must determine whether to apply the New York Convention, an international treaty that recognizes and compels arbitration agreements, or a federal statute known as the McCarran-Ferguson Act, which delegates authority to the states to regulate insurance. Conflict arises when foreign insurers seek to compel arbitration under the New York Convention in states with antiarbitration insurance laws, and courts must choose between upholding domestic state laws or honoring the Treaty.

This Comment examines the method of analysis used …

Remote Work's Complication Of Companies' Personal Jurisdiction Standings: Morphing The Historical Analysis To Fit Modern Remote Work Characteristics, Lindarose Piccolo

American University Business Law Review

Personal jurisdiction ensures that the proper forum adjudicates civil disputes to prevent burdening a defendant with litigating in inconvenient forums. International Shoe Co. v. Washington established that defendants must have minimum contacts with the forum state such that exercise of jurisdiction comports with fair play and substantial justice. Following International Shoe, many cases have provided examples of the minimum contacts that would establish personal jurisdiction.

However, the ability for employees to work remotely from their homes using technological devices and software has exponentially increased over the past five years. Because of the increased ability to work remotely from anywhere in …

Horizons: Essays On Synodality, Liturgy, And Global Catholicism, Angela M. Mccarthy

Pastoral Liturgy

No abstract provided.

Book Review The Making Of A Justice: Reflections On My First 94 Years By John Paul Stevens, Stephen Wermiel

Book Reviews

The autobiography of Justice John Paul Stevens, published just a few months before he died, is an enticing travelogue for Supreme Court nerds. Other travelers may want to pick a different landscape.

In The Making of a Justice: Reflections on My First 94 Years, Stevens who died in July 2019, at age 99, spent 130 pages on his life before he joined the Supreme Court and then 394 pages describing the decisions during his thirty-four year as a Justice. Stevens was an agile writer and did as good a job as anyone can of making the narrative accessible, but it …

An Investigation Of Early Identification And Programs That Support Children With Inequitable Beginnings, Rena Ramiah

Educational Leadership Theses, Dissertations, and Student Creative Activity

A body of research suggests that children from disadvantaged backgrounds have a gap in cognitive development that is set by age three (Roozbeh et al., 2016). This study examines if early identification of children with inequitable beginnings and conditions, and offering the support needed better prepares them for school (Simoncic et al., 2022). The research looks at programs established to address the equality and equity of education in a large suburban school district despite not qualifying for Head Start funding (National Academies of Sciences et al., 2020).

This research used qualitative and quantitative analysis within an associational investigation format, using …

Newcomers: A Selected Annotated Bibliography For English Learner Research, Policy, And Practice, Center For Equity For English Learners

Annotated Bibliographies

Newcomers: A Selected Annotated Bibliography for English Learner Research, Policy, and Practice is comprised of 32 annotations from recent and seminal literature regarding the education of foreign-born students and families who have recently arrived in the United States, often referred to as Newcomers. These annotations build on the annotations regarding Newcomers in CEEL’s 2022 annotated bibliography, Ensuring Equity and Excellence for English Learners: An Annotated Bibliography for Research, Policy, and Practice (Center for Equity for English Learners, 2022) to include publications from 2022-2025. This selected annotated bibliography serves as a resource for researchers, policymakers, educators, and advocates who are working …

English Learners With Disabilities: A Selected Annotated Bibliography For English Learner Research, Policy, And Practice, Center For Equity For English Learners

Annotated Bibliographies

English Learners with Disabilities: A Selected Annotated Bibliography for English Learner Research, Policy, and Practice is comprised of 21 annotations from recent and seminal literature regarding English Learners (ELs) who are dually identified as students with disabilities. These annotations build on the annotations regarding ELs with disabilities in CEEL’s 2022 annotated bibliography, Ensuring Equity and Excellence for English Learners: An Annotated Bibliography for Research, Policy, and Practice (Center for Equity for English Learners, 2022) to include publications from 2022-2025. This selected annotated bibliography serves as a resource for researchers, policymakers, educators, and advocates who are working for equity and excellence …

Designated Eld: A Selected Annotated Bibliography For English Learner Research, Policy, And Practice, Center For Equity For English Learners

Annotated Bibliographies

Designated ELD: A Selected Annotated Bibliography for English Learner Research, Policy, and Practice is comprised of 19 annotations from recent and seminal literature regarding designated English Language Development (d-ELD). These annotations build on the annotations regarding designated ELD in CEEL’s 2022 annotated bibliography, Ensuring Equity and Excellence for English Learners: An Annotated Bibliography for Research, Policy, and Practice (Center for Equity for English Learners, 2022) to include publications from 2022-2025. This selected annotated bibliography serves as a resource for researchers, policymakers, educators, and advocates who are working for equity and excellence for English Learners.

The contributors provide a comprehensive selection …

Research-Practice Partnerships: A Selected Annotated Bibliography For English Learner Research, Policy, And Practice, Center For Equity For English Learners

Annotated Bibliographies

Research-Practice Partnerships: A Selected Annotated Bibliography for English Learner Research, Policy, and Practice is comprised of 17 annotations from recent and seminal literature regarding research-practice partnerships between universities and districts and schools. These annotations build on the annotations regarding university and district partnerships in CEEL’s 2022 annotated bibliography, Ensuring Equity and Excellence for English Learners: An Annotated Bibliography for Research, Policy, and Practice (Center for Equity for English Learners, 2022) to include publications from 2022-2025. This selected annotated bibliography serves as a resource for researchers, policymakers, educators, and advocates who are working for equity and excellence for ELs.

The contributors …

Bilingual Teacher Preparation: A Selected Annotated Bibliography For English Learner Research, Policy, And Practice, Center For Equity For English Learners

Annotated Bibliographies

Bilingual Teacher Preparation: A Selected Annotated Bibliography for English Learner Research, Policy, and Practice is comprised of 21 annotations from recent and seminal literature regarding the preparation of preservice teachers preparing to be bilingual teachers. These annotations build on the annotations regarding bilingual teacher preparation in CEEL’s 2022 annotated bibliography, Ensuring Equity and Excellence for English Learners: An Annotated Bibliography for Research, Policy, and Practice (Center for Equity for English Learners, 2022) to include publications from 2022-2025. This selected annotated bibliography serves as a resource for researchers, policymakers, educators, and advocates who are working for equity and excellence for ELs. …

Assessment: A Selected Annotated Bibliography For English Learner Research, Policy, And Practice, Center For Equity For English Learners

Annotated Bibliographies

Assessment: A Selected Annotated Bibliography for English Learner Research, Policy, and Practice is comprised of 18 annotations from recent and seminal literature regarding the assessment of English Learners and Multilingual Learners. These annotations build on the annotations regarding assessment in CEEL’s 2022 annotated bibliography, Ensuring Equity and Excellence for English Learners: An Annotated Bibliography for Research, Policy, and Practice (Center for Equity for English Learners, 2022) to include publications from 2022-2025. This selected annotated bibliography serves as a resource for researchers, policymakers, educators, and advocates who are working for equity and excellence for ELs.

The contributors provide a comprehensive selection …

Through A Glass Darkly: How Securities Disclosures Give A Distorted View Of The Economy, Gerald F. Davis

Seattle University Law Review

Our understanding of the American economy often relies on stylized facts derived from mandatory disclosures by listed corporations. Data vendors like Standard & Poor’s vacuum up 10Ks and proxy statements into databases, and scholars distill these into tentative maps. This may have been adequate for a postwar economy centered on asset-heavy manufacturers, but it is increasingly out of step with an information-based economy. Companies listed on the stock market are fewer in number and less representative than they were, light in tangible assets and people, and heavy on IP. Basic facts such as what industry they are in are increasingly …

Full Journal

Pastoral Liturgy

No abstract provided.

The Holy Family - 28 December 2025, Ann-Maree O'Beirne

Pastoral Liturgy

No abstract provided.

Automatic Hole Saw Testing For Mk Morse, Jason Watson, Justin Zapotoczny

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

M.K. Morse has a hole saw tester they use for their hole saw product line. The tester currently requires constant operator attention for a process that could be automated. The goal of this project is to create a new hole saw tester that can run without the need for an operator's complete attention and give reliable data for the hole saws.

Ct: Paws, Pools & Preparedness- A Community Event Promoting Water Safety Through Strategic Communication, Madison Nolan

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

Paws, Pools & Preparedness is an educational community event tailored as a School of Communications Honors project. It will take place at the Wadsworth YMCA's Grizzly Pool in early August and feature a live demonstration by a search and rescue dog and handler to teach children and families about water safety and emergency preparedness in an entertaining, interactive way. The activity entails a rescue demonstration, safety briefing, and meet-and-greet session with the dog. The student organizer handles all planning, promotion (by hard-copy flyers), and staging. Involving all phases of the project is Smith's (2004) strategic PR model and theories of …

Organic Social Media Strategy For The University Of Akron, Alexander Busch

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

This project develops a research-based organic social media strategy for the University of Akron, addressing the growing importance of digital communication in higher education and the need for authentic, student-centered engagement. Although the university maintains an active presence on platforms such as Instagram, TikTok, Facebook, and X, its current content often reflects a corporate tone that limits relatability and audience connection. This project proposes an alternative content strategy instead: organic advertisements. These are unpaid, and rely on the algorithm to be promoted. The project proposes a five-week content calendar featuring mascot-driven campaigns and event-based initiatives to strengthen brand identity and …

Untimely, Uneven, Combined: Translator's Introduction, D. Bret Leraul

Faculty Contributions to Books

No abstract provided.

Ada Trustee Corner - Ninth Letter From The Ada Second Trustee District To The Nysda Components, Brendan Dowd Dds

Bulletin of the Ninth District Dental Association

A regular column from the trustee of the Second Trustee District of to NYSDA Components.

Bulletin Ninth District Ny September 2025

Bulletin of the Ninth District Dental Association

In the September 2025 issue, the reader will find the following feature articles:

• "Paul J. Kim, D.D.S. Receives the 2025 D. Austin Sniffen Medal of Honor"
• "Message from the ADA President-Standing Up for Community Water Fluoridation"
• "The Significance of Asthma in Dentistry"

Also included are your monthly President's Message, event updates, continuing education opportunities, membership news and classifieds.

Ensuring The Health And Well-Being Of Children After Adoption, The Rees-Jones Center For Foster Care Excellence

White Papers and Policy Briefs

Children in foster care have higher rates of health concerns and healthcare utilization than their peers who have not experienced foster care. For example, one study found that children in foster care had 2.5- and 2.3-times higher odds of having a mental health diagnosis and developmental disability diagnosis, respectively. Data on our patient population supports these findings, revealing that 70.4% of our patients had chronic or complex chronic health conditions.

For questions about this publication or others, please email [email protected]

childrens.com/fostercare

Of Race And Romance: A Qualitative Investigation Of Queer Asian American Men’S Romantic Relationships With Queer Asian American Men, Thomas P. Le, Xiaoyin Liu, Maya L. Chao, Sankeerthna Vedamtam, Sara N. Mayungo, Sasha M. Mikita

Psychology Faculty Research and Scholarship

Past research has identified that internalized racism affects Asian Americans’ dating preferences; however, fewer studies have sought to examine Asian Americans who choose to date one another. For queer Asian American men, dating fellow Asian American men may represent a rejection of idealizing White men in romantic relational contexts. The present study thus utilized a grounded theory qualitative methodology with a strengths-based approach to understand the lived experiences of queer Asian American men who are currently in romantic relationships with fellow queer Asian American men. Queer Asian American men who are in romantic relationships with other queer Asian American men …

From ‘Me’ To ‘We’: How Perspective Shifts In Language Can Shape Children’S Judgments About Kindness, Caring, And Inclusivity, Ariana Orvell, Ella Simmons, Valerie Umscheid, Giulia Elli, Susan A. Gelman

Psychology Faculty Research and Scholarship

Core to kindness, compassion, or consideration of others is the ability to move beyond one's own perspective to imagine how someone else would think or feel. We reasoned that subtle shifts in language may facilitate this process, hypothesizing that speakers who adopted a generalized perspective (generic you, we) versus an individual (me) or specific (another's name) perspective would be viewed by children as more kind, compassionate, and generous. We conducted three experiments with children 6-9 years of age (N = 376) as well as adults (reported in the Supplemental Materials; N = 781) to test this hypothesis. In Experiment 1, …

Can We Leave Ideology Behind? Diagnostic, Prognostic, And Motivational Action Frames In Tracking Radicalization And Deradicalization, Clark Mccauley

Psychology Faculty Research and Scholarship

Two recent publications attempt to support the usefulness of ideology in conceptualizing trajectories of radicalisation and deradicalisation in terrorism research. Both papers translate ideology as the three dimensions of social action framing: diagnostic, prognostic, and motivational framing. This Research Note reviews the two papers to show that the measurement potential of the three frames is being lost in efforts to preserve the value of the concept of ideology. The question is raised: can we give up talk about ideology in terrorism research?

Autonomous Vehicle Platooning, Tony Abelson

McNair Summer Research Program

This research investigates the construction and performance optimization of two autonomous vehicles with using "Platooning," a strategy aimed at reducing fuel consumption and enhancing transportation efficiency. Platooning allows one vehicle to follow another closely, minimizing aerodynamic drag and improving fuel economy. This study addresses the growing need for sustainable transportation solutions in the context of increasing urbanization and environmental concerns, emphasizing the importance of efficient autonomous vehicle operation. The primary objectives of this research are to assemble autonomous vehicles from scratch and to optimize their performance in both individual and platoon operations. The methodology involves using Traxxas Slash chassis and …

Undergraduate Course Catalog Of The University Of San Diego 2025-2026, University Of San Diego

Undergraduate Course Catalogs (1973- )

590 pages. Includes information about academics, expenses, campus and the college, the 2025-2026 academic calendar, and school policies.

Showcasing Data With Widgets And Dashboards: Making Analytics Data More Accessible For Alma Users, Mary Tuttle

Library Scholarship

This presentation covers different methods of making data in Alma Analytics more accessible to Alma users. It demonstrates creating visualizations in Alma Analytics and the Data Visualization tool, creating widgets for users' Alma homepages, managing tricky sorting, and adding dynamic action links to Analytics reports and widgets.

Bibliography Of Scholarship From 2025, University Of San Diego

Annual Bibliography of USD Scholarship

No abstract provided.