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Financial Technology And Islamic Insurance - The Saudi Context, Othman Altwijry, Mustafa Omar Mohammed, Ahmad Alrazni Alshammari May 2026

Financial Technology And Islamic Insurance - The Saudi Context, Othman Altwijry, Mustafa Omar Mohammed, Ahmad Alrazni Alshammari

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study investigates the adoption of financial technology (FinTech) in the Islamic insurance industry, also known as the Takaful industry, as well as its challenges and prospects. A qualitative method was employed, comprising interviews with nine experts from top senior management and policy-making positions in Saudi Arabia's FinTech and Islamic insurance sectors. The data collected were recorded, transcribed, coded and analysed based on seven themes. The primary findings indicate that FinTech adoption in the Islamic insurance industry has penetrated core departments such as claim management, sales, actuarial, risk assessment and database management. However, it requires expansion into health and life …


Digital Media And The Crime Industry - Saudi Society, Hamoud Nawar Alnemer May 2026

Digital Media And The Crime Industry - Saudi Society, Hamoud Nawar Alnemer

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study concentrates on digital media’s impact on criminal activities in the Saudi community. The theoretical framework is based on the cultivation theory. The study includes the thirteen regions of Saudi Arabia with a sample of 630 respondents. Questionnaires were used to collect data. Based on the results, TikTok, Twitter and Snapchat are the most influential apps that contribute to the rapid spread of crime, particularly fraud, financial scamming, violating religious and public policy values, as well as deceiving minors. The study reveals that the promotion of crime through digital media is attributed to many factors, most notably digital media’s …


Translation Errors Among Bilingual Arabic Language Students: Collocations As An Example, Aliyu Ahmad, Nik Farhan Mustapha, Syed Nurulakla Syed Abdullah, Pabiyah Toklubok May 2026

Translation Errors Among Bilingual Arabic Language Students: Collocations As An Example, Aliyu Ahmad, Nik Farhan Mustapha, Syed Nurulakla Syed Abdullah, Pabiyah Toklubok

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The study of translation by bilingual female students studying Arabic had not received much attention, especially with regard to the cultural errors that these students made during English-Arabic translations, which resulted in them making mistakes in translation. This prompted the researchers to focus on this area. The main objective of this article is to explore common errors in English-Arabic collocation translation among Arabic students in the Federal College of Education (Technical), Gusau and identify possible reasons for them. The researchers used a qualitative analysis approach, adopting an evaluation instrument. A semi-structured interview was also conducted among the sample group in …


The Shift In Academics' Conception Of Virtual Platforms Due To The Coronavirus Pandemic: The Saudi Context, Mohammed I. Alhojailan May 2026

The Shift In Academics' Conception Of Virtual Platforms Due To The Coronavirus Pandemic: The Saudi Context, Mohammed I. Alhojailan

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study aims to identify the perceptions of faculty members at King Saud University on using virtual platforms during the coronavirus pandemic. It reveals the differences among their opinions both before and during the pandemic as well as the various methods used to determine their views. It furthermore offers explanations for these views. 79 members were sampled during the pandemic and 74 members before it. The perceptions of both samples differed regarding needs, obstacles, procedures, and recommendations related to virtual platforms. The initial needs of the pre-sample focused on 'training', whereas the post-sample focused on the necessity of 'technical support'. …


The Philosophy Of Requesting In Official Letters: Arab Higher Educational Institutions, Abdulaziz Abdullatif Alhulaybi May 2026

The Philosophy Of Requesting In Official Letters: Arab Higher Educational Institutions, Abdulaziz Abdullatif Alhulaybi

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study analyses requesting as a pragmatic speech act. Pragmatics study language usage by examining meaning as understood in the speaker's mind and receiver's interpretation and focusing on what people mean by their words. In addition, this study investigates the use of requests by identifying their strategies and supportive moves. This is achieved by examining speech acts in the communications of a specific educational institution: King Faisal University. The data obtained are analysed pragmatically in accordance with, in particular, politeness theory and the concept of face. This provides us with a clear vision of the use of requests in a …


Online Learning Apps Adoption In The Saudi Context: A Perspective On The Unified Theory Of Acceptance And Use Of Technology, Ahmad Almufarreh May 2026

Online Learning Apps Adoption In The Saudi Context: A Perspective On The Unified Theory Of Acceptance And Use Of Technology, Ahmad Almufarreh

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The aim of this study is to determine the behavioural intentions and actual usage of online learning apps through the lens of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology, which is a synthesis of numerous theories and models and is most commonly used to examine technology adoption behaviours. The study has utilised an exploratory research design, and data were collected using a questionnaire survey. The items used for establishing the questionnaire to measure the study constructs are adopted from different valid studies conducted previously. The current study examines the role of various factors, including performance expectancy, effort expectancy, …


Employing Expressive Children's Drawings During The Formal Perception Stage To Design Social Comics, Shatha Ibrahim Al-Asqha, Fatima Hassan Mohammed Al-Qarni May 2026

Employing Expressive Children's Drawings During The Formal Perception Stage To Design Social Comics, Shatha Ibrahim Al-Asqha, Fatima Hassan Mohammed Al-Qarni

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Children's expressive drawings during the formal perception stage (FPS) are loaded with realistic experience; they represent a level of mental and social maturity and clarify the relationship of children's drawings to local social issues. The study employed drawings during the FPS in order to design social comics. They are drawings that combine pictures and writings about social issues, inspired by children's drawings. The study's importance lies in describing the characteristics of drawings in the FPS, clarifying the relationship between drawings and local social issues, and demonstrating the possibility of employing children's drawings to design social comics. The sample of the …


Learners' Writing Errors In Foreign Languages: Arabic And English As Examples, Ahmed Al Khateeb May 2026

Learners' Writing Errors In Foreign Languages: Arabic And English As Examples, Ahmed Al Khateeb

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The practice of writing in a foreign language is a demanding skill that requires deep understanding of relevant error types. This research focuses on understanding, analysing and specifying the error types related to writing in a foreign language in two different language settings, considering differences in their cultural and linguistic systems. The study has adopted two rubrics for marking and determining different types of error made by learners while writing in a foreign language (English or Arabic). Each rubric, with its error categories, is suitable for the nature of each language. The results of this study can lead to an …


Artificial Intelligence Versus Arab Universities: An Enquiry Into The Saudi Context, Farhan Yetaim Alenezi May 2026

Artificial Intelligence Versus Arab Universities: An Enquiry Into The Saudi Context, Farhan Yetaim Alenezi

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study aims to identify factors that influence the adoption of artificial intelligence in teaching and learning environments in Saudi universities in light of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, as well as proposals that effectively support the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in Saudi universities' teaching and learning environments. The study employs a qualitative approach based on a semi-structured interview, with the participation of 17 faculty members from Saudi universities specialising in educational technology. According to the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, the study's findings show that there are four aspects that affect …


The Influence Of The Low Variety In Advertisements: The Saudi Context, Yasir Zayed Alasiri May 2026

The Influence Of The Low Variety In Advertisements: The Saudi Context, Yasir Zayed Alasiri

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study aims to investigate the psychological impact of the Saudi low variety (henceforth, it will be referred to as SLV') in enticing prospective customers to their commercial products or services. It proceeds from a premise that the marketing messages employed by business providers massively influences our opinions about a product or a business establishment. In order to validate such a view, 80 native speakers of SLV, representing 2 groups of simple (regular consumers) and stratified (advertisers) samplings, participated in the study. Each group consisted of 40 subjects. They were requested to fill out a questionnaire that included two questions; …


Empowering Women In University Leadership Positions: The Saudi Context, Leena Sulaiman Alkhlewi May 2026

Empowering Women In University Leadership Positions: The Saudi Context, Leena Sulaiman Alkhlewi

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study aims to practically identify the reality of empowering Saudi women in leadership positions in higher education institutions, reveal the challenges that prevent their empowerment, and suggest some methods to overcome these challenges. To achieve the study's objectives, the researcher used the descriptive survey method based on a questionnaire as a tool for the analysis. The researcher used a classified random sample of 376 faculty members in the following Saudi government universities: King Saud in Riyadh, King Abdulaziz in Jeddah, and Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal in the Eastern. The study reached several conclusions. The analysis indicates that there is …


Writer-Reader Interaction: Investigating Interactional Metadiscourse In Advertisements From Arab Universities, Aisha Saadi Al-Subhi May 2026

Writer-Reader Interaction: Investigating Interactional Metadiscourse In Advertisements From Arab Universities, Aisha Saadi Al-Subhi

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Nowadays, universities heavily rely on digital marketing and social media to recruit more students and to generate interest in their schools. Digital marketing and online advertising constitute a kind of interaction between writers and their potential readers. This paper explores how such an interaction is achieved by investigating a wide range of linguistic resources that writers use to express their stance toward the content in the text and toward the reader. A corpus of 80 academic advertisements from 38 universities, totaling approximately 2,118 words, was compiled and analyzed using Hyland’s (2005b) interactional metadiscourse. The corpus was searched manually for all …


The Impact Of Organizational Climate On The Enhancement Of Belonging In The Hospitality Sector: The Saudi Context, Ali Abdulhadi Alalmai May 2026

The Impact Of Organizational Climate On The Enhancement Of Belonging In The Hospitality Sector: The Saudi Context, Ali Abdulhadi Alalmai

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Organizational climate is an approach used regarding organizational behavior that distinguishes an organization from others and highlights it in a better and more positive manner when compared to its competitors. This study aims to assess the degree of organizational climate dimensions (clarity of goals, effectiveness of communication, balance of power, use of resources, cohesion, morale, creativity, independence, adaptation, and problem-solving) present in five-star hotels within the regions of Makkah and Madinah in Saudi Arabia, and the impact it has on enhancing the sense of belonging in employees. To achieve the goal of the study, the researcher distributed a questionnaire to …


Saudi Arabia's Colourful Culture: Exploring Colour In Saudi Heritage Homes' Al-Majlis Rooms, Douha Attiah, Abeer A. Alawad May 2026

Saudi Arabia's Colourful Culture: Exploring Colour In Saudi Heritage Homes' Al-Majlis Rooms, Douha Attiah, Abeer A. Alawad

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Saudi Arabia considers its architectural heritage a part of its wealth and has extensively tried to preserve it. Several studies on Saudi Arabia’s heritage, particularly its architectural heritage, have been conducted; however, there is a lack of studies detailing elements of the interiors of historical buildings. This study analyses the colours in interior spaces of traditional Saudi Arabian houses. A descriptive-analytical method is applied to eight traditional houses from the four main regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: central, eastern, western and southern. This study demonstrates that the two houses selected from each of the four regions have similarities …


Online Teachers: Stepping Out Of The Comfort Zone Is A Must, Amina Abdelhadi May 2026

Online Teachers: Stepping Out Of The Comfort Zone Is A Must, Amina Abdelhadi

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The urgent shift to the online instructional environment has produced unprecedented challenges for teachers and placed new obligations on them. In this context, the study at hand investigated higher education teachers’ perceptions of the effectiveness of online teaching, their readiness to teach online and their willingness to teach outside their comfort zone. To this end, an online survey was conducted with 24 EFL (English as a Foreign Language) teachers from various Algerian universities using a questionnaire created in Google Forms. The obtained results reveal that the majority of the EFL teachers perceive online teaching as less effective than face-to-face teaching …


Journalism And Media Curricula In Arab Universities, Rahima Aissani May 2026

Journalism And Media Curricula In Arab Universities, Rahima Aissani

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The study aims to reveal the consistency of the types of courses in the study plans of the bachelor’s programs and specializations in journalism and media in Arab universities, along with the classification of the UNESCO model curriculum courses on teaching journalism in developing countries. It adopted three types of courses that need to be included in any curriculum in the field of journalism teaching: Professional Training Courses (47%), Journalism Courses (10%), and arts and other sciences courses (43%). This model was ( applied to academic plans of journalism and media programs and specializations in nine Arab public universities covering …


Flipped Learning Of Irrational Numbers: Saudi Arabia, Maha Saad Alsaeed May 2026

Flipped Learning Of Irrational Numbers: Saudi Arabia, Maha Saad Alsaeed

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

There is a growing interest in the flipped design model in K–12 mathematics classrooms, as it has been shown to have a positive influence on learning. This study aims to help improve students’ learning of irrational numbers using the flipped design model. This study outlines four design elements of the flipped environment that are shown to increase student engagement. Two eighth-grade classes (n = 60) were examined using a quasi-experimental research design in terms of students’ mathematical achievements and engagement levels. Each class was tested using a different instructional approach: traditional learning or flipped learning. The results indicated that the …


Improved Recreation Skills For Those With Autism And Intellectual Disabilities, Atef Abdallah Bahrawi May 2026

Improved Recreation Skills For Those With Autism And Intellectual Disabilities, Atef Abdallah Bahrawi

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of training programmes on recreation and entertainment skills provided remotely for people with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disabilities. The researcher used the descriptive approach in his survey input and the study sample was chosen by the stratified random method, where the subjects were distributed in groups and the individuals of the sample were identified. The results indicated that the level of recreational programme planning and implementation was moderate, while the level of follow-up was low. The results also indicated that there are statistically significant differences due to the variables of the recreational …


Factors Influencing The Academic Use Of Social Network Sites Among University Instructors: A Qualitative Approach, Hibah Aladsani, Ahlam Al Abdullatif May 2026

Factors Influencing The Academic Use Of Social Network Sites Among University Instructors: A Qualitative Approach, Hibah Aladsani, Ahlam Al Abdullatif

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Social network sites have had a tremendous impact on the social, economic and scientific aspects of human life. Although the emergence of social network sites was intended for purely social purposes, they have had a significant effect on university life. This research aimed to understand the factors influencing the academic use of social network sites by university faculty. A qualitative research method was used, where 19 interviews were conducted. The data was thematically analysed using the NVivo software. The findings showed a number of encouraging and hindering factors. The encouraging factors included professional development, teaching improvement, expansion of academic networks, …


Distance Education For Students With Learning Disabilities: A Systematic Review, Fahad A. Alnaim, Mariam F. Alnaim, Wejdan A. Alrasheed, Abdullah A. Al-Hamdan, Maram S. Altaysan May 2026

Distance Education For Students With Learning Disabilities: A Systematic Review, Fahad A. Alnaim, Mariam F. Alnaim, Wejdan A. Alrasheed, Abdullah A. Al-Hamdan, Maram S. Altaysan

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Distance education has recently achieved rapid development in providing classes virtually. In this systematic review, the researchers examined previous studies that dealt with distance education for students with learning disabilities. Four bibliographic databases (EBSCO, ProQuest, SAGE Journals, and Google Scholar) were searched systematically in October 2020, using pre- defined keywords so that the studies pertained to distance education of students with learning disabilities from the year 2000 until 2020. Through the analysed studies, important topics emerged, such as the impact of distance education on students’ achievements, their emotional and social wellbeing, and the role of the family, in addition to …


Biological Modifications To The Human Body Through Artificial Intelligence: A Religious Perspective, Ahmed Saad Ali Al-Boraie, Khaled Mohamed Hamdy Semeda, Mossad Abdul Salam Abdul Khaleq Abdul Salam, El-Tayeb Hassan El-Mahi Hussein May 2026

Biological Modifications To The Human Body Through Artificial Intelligence: A Religious Perspective, Ahmed Saad Ali Al-Boraie, Khaled Mohamed Hamdy Semeda, Mossad Abdul Salam Abdul Khaleq Abdul Salam, El-Tayeb Hassan El-Mahi Hussein

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Decades ago, genetic engineering and human genome projects created a set of ethical, religious, and legal questions. Scientists have researched these issues and agreed on ethical values and regulations that must be applied to develop these research projects. Today, history is repeating itself due to the artificial intelligence techniques in human augmentation and the implantation of machines in the human body to enhance its biological capabilities and surpass human nature. The transhumanist movement promoted these technologies, designed supernatural humans, and achieved eternal immortality, so some freeze their bodies waiting for those technologies. The study focuses on the most important artificial …


Arab Online Courses And The Disabled: An Automated And User-Testing Approach, Jamilah Mohammed Alamri, Wejdan Abdulrahman Barashi, Rehab Alsulami, Lulwah Alharigy, Bassmah Shuaib May 2026

Arab Online Courses And The Disabled: An Automated And User-Testing Approach, Jamilah Mohammed Alamri, Wejdan Abdulrahman Barashi, Rehab Alsulami, Lulwah Alharigy, Bassmah Shuaib

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

There is a significant increase in the adoption of Learning Management Systems (LMSs) by higher education institutions worldwide and Saudi universities in particular. These pedagogical tools empower teaching and learning by providing access to online learning materials. However, all university students, including students with disabilities, encounter countless instances of inaccessibility that negatively impact their learning experience. In order to offer equal access to all students, it is of paramount importance to enhance the accessibility of LMSs and remove such barriers. The purpose of this case study is to evaluate an online course in the LMS Blackboard (Bb) using an automated …


Social Intelligence And Its Relationship With Negotiation Skills Among Students At King Faisal University, Mahmoud Mohamed Mahmoud Yaseen, Mohammed Mahgoob Ahmed May 2026

Social Intelligence And Its Relationship With Negotiation Skills Among Students At King Faisal University, Mahmoud Mohamed Mahmoud Yaseen, Mohammed Mahgoob Ahmed

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The current study aims to identify the level of social intelligence and negotiation skill, as well as to reveal the relationship between these, in a sample of students at King Faisal University. The study used the relational descriptive approach to reveal the relationship between study variables. The sample consisted of 395 King Faisal University students from various 395 disciplines. The researchers used multiple tools, namely the social intelligence scale, translation and Arabization by researchers (2020), and the negotiation 2020 skills scale conducted by Al-Shorbagi and Al-Harbi (2013). The study results indicated that the study sample students have above average social …


Including Values Of Creativity In Teacher Preparation Programs - Critical Reading, Abdelrahim Fathy Ismail May 2026

Including Values Of Creativity In Teacher Preparation Programs - Critical Reading, Abdelrahim Fathy Ismail

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This is a perspective article that presents the author’s view, in a critically reflective manner about the urgent need to incorporate “Values of Creativity” into teacher preparation programs. This is especially necessary in the 21st century when new types of skills knowledge, and values are needed over and above traditional ones that originated from previous centuries. The importance of the role played by the teacher has been rediscovered in the previous decades. Challenges have been found that require teachers to be prepared and qualified in the area of the values of professional creativity, such as: inclusion, scientific ambition, innovation, independence, …


Accelerating Saudi Students Into Higher Education Programs - Identifying Potential Educational Interventions To Expedite Development, Jawaher Hamad Bin Yousef May 2026

Accelerating Saudi Students Into Higher Education Programs - Identifying Potential Educational Interventions To Expedite Development, Jawaher Hamad Bin Yousef

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Academic acceleration is an intervention that can reduce the effort, time and cost required for the educational process. In 2014 Saudi Arabia released a new regulation for acceleration (grade skipping) as one of the provisions for gifted students: it allows gifted students in the fourth grade (age ten) to move to the / sixth grade (age twelve), and from the seventh grade (age thirteen) to the ninth grade (age fifteen) after passing several criteria. Although these practices are useful for talented students (Col Angelo et al., 2004), A clear policy for ) 2004 acceleration at tertiary-level education was missed in …


The Saudi Opinion On The Media Dealings With The Covid-19 Pandemic, Lotfi Ziadi May 2026

The Saudi Opinion On The Media Dealings With The Covid-19 Pandemic, Lotfi Ziadi

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Our research sought to monitor, measure and analyze the opinions and positions of Saudi men and women regarding the use of traditional and electronic media and social networking sites during the COVID-19 pandemic. We surveyed 477 Saudi men and women via an electronic questionnaire. The results show that Saudi respondents have increased their exposure to traditional media and that their use of social media has been intensified due to the pandemic. It was found that Saudis use social media to search for news and information that would help them understand the nature of the pandemic, how it spread, and what …


The Credibility Of Television Channels During The Coronavirus Crisis, Ramez Mohammad Darweesh Abuhasirah May 2026

The Credibility Of Television Channels During The Coronavirus Crisis, Ramez Mohammad Darweesh Abuhasirah

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The study aimed to identify the levels of credibility of Jordanian government and private television channels, and their degrees of commitment to the criteria of credibility, during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis. It also aimed to reveal the degrees and types of changes in the credibility ratings of these channels before and during the crisis. The study relied on surveying the media audience as a research method, and it used a questionnaire as a data collection tool. The study sample represented a cross section of all Jordanians who were 18 years of age or older; a quota sample of 420 respondents …


Social Media And Covid-19 Rumors, Saly Saad Goudah Ibraheim May 2026

Social Media And Covid-19 Rumors, Saly Saad Goudah Ibraheim

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study is intended to identify the public's attitudes towards spreading misinformation about COVID-19 through social media sites in the Jizan region in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Being a descriptive study, it depends on the survey approach. The field study was conducted using an intentional sample of those who follow the developments of the COVID pandemic through social networking websites. 300 users completed an online survey. The study found high public awareness of the meaning of umor,' its effects, the reasons for its proliferation, and the potential motives of its promoters. Study recommendations include the importance of confronting rumors …


Public Relations Departments And Their Use Of Social Media During The Coronavirus Pandemic, Nasr El-Den Abdel-Qader Othman Ali May 2026

Public Relations Departments And Their Use Of Social Media During The Coronavirus Pandemic, Nasr El-Den Abdel-Qader Othman Ali

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The study aimed to investigate the methods used by public relations departments on social media during the coronavirus pandemic and explain the type of persuasive methods and media language used in the official account of the Sudanese Ministry of Health on Facebook and the most common public relations strategies that were used during the pandemic. The study analysed the Facebook account by preparing a content analysis form for the period from 01/02/2021 to 30/04/2021. The study concluded that 47% of the publications were written in standard Arabic, 56% were concerned with publishing the epidemiological situation and 35% followed logical persuasion …


Audience Attitudes Towards The Spokesperson Of Health Ministries During The Covid-19 Pandemic - A Case Study Of Kuwait, Khaled Alhumadi Alqahs, Fawaz Mohammad Alajmi May 2026

Audience Attitudes Towards The Spokesperson Of Health Ministries During The Covid-19 Pandemic - A Case Study Of Kuwait, Khaled Alhumadi Alqahs, Fawaz Mohammad Alajmi

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study aimed to identify the attitudes of the Kuwaiti audience towards the performance of the official spokesperson of the Kuwaiti Ministry of Health (MOH), during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was conducted with a convenience sample consisting of 1201 respondents, of which 52.9% were males and 47.1% were females, with an age range of 17-70 years (m=34.78, SD=11.75). The main tool of this study was an electronic questionnaire, that included some demographic variables and self-rating items, such as mass media usage for press conferences and audience motivations to follow the press conferences. It also included the MOH's official spokesperson's …