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Closing The Gap: Preschool Quality Affect On Language Acquisition Across Socioeconomic Statuses, Abby E. Hannnon Ms, Kaitlyn Clark Ms, Olivia Lewis Ms, Catherine L. Cotton Ms Apr 2025

Closing The Gap: Preschool Quality Affect On Language Acquisition Across Socioeconomic Statuses, Abby E. Hannnon Ms, Kaitlyn Clark Ms, Olivia Lewis Ms, Catherine L. Cotton Ms

Undergraduate Research Conference

Language acquisition is impacted greatly in the early years of life by many contributing factors. Children begin to have the conscious ability to acquire, learn, and develop language in exponential capacities around the age of 3-4 years old. These years are vital for the future of individuals' speech and communication. Preschool education is the beginning building blocks that lead to K-12 language learning and development. Socioeconomic statuses differ across all preschool aged children’s homes, consequently affecting the language heard and learned in the household. Our goal is to examine whether the quality of preschool education reduces the language acquisition gap …


How Do Slp's In Mississippi Incorporate Religious Activities In Adult Therapy Sessions, Nina M. Coker, Kenzie Priest, Claire Leak, Callie Abraham Apr 2025

How Do Slp's In Mississippi Incorporate Religious Activities In Adult Therapy Sessions, Nina M. Coker, Kenzie Priest, Claire Leak, Callie Abraham

Undergraduate Research Conference

Our research study proposes that Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs) in Mississippi consider including religious activities in therapy sessions with adult clients, highlighting the impact of these practices on the clinician-client relationship. The purpose of this research proposal is to gain information on how SLPs can incorporate religious activities in therapy sessions. It also seeks to emphasize the importance of clinicians’ cultural awareness regarding religious practices and how their awareness can impact their client’s experience. This study will consist of two surveys. The first survey will be completed by clinicians to gain knowledge of their awareness and incorporation of religion within therapy …


Does Awareness Of Behavioral Challenges Impact The Preparedness Of Recent Slp Graduate Students For Their Professional Practice?, Madison K. Jones, Catherine L. Cotton Dr. Apr 2025

Does Awareness Of Behavioral Challenges Impact The Preparedness Of Recent Slp Graduate Students For Their Professional Practice?, Madison K. Jones, Catherine L. Cotton Dr.

Undergraduate Research Conference

This research aims to explore how awareness of behavioral challenges, such as aggression, defiance, and hyperactivity, affects the preparedness of recent Speech-Language Pathology (SLP) graduates. With over 84% of children receiving SLP services also facing emotional or behavioral difficulties, it is crucial to examine whether new SLPs feel prepared to manage these challenges. The study seeks to assess whether increased awareness of behavioral issues correlates with greater confidence and readiness in addressing them during the first year of clinical practice. The study will involve administering a survey to first-year Speech-Language Pathologists. The survey will focus on their preparedness and their …


Sexual Education Topics Recalled By Students From Public And Private Schools, Olivia Mastalerz, Sarah Lucente, Shane Feins, Steve Rouse Apr 2025

Sexual Education Topics Recalled By Students From Public And Private Schools, Olivia Mastalerz, Sarah Lucente, Shane Feins, Steve Rouse

Seaver College Research And Scholarly Achievement Symposium

This research aimed to determine which comprehensive sex education principles (as recommended by the Sexual Education Information Council of the United States (SEICUS)) were recalled among people who attended private and public schools. We surveyed 80 participants at a private, religiously affiliated university to see what they recalled from their sexual education in public vs. private schools. Only two topics (sexual anatomy and puberty) were recalled by more than 70% of the participants. All other SEICUS standards were recalled by fewer than 30% of the participants, with the fewest recalling sexual fantasies, sexual dysfunction, sex and the law, sex and …


Ai2 (Ai Intelligence) Project For The University Classroom, Asia Yang, Jessica Furrow Apr 2025

Ai2 (Ai Intelligence) Project For The University Classroom, Asia Yang, Jessica Furrow

Seaver College Research And Scholarly Achievement Symposium

While artificial intelligence (AI) is not a new concept, the release of ChatGPT by OpenAI has significantly increased public interest in its applications. AI refers to machines performing tasks that require human cognition. Since Turing’s (1950) introduction of the theory of computation and the imitation game, scientists have worked to develop machines that “think”; like humans. This progress has led to deep learning models that simulate complex decision-making processes (Davoodi, 2024). This study presents an assignment that encourages students to explore AI tools for potential industry applications while comparing their work with AI-generated content. Additionally, we assess student engagement using …


Difference Or Disorder? Misidentification Of Speech And Language Disorders In Mississippi’S Public Schools, Lori Leachman, Catherine Cotton Dr. Apr 2025

Difference Or Disorder? Misidentification Of Speech And Language Disorders In Mississippi’S Public Schools, Lori Leachman, Catherine Cotton Dr.

Undergraduate Research Conference

Students who are misdiagnosed with speech and language disorders often miss out on necessary class time and can fall behind their peers. In order to decrease the prevalence of misdiagnoses due to dialectal and linguistic differences, we must first understand how SLPs currently differentiate between typical and disordered speech. In this study, information will be gathered on the current abilities of Mississippi public school SLPs to identify the difference between a speaker that is linguistically diverse and a speaker with disordered speech or language. SLPs will listen to AI generated speech samples–some disordered, some typical, but with non-mainstream dialects–and be …


“Radio . . . What [Is It] Doing To Our Children?” The Impact Of Radio On Families During The Golden Age Of Broadcasting, Samuel Pulsipher Apr 2025

“Radio . . . What [Is It] Doing To Our Children?” The Impact Of Radio On Families During The Golden Age Of Broadcasting, Samuel Pulsipher

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

Eerie string music, a dark cackle of laughter, and then a sinister voice says, “Who knows what evils lurks in the hearts of men? The Shadow knows.”3 Suddenly, an interruption by the Goodrich Man. He has something to say about Goodrich tires with their lifesaving tread and blow- out protection: “So, play safe, equip your car with Goodrich, safety Silvertown!” The Goodrich- Man is ushered out by organ music as our hero Lamont Cranston, the Shadow, is introduced. He is heralded as a man of wealth and science who devotes his life to righting wrongs, protecting the innocent, and punishing …


Personal Politicking Dolores Huerta’S Key Contributions To Farmworker Organizing, Keylla Ortega Apr 2025

Personal Politicking Dolores Huerta’S Key Contributions To Farmworker Organizing, Keylla Ortega

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

When she was just in her mid- twenties, Dolores Huerta served as a board member of one of the most influential mid- century civic organizations in California, the Community Service Organization (CSO). Huerta quickly established herself as a key voice in the farmworker movement for labor rights, but she recognized early on that as a woman she had to work strategically to win votes in board meetings. She later recalled, “If I wanted to get a vote on a tough case, like to fight the police department, I had to really use . . . all of this personal kind …


Japanese Imperial Education In Korea And Taiwan And The Lens Of Reciprocal Assimilation, Devin Sanders Apr 2025

Japanese Imperial Education In Korea And Taiwan And The Lens Of Reciprocal Assimilation, Devin Sanders

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

During the 19th century, the nation of Japan underwent a variety of political, social, and economic changes, including but not limited to events such as the Meiji Restoration in 1868 and the first Sino-Japanese War in 1894-1895. This paradigmatic shift sought to usher in a new era of Japanese dominance on both regional and international scales. Japanese dominance and international relevance, as indicated by Meiji-era domestic and foreign policy, was to be realized through adopting demonstratively successful policies, technologies, ideals, governments, militaries, economic approaches, and even the appearances of Western powers.1 Indeed, influential Japanese leaders such as Fukuzawa Yukichi believed …


Blood In The Snow The Mormon-Timpanogos Conflict At Battle Creek, Nathan Hale Apr 2025

Blood In The Snow The Mormon-Timpanogos Conflict At Battle Creek, Nathan Hale

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

On March 5th, 1849, a group of 36 Mormon men surrounded the Native American camp of a small band of Timpanogos at Battle Creek, which is present-day Pleasant Grove, Utah. The Mormon militia suspected this band of cattle rustling, and a conflict ensued that resulted in the shooting and killing of four Timpanogos men. During the battle, the women and children of the native camp took cover and endured exposure to the cold elements and frigid water of Battle Creek. Six days later, these same women and children arrived in Salt Lake City. Among the group of Native American survivors …


Remembering The Lady Representations Of Abigail Adams In The Women’S Rights Movement, Allison Haack Apr 2025

Remembering The Lady Representations Of Abigail Adams In The Women’S Rights Movement, Allison Haack

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

In November 1975, Redbook, a women’s magazine, included a “call to action” issued to women of the United States. This call was set forth both in response to the bicentennial celebration of the Declaration of Independence as well the UN National Women’s Year. In it, over fifty organizations came together to lay out an eleven-step plan to achieve greater political equality between the sexes—namely, the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. To introduce this call to action, Bess Myers, the author, shared several anecdotes about Abigail Adams, including Adams’ charge that her husband “remember the ladies” when he went off …


“To Inherit God Himself?” The Metaphysical Transformation Of Man As Theorized In Cotton Mather’S Biblia Americana, Michael Green Apr 2025

“To Inherit God Himself?” The Metaphysical Transformation Of Man As Theorized In Cotton Mather’S Biblia Americana, Michael Green

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

The tumult of the Enlightenment was enormous, not least in its impact on theologians of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Biblical exegesis (explanation of a scriptural text based on its own historical and cultural circumstances) of the Reformation that idealized interpretations grounded in unerring prophetic figures were suddenly and forcefully subjected to the tide of historical literalism propagated by major intellectual figures such as Hugo Grotius and Baruch Spinoza. They and their cohort believed that the Bible should be treated as a historical source and its merits scrutinized based on its literal accuracy


The Moderating Effect Of Internal Fit In The Relationship Between Hpws And Financial Performance In Public Enterprises In Ethiopia, Wondimagegne A. Reda, Berhanu T. Eshetu Apr 2025

The Moderating Effect Of Internal Fit In The Relationship Between Hpws And Financial Performance In Public Enterprises In Ethiopia, Wondimagegne A. Reda, Berhanu T. Eshetu

Management Dynamics

This research determined the moderating effect of internal fit in the relationship between the high performance work system (HPWS) and financial performance of public enterprises in Ethiopia. The participants of the study were top, middle, and lower level managers of the public enterprises. Stratified random sampling was used since the population consists of different organizations. Then simple random sampling was employed to ensure that all managers of the public enterprises had equal chance of being selected to avoid sample bias and ensure that the results were reliable enough to be generalized. The researcher used structured questionnaire to collect data from …


Electric Vehicle Adoption And Future Trends: Bibliometric Network Analysis Review, Uday Arun Bhale, Harpreet Singh Bedi, Samrat Ray Apr 2025

Electric Vehicle Adoption And Future Trends: Bibliometric Network Analysis Review, Uday Arun Bhale, Harpreet Singh Bedi, Samrat Ray

Management Dynamics

The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is gaining momentum globally as part of efforts to mitigate climate change and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. This bibliometric review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of research on EV adoption and future trends. Using data from various scientific databases, we identified key themes, influential publications, and leading researchers in the field. Our analysis reveals significant growth in EV-related research over the past decade, with a marked increase in publications focused on technological advancements, policy impacts, and consumer behaviour. We also highlight emerging trends such as the integration of renewable energy …


Hb 1557 Impact On Family Functions, Andi Brabham Apr 2025

Hb 1557 Impact On Family Functions, Andi Brabham

Undergraduate Research Conference

Families are often noted as the foundation of this country, so it is important to consider all families when implementing new policies. In 2022, the Parental Rights in Education bill (HB 1557) was approved in Florida. It was put into place with the intention of benefitting children and families, however, not every family was considered. Main points from HB 1557 include giving parents the right to know any information obtained on their children, the right of parents to have more control over decision making for their children, and the prohibition of discussions or teachings on sexuality and gender identity within …


Cognitive Function And Cardio-Pulmonary Responses Following One Night Sleep Deprivation Among College-Age Students, Jacob S. Kreger, Andrew Schroeder, Michael Ranney Apr 2025

Cognitive Function And Cardio-Pulmonary Responses Following One Night Sleep Deprivation Among College-Age Students, Jacob S. Kreger, Andrew Schroeder, Michael Ranney

ONU Student Research Colloquium

The relationship between sleep and quality of life has been extensively studied. Previous research suggests that even one night of sleep deprivation negatively impacts cognitive ability and stress levels. In this study, physiological stress markers—heart rate (bpm), blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure), respiratory rate (rpm), and oxygen saturation (%)—were measured while participants rested. Cognitive function was assessed using the Stroop color test. Twenty five healthy college students (ages 18-23, male and female) were grouped based on sleep duration (0-4, 4-6, and 7-9 hours), each group consisting of male and females. It was hypothesized that shorter sleep durations would …


A Review Article On Optimizing Breast Cancer Care Teams Through Multidisciplinary Approaches, Panuch Eiamprapaporn, Panchanin Patanayindee, Lucksika Wanishtanom, Hataiwan Rattanabunjerdkul, Sasithorn Sujarittanakarn Apr 2025

A Review Article On Optimizing Breast Cancer Care Teams Through Multidisciplinary Approaches, Panuch Eiamprapaporn, Panchanin Patanayindee, Lucksika Wanishtanom, Hataiwan Rattanabunjerdkul, Sasithorn Sujarittanakarn

Asian Medical Journal and Alternative Medicine

Breast cancer treatment has been revolutionized through the implementation of Multidisciplinary Care Teams (MDTs), significantly enhancing patient outcomes. This review outlines the essential components of MDTs in breast cancer care, summarizes evidence supporting their effectiveness, and highlights their role in addressing key challenges within the Thai healthcare system. We discuss quality assessment tools, propose an optimized MDT workflow, and explore the integration of emerging technologies to further advance patient-centered care.


Ct Cavitary Features In Lung Cancer To Differentiate Between Squamous Cell Carcinoma And Adenocarcinoma, Nisa Muangman, Chanikarn Khanutwong, Krittachat Butnian Apr 2025

Ct Cavitary Features In Lung Cancer To Differentiate Between Squamous Cell Carcinoma And Adenocarcinoma, Nisa Muangman, Chanikarn Khanutwong, Krittachat Butnian

Asian Medical Journal and Alternative Medicine

Introduction: Cavitary lung cancer is frequently found in both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and the differentiation between these two types of cancers is becoming more important as the role of molecular targeted therapy is increasingly used.

Objectives: To evaluate the use of CT cavitary features to differentiate between adenocarcinoma and SCC lung cancer.

Methods: A retrospective study of cavitary lung lesions seen on CT scan in patients prior to treatment for pathologically proven adenocarcinoma or SCC between January 2010 and April 2021 was conducted. The chest CT findings of the tumors with cavitation, including the …


Differentiation Between Infiltrative Cholangiocarcinoma Strictures And Benign Common Bile Duct Strictures Using Multi-Slice Computed Tomography (Mdct), Pornchai Chatchairatanavej, Sopa Pongpornsup, Aphinya Charoensak Apr 2025

Differentiation Between Infiltrative Cholangiocarcinoma Strictures And Benign Common Bile Duct Strictures Using Multi-Slice Computed Tomography (Mdct), Pornchai Chatchairatanavej, Sopa Pongpornsup, Aphinya Charoensak

Asian Medical Journal and Alternative Medicine

Objectives: To evaluate CT scan features for differentiating infiltrative cholangiocarcinoma (CC) strictures from benign common bile duct (CBD) strictures.

Methods: CT images of 30 patients with infiltrative CC strictures and 20 patients with benign CBD strictures were reviewed retrospectively by two radiologists. CT features were analyzed regarding location, length of ductal stricture, maximum ductal diameter proximal to stricture, ductal wall thickness, ductal wall enhancement in arterial dominant and portovenous phases, stricture pattern (abrupt vs tapering), and symmetry vs asymmetry. CT features were compared by the chi-square test and the Fisher exact test for descriptive factors, and compared by …


Queerly Writing, Queerly Researching: Using Art-Based Research To Re-Examine My Past And The Imagined Future Of Queer Educators, Matthew Panozzo Apr 2025

Queerly Writing, Queerly Researching: Using Art-Based Research To Re-Examine My Past And The Imagined Future Of Queer Educators, Matthew Panozzo

Journal of Queer and Trans Studies in Education

Through my own coming out process, I turned to LGBTQ+ books as mentors and guides on how to live authentically. These texts shaped my time as a middle and high school English teacher, as well as my time as a doctoral student. This article uses excerpts from Caught Between Closets (Panozzo, 2020), a social fiction written as my doctoral dissertation, to explore and highlight the way queer K-12 educators navigate personal and professional closets. These excerpts were written using a reiterative process (writing to research; researching to write) to re-examine personal experiences, empirical research, multimodal texts, and grey literature. This …


2025 Soars Conference Program, Unf Office Of Undergraduate Research Apr 2025

2025 Soars Conference Program, Unf Office Of Undergraduate Research

Showcase of Osprey Advancements in Research and Scholarship (SOARS)

Program for the 2025 Showcase of Osprey Advancements in Research and Scholarship (SOARS)


Harnessing Faith For Relational Harmony: A Black Christian Couple’S Journey Through Relational Spiritual Knowing, Kevin L. Jones, Victoria L. Jones Apr 2025

Harnessing Faith For Relational Harmony: A Black Christian Couple’S Journey Through Relational Spiritual Knowing, Kevin L. Jones, Victoria L. Jones

The Journal of Faith, Education, and Community

This scholarship centers on the experiences of Black married Christian couples, exploring how spirituality profoundly enriches and transforms their relationships. Building on Martin Buber's philosophy of the “I-Thou” relationship, which emphasizes genuine spiritual engagement, the research highlights how this Black married couple draw on their faith to navigate marital challenges. For Black married Christian couples, spirituality often forms the foundation of their relationships, guiding them through life’s complexities. This work seeks to move beyond traditional teachings, embracing a more expansive view of spirituality that honors the rich, multifaceted nature of Black Christian marriages. Through the Relational Spiritual Knowing framework, this …


Relational Spiritual Knowing As An Educator Of Color: Navigating Predominantly White Educational Settings, Alicia L. Moore Apr 2025

Relational Spiritual Knowing As An Educator Of Color: Navigating Predominantly White Educational Settings, Alicia L. Moore

The Journal of Faith, Education, and Community

Abstract: This article explores the critical role of Relational Spiritual Knowing (RSK) as both a source of strength and a form of activism for African American educators navigating Predominantly White Institutions (PWIs). Through personal reflections and scholarly correlations, it examines how RSK empowers educators to assert their voices and identities in environments that have historically marginalized them. The integration of RSK into educational practices is presented as essential for creating more inclusive, equitable, and spiritually enriched academic spaces. The article also highlights the systemic challenges faced by African American educators, such as power dynamics, microaggressions, and tokenism, and how RSK …


Parody And Mis-Unda-Stendings In Comics Art World: Bridging The Gap With New Criteria, Yannis Koukoulas Apr 2025

Parody And Mis-Unda-Stendings In Comics Art World: Bridging The Gap With New Criteria, Yannis Koukoulas

SANE journal: Sequential Art Narrative in Education

The word parody and its many cognates such as appropriation, adaptation, pastiche, travesty, forgery, homage, tribute, swipe, etc., have often been at the centre of fierce debates within the traditional Artworld and various criteria have been proposed for the critical evaluation of visual and literary works. In particular, parody as a dominant practice in postmodern art is a concept that is subject to misunderstandings as to its content and meaning. In Comics Artworld, however, within which recontextualizing practices are very common, often with humorous content, the attempt to describe artists' works and intentions by the criteria applied to other arts, …


Clinical Decision-Making And Artificial Intelligence: The Role Of Large Language Models In Medicine, Richa Bhasin, Wassim El-Sayed, Kassim Salami, Mura Abdul-Nabi, Ahmed Elashmawy, M. Ellis Jaruzel Ii Apr 2025

Clinical Decision-Making And Artificial Intelligence: The Role Of Large Language Models In Medicine, Richa Bhasin, Wassim El-Sayed, Kassim Salami, Mura Abdul-Nabi, Ahmed Elashmawy, M. Ellis Jaruzel Ii

Clinical Research in Practice: The Journal of Team Hippocrates

A clinical decision report using:

Goh E, Gallo R, Hom J, et al. Large Language Model Influence on Diagnostic Reasoning: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(10):e2440969. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.40969

to explore the role of artificial intelligence in clinical settings.


Life Course Analysis: How Social Needs And Family Dynamics Impact Clinical Decision-Making, Vito Agrusa, Laila N. Abdallah, Bryen Turco Apr 2025

Life Course Analysis: How Social Needs And Family Dynamics Impact Clinical Decision-Making, Vito Agrusa, Laila N. Abdallah, Bryen Turco

Clinical Research in Practice: The Journal of Team Hippocrates

The authors explore Life Course Analysis and how social needs (including pet care), changing demographics, and loneliness affect inpatient hospitalization and clinical decision making.


A System For Real-Time Compliance Management Support, Tarushi Dubey, Sumit Kumar, Mansi Singh, Satyam Raj Apr 2025

A System For Real-Time Compliance Management Support, Tarushi Dubey, Sumit Kumar, Mansi Singh, Satyam Raj

Defensive Publications Series

The present disclosure provides a compliance system 200 for real-time compliance management support, which can provide continuous, real-time support to employees in relation to meeting compliance requirements and regulations. The compliance system 200 is configured for monitoring conversations, identifying a context from the monitored conversations, identifying potential compliance requirements, and offering immediate relevant suggestions to successfully fulfil the compliance requirements.


The Role Of Urbanization And Corticosterone In Auditory Sensory Processing In House Sparrows (Passer Domesticus), Brooke Fox, Ashley Lauraine, Hannah Peterson Apr 2025

The Role Of Urbanization And Corticosterone In Auditory Sensory Processing In House Sparrows (Passer Domesticus), Brooke Fox, Ashley Lauraine, Hannah Peterson

24th Annual A. Paul and Carol C. Schaap Celebration of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activity (2025)

Urban habitat expansion will introduce new anthropogenic challenges for wildlife populations, including habitat fragmentation, novel predators, and pollution. These challenges may hinder animal communication and contribute to increased stress levels. This study will investigate the physiological consequences of stressors on the house sparrow (Passer domesticus). Specifically, we will examine how urbanization affects stress hormone (i.e., corticosterone, CORT) levels and its relationship to auditory processing. It is predicted that urbanization may impose novel stressors on animals, leading to differences in this hormone across urban and rural birds. We seek to understand if differences in CORT levels could impact animals' …


The Student Movement Volume 109 Issue 20: Around The World In 80 Minutes At International Food Fair, Imani Cousins, Addison Randall, Melanie Webb, Amelia Stefanescu, Melissa Moore, Anna Rybachek, Lexie Dunham, Abby Shim Apr 2025

The Student Movement Volume 109 Issue 20: Around The World In 80 Minutes At International Food Fair, Imani Cousins, Addison Randall, Melanie Webb, Amelia Stefanescu, Melissa Moore, Anna Rybachek, Lexie Dunham, Abby Shim

The Student Movement V. 109 (2024-2025)

HUMANS

Andrews Photography Professor to Retire, Imani Cousins

ARTS & ENTERTAINMENT

Closing Off the Spring with 'Scenes of Summer', Addison Randall

The Great White Way on the Silver Screen: Proshots vs. Film Adaptations, Melanie Webb

AUTW Performs 'The Man Who Came to Dinner', Amelia Stefanescu

NEWS

Plated Cultures: International Food Fair 2025, Melissa Moore

IDEAS

The Ideals of BookTok Romantasy, Anna Rybachek

PULSE

Support Your Local Libraries!, Lexie Dunham

LAST WORD

Blooming Together, Abby Shim


“Alexa, Play Baby Shark!” How Digital Voice Assistants Impact Children’S Development, Benjamin Suo Apr 2025

“Alexa, Play Baby Shark!” How Digital Voice Assistants Impact Children’S Development, Benjamin Suo

Saint John’s Preparatory School Student Work

As digital voice assistants (DVAs) like Siri and Alexa become more common in households, their influence on young children becomes more vast and often overlooked. Using secondary research from news reports, academic research studies, and expert opinions, this paper explores the question: how do DVAs influence children’s emotional, cognitive, and social development, and in what ways can early exposure to such technology shape the behavior of future generations? While there are benefits—such as nurturing children’s curiosity by providing immediate feedback to questions and helping with language skills when the child queries the chatbot—the unemotional and mechanical ways that DVAs are …