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Animation Before Anime, Jason Cody Douglass Apr 2023

Animation Before Anime, Jason Cody Douglass

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation asserts that animated media circulating into, within, and away from Japan during the mid-20th century stand to tell us much about how such texts shaped, and were shaped by, the cultural forces of class, gender, age, and race. The four chapters traverse intersecting, albeit disparate planes. Each uses a distinct critical lens to demonstrate how understudied archival materials can help to resolve some of the most pressing questions currently raised within animation studies. Chapter 1 focuses upon issues of socioeconomic class, forging a vital link between functional animation, such as television advertisements, and working-class animators who developed their …

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Identifying The Role And Mechanism By Which Gdf15 And Fgf21 Regulate Glucose Homeostasis, Zongyu Li Apr 2023

Identifying The Role And Mechanism By Which Gdf15 And Fgf21 Regulate Glucose Homeostasis, Zongyu Li

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

As a highly utilized substrate in most cells of the body, glucose homeostasis is strictly regulated by a variety of mechanisms. Under physiological conditions, blood glucose is sophisticatedly maintained by temporal coordination of whole-body glucose uptake, absorption from the digestive system, and endogenous glucose production from the liver and kidney. However, the factors and mechanisms by which plasma glucose is regulated under pathological conditions are not clearly understood. In this Ph.D. thesis, we interrogated the role of two cytokines, Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) and fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21), in regulating glucose output under extreme metabolic stress. By employing two …

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Messages, Secrets, And Catalysts In Population Protocols With Probabilistic Scheduling, Talley Amir Apr 2023

Messages, Secrets, And Catalysts In Population Protocols With Probabilistic Scheduling, Talley Amir

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The population protocol model introduced by Angluin et al. in 2006 offers a theoretical framework for designing and analyzing distributed algorithms among limited-resource mobile agents. The original model elegantly abstracts computation in complex systems of simple devices. However, some of these simplifications detract from the pragmatism of the theory in properly modeling real-world systems. In this work, we study various adaptations of the original population protocol model that are inspired by the networks that these algorithms aim to simulate. We focus on three such modifications to the model. First, we consider the separation of agent memory into two components: an …

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Apoptosis Recognition Receptors Regulate Skin Tissue Repair In Mice, Olivia Justynski Apr 2023

Apoptosis Recognition Receptors Regulate Skin Tissue Repair In Mice, Olivia Justynski

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The skin is an essential barrier against the outside world, and must withstand constant exposure to damage from the environment. When this barrier is broken, it must be repaired quickly and effectively in order to prevent infection and restore function. The skin’s ability to heal wounds is vital for human health, and insufficient wound treatment is a major clinical problem, contributing to decreased quality of life and increased healthcare costs for many patients due to chronic or non-healing wounds. The complex process of wound healing involves the coordination of many cell types and signals, which were here investigated using single-cell …

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Peptide Nucleic Acids And Crispr-Cas9: Mechanisms And Rational Applications For Gene Editing Systems, Nicholas George Economos Apr 2023

Peptide Nucleic Acids And Crispr-Cas9: Mechanisms And Rational Applications For Gene Editing Systems, Nicholas George Economos

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In the past decade, gene editing technology development has exploded across life sciences fields with promise to advance research, agriculture, industry, and the development of curative human therapeutics. Initially lead by CRISPR-associated nucleases and their ability to induce targeted DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), the gene editing toolbox continues to grow as new technologies emerge and improve. While the goal of these tools is to precisely manipulate DNA sequences in living cells, not all modifications are created equal. Small or large deletions and insertions, precise nucleotide changes, and combination approaches each entail different challenges and require cooperation with endogenous repair pathways …

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Apollon’S Gift: Musical Therapy From Asklepieia To Bīmāristāns, Chihiro Larissa Tsukamoto Apr 2023

Apollon’S Gift: Musical Therapy From Asklepieia To Bīmāristāns, Chihiro Larissa Tsukamoto

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation examines the history of music’s use for healing purposes in Antiquity and the Middle Ages and explores the contributions of Islamic medicine on historical musical therapy. It begins in ancient Greece with an examination of polytheistic ancient Greek music and medicine, moves to the role of music in Byzantine healing institutions after the Christianization of Greece, and to its role in bīmāristāns during the Abbasid, Mamluk, and Ottoman periods. Ultimately, it seeks to describe how music was used therapeutically in ancient Greek, Byzantine, and Islamic institutions of healing. Several ancient Greek philosophers believed music could affect the body, …

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Classical Sociological Theory Before The 'Fathers': The Radical Materialism Of Miss Harriet Martineau, Elexis Ellis Apr 2023

Classical Sociological Theory Before The 'Fathers': The Radical Materialism Of Miss Harriet Martineau, Elexis Ellis

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Harriet Martineau was a radical materialist in several respects. Taking the (Baconian) scientific method—avoiding confirmation bias by “bringing together an accumulation of facts previous to the formation of a theory”—to its radical conclusion by extending it to mental phenomena, her (wholly neurophysiological) anti-dualist ontology of human consciousness demolished the division between mental and natural philosophy, the special spiritual status of humans among animals, a clear distinction between thought and perception, & etc. Because it revealed humans—and the mental/physical activity thereof—to be wholly material, and therefore subject to observable laws of nature as any other physical phenomenon, it also made human/social …

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Diversity And Distribution Of Herbaceous Plants Along A Tropical Rainfall Gradient In Western Ghats, India, Harikrishnan Venugopalan Nair Radhamoni Apr 2023

Diversity And Distribution Of Herbaceous Plants Along A Tropical Rainfall Gradient In Western Ghats, India, Harikrishnan Venugopalan Nair Radhamoni

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Tropical forests hold most of the vascular plant life on earth. Much of our understanding on the diversity patterns and drivers of plants in tropical forests is based on studies on trees, which form only a quarter of the plant diversity in these forests. Over 40% of plant diversity in some tropical forests is comprised of understory herbaceous angiosperms (herbs). Despite such high species richness, and their critical role in the functioning of forest ecosystems, our knowledge on the diversity patterns and drivers of herbs is poor, compared to trees. This knowledge gap not only precludes any claim on a …

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Reading The Surface In Early Modern English Literature, Sophia Richardson Apr 2023

Reading The Surface In Early Modern English Literature, Sophia Richardson

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

“Reading the Surface” explores the interplay between the textual and the textural in the material and conceptual formation of early modern English literature. In preparing works for circulation in manuscript and print, sixteenth- and seventeenth-century writers imagined their creations not only (or even primarily) as paper and ink, but as fabrications of a different sort: crystals, jewels, and glasses; colored canvases and painted faces; costumes, clothing, bundles of rags, and elaborately worked textiles. Though the labor of both printer and scribe were central to early modern literary practice, the early modern literary imagination cast its net wider, seeking material reference …

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Pulmonary Delivery Of Mrna Therapeutics, Alexandra Ahova Suberi Apr 2023

Pulmonary Delivery Of Mrna Therapeutics, Alexandra Ahova Suberi

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Advances in mRNA sequence design and chemical modifications have brought us to theprecipice of translating mRNA therapeutics to treat and cure innumerable human diseases. However, targeting mRNA delivery to relevant tissues remains a major obstacle in the clinical translation of mRNA therapeutics. Topical delivery of mRNA to the respiratory mucosa is an attractive strategy for treating pulmonary disorders. Despite significant interest, there are no approved delivery vehicles capable of efficiently and safely transfecting lung cells with mRNA. In this work, we created a polymer delivery vehicle for mRNA encapsulation and airway delivery. We employed a screening approach to formulate polyplexes …

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Integrative Analysis Of Bulk And Single Cell Rna-Seq Modalities In The C. Elegans Nervous System, Alec Barrett Apr 2023

Integrative Analysis Of Bulk And Single Cell Rna-Seq Modalities In The C. Elegans Nervous System, Alec Barrett

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Nervous systems are complex networks, which requires a diverse set of neurons to detect, process, learn from, and respond to external stimuli. This neuronal diversity is directly tied to diversity of gene expression networks across the nervous system. Here I present my work, as part of the CeNGEN consortium, mapping gene expression across the entire nervous system in the hermaphroditic nematode C. elegans. I outline a strategy for sequencing RNA from individual neurons using bulk RNA-seq after cell sorting, and demonstrate a species-specific reagent for ribosomal depletion for ultra-low input RNA-seq library preparation. I describe a collaborative effort to sequence …

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Environmental Exposures From The Local To The Global: A Comparison Of The Experiences And Consequences Of Exposure Among The Qom Of Formosa, Argentina, And Residents Of New Haven, Connecticut, Carlye Chaney Apr 2023

Environmental Exposures From The Local To The Global: A Comparison Of The Experiences And Consequences Of Exposure Among The Qom Of Formosa, Argentina, And Residents Of New Haven, Connecticut, Carlye Chaney

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and other environmental contaminants is globally ubiquitous and can have adverse consequences on health throughout the lifespan. In this project, I investigated the experiences and consequences of environmental contaminant exposure for maternal and infant health in two places that differ environmentally, politically, and socioeconomically –Namqom in Formosa, Argentina, and New Haven, Connecticut. Specifically, I hypothesized that environmental contaminant exposure influences human well-being and physiology, as assessed from the human milk and urine metabolome, through changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in both infancy and adulthood.I first investigated the local context, both historical and present, that …

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Bible As Scripture: Orthodox Slavic Scripturality And Church Slavonic Bibles, John Max Mikitish Apr 2023

Bible As Scripture: Orthodox Slavic Scripturality And Church Slavonic Bibles, John Max Mikitish

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Both specialized and non-specialized works dealing with the scriptures among the medieval Orthodox Slavs tend to subsume the scriptures under the category of “Bible.” Thus, historians of “the Bible” in Slavia Orthodoxa often view the advent of the Gennadius Bible as the culmination of a centuries-long project. The author of the present work, however, argues that the Orthodox Slavs operated under a paradigm of what is here termed “scripturality”: for participants in the Orthodox Slavic tradition, “scripture” was an open category, and the scriptures were themselves open texts. Scripturality was part of the Orthodox Slavs’ Byzantine patrimony and, indeed, part …

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Observing, Controlling, And Planning Compliant Robot Manipulation, Andrew Morgan Apr 2023

Observing, Controlling, And Planning Compliant Robot Manipulation, Andrew Morgan

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In-hand manipulation is a complicated process—it requires a group of individual manipulators to work in proper unison with one another, modulating forces on an object while making and breaking contact. Traditional approaches to realizing such capabilities have been through the use of overly-complex, anthropomorphic, and thus expensive, robot hands equipped with a vast array of sensors, which are often noisy and can in turn lead to task failure. Mechanically compliant end effectors, on the other hand, have shown to be beneficial to robot manipulation, particularly for grasping, as they are able to "absorb the slack” in any modeling, sensing, or …

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The Avant-Garde Of Feeling: Queer Love And Modernism, Michael Abraham Apr 2023

The Avant-Garde Of Feeling: Queer Love And Modernism, Michael Abraham

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation reads the lives and works of Gertrude Stein, Alice B. Toklas, H.D., Bryher, and Langston Hughes to understand love’s potential for queer flourishing for American subjects in the pre-Stonewall era. Through readings of literature that run the gamut of genre from memoirs to poetry, novels to cookbooks, it teases out what love means to each of these authors and explores their orientations toward cisheteronormative constructions of kinship in twentieth-century America and Europe, while they resist, recontextualize, and sometimes capitulate to the complex of forces that constitutes normativity. The last three decades have generated manifold theorizations of queer desire, …

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Disentangling Sequence Constraints On The Cofilin N-Terminal Phosphorylation Site, Joel Andrew Sexton Apr 2023

Disentangling Sequence Constraints On The Cofilin N-Terminal Phosphorylation Site, Joel Andrew Sexton

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Eukaryotic cells require cofilin, also known as actin depolymerizing factor (ADF), to regulate the severing and rapid reorganization of actin filaments during processes such as cell division and migration. Cofilin severing activity is facilitated by a binding interaction between actin and the cofilin N-terminus. The cofilin N-terminus contains a phosphorylation site that reversibly inhibits actin severing when phosphorylated by members of the LIM kinase (LIMK) family. These two functions of the N-terminus, actin severing and phospho-regulation, converge to promote strict evolutionary conservation of a Ser-Gly-Val/Ile/Met/Thr motif, but how the N-terminal motif conforms and contributes to these two requirements has remained …

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A Novel Microbial Source Of Stochasticity In Microbiota-Driven Diseases, Yi Yang Apr 2023

A Novel Microbial Source Of Stochasticity In Microbiota-Driven Diseases, Yi Yang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Gut commensals with the capacity to translocate across the intestinal barrier can drive the development of diverse immune-mediated diseases. However, the key factors that dictate bacterial translocation remain unclear. Recent studies have revealed that gut microbiota strains can adapt and evolve throughout the lifetime of the host, raising the possibility that changes in individual commensals themselves over time may impact their propensity to elicit inflammatory disease. Here we show that within-host evolution of the model gut pathobiont Enterococcus gallinarum facilitates bacterial translocation and initiation of chronic inflammation. Using a combination of in vivo experimental evolution and comparative genomics, we found …

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Spatiotemporal Regulation Of Atypical B Cell Memory, Wenzhi Song Apr 2023

Spatiotemporal Regulation Of Atypical B Cell Memory, Wenzhi Song

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The immune system functions as the major defender against pathogenic challenges but can also cause damage to host tissues. Humoral immunity, mediated by diverse B cell subsets, is a crucial component of immunological memory and forms the basis of long-lasting immunological protection induced by most existing vaccines. On the flip side, B cell response is a key link in the cascade of events leading to autoimmunity and immunopathology. Atypical memory B cells (also known as age-associated B cells, hereafter ABCs) is a recently described population of B cells strongly associated with pathological immune functions, both in patients with autoimmune diseases …

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Namtar: Deity, Demon, Agent Of Fate, Jonathan Beltz Apr 2023

Namtar: Deity, Demon, Agent Of Fate, Jonathan Beltz

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The categories of gods, demons, and monsters in ancient Mesopotamian cultures remain a popular topic in scholarship, whether in surveys of Mesopotamian religions, collected studies on demonology, or monographs devoted to individual gods and demons. Yet certain divine beings exhibiting characteristics of both gods and demons—thereby eluding easy classification—have yet to be the subject of their own in-depth studies. One key example is Namtar (“Fate” in Sumerian), who operated both as a minor god in the Underworld and as a demon responsible for plagues and illnesses. This dissertation is the first monograph-length study to focus on Namtar, charting his place …

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Pig Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells As A Preclinical Model For Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering, Luke Daniel Batty Apr 2023

Pig Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells As A Preclinical Model For Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering, Luke Daniel Batty

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide is heart disease, a category that includes a variety of cardiovascular diseases both inherited and acquired. Because of the urgency and complexity of the problem, copious research has been conducted on the causes and progression of these diseases with an eye towards therapeutic solutions to their manifestations. For diseases that require tissue replacement, such as vessel implantation in coronary artery blockage or single ventricle disease, cardiovascular tissue engineering (CVTE) has emerged as an attractive way to provide high quality implantable therapeutics. CVTE is a field using chemistry, biology, and …

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Host Immunity And Receptor Expression Determine Rna Virus Pathogenesis, Madison Scott Strine Apr 2023

Host Immunity And Receptor Expression Determine Rna Virus Pathogenesis, Madison Scott Strine

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Identifying host factors essential for viral infections has the potential to reveal novel mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and immune escape. Here, we use two mucosal positive-sense RNA viruses – murine norovirus (MNV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) – as probes to investigate mechanisms of viral pathogenesis at mucosal barrier surfaces. Among noroviruses, murine norovirus (MNV) is a model for human norovirus and a tractable system to elucidate fundamental mechanisms of viral tropism and immune evasion. The strain MNVCR6 infects rare chemosensory epithelial cells called tuft cells, which are dispensable for the canonical non-persistent strain MNVCW3. Herein, we …

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Delineating Novel Checkpoints In Metabolic Syndromes, Jonathan Sun Apr 2023

Delineating Novel Checkpoints In Metabolic Syndromes, Jonathan Sun

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The global rise in obesity and overnutrition has rapidly increased diagnosedmetabolic syndromes, including fatty liver disease and hypercholesterolemia. This growing burden of metabolic diseases elicits an immense health and economic burden on society, as metabolic syndromes are significant risk factors for co-morbidities such as cancer and heart failures, leading to an attributable cost of $147 billion in US healthcare spending. Given this, it is of high importance to uncover the dynamic metabolic programs that drive the progression of these metabolic syndromes toward end-stage diseases. Metabolic rewiring during overnutrition can regulate the expression of feedback loops, referred hereupon as metabolic checkpoints, …

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Internal And External State-Dependent Modulation Of Visual Perception And Cortical Processing, Mitchell Paul Morton Apr 2023

Internal And External State-Dependent Modulation Of Visual Perception And Cortical Processing, Mitchell Paul Morton

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The ability of humans and other animals to perceive and understand stimuli in the visual world is substantially modulated by internal and external states. Internal states, such as arousal and attention, influence how we can perceive stimuli even when the physical characteristics of that stimulus are constant. Additionally, external configuration of objects in the visual world can influence our perceptual abilities, even when other characteristics remain unchanged. We first studied internal state-dependent modulation of perception by examining what states were associated with accurate perception at threshold, a condition in which the physical properties of a stimulus remain constant, and a …

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Realism By Rail: Art And Mobilities In Late Imperial Russia, Stephen Tyler Urchick Apr 2023

Realism By Rail: Art And Mobilities In Late Imperial Russia, Stephen Tyler Urchick

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation is the first in English to consider how artists primarily from Russia’s Partnership for Traveling Art Exhibitions, known as the Wanderers, wandered. It breaks with decades of scholarship portraying these painters as pleinarist populists who went to the people, or bourgeois professionals who stayed home. Although the Wanderers rarely accompanied their group’s eponymous Traveling Exhibition as it toured by rail, the artists remained exceptionally mobile over their careers in both the literal and extended notions of this word. How did these artists exploit the accelerations of the late nineteenth century to advance their ambitions, reproduce and circulate their …

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Antecedents And Consequences Of Racial Group Status Threat Among White Americans, Xanni Brown Apr 2023

Antecedents And Consequences Of Racial Group Status Threat Among White Americans, Xanni Brown

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The United States is becoming increasingly racially diverse, with non-Hispanic White Americans expected to comprise less than 50% of the population beginning sometime between 2040 and 2050. The prospect of this racial demographic shift has been shown to cause feelings of threat among White Americans, as well as negative intergroup outcomes like increased racial bias and decreased support for integration. This work examines racial group status threat in the U.S., with an eye toward mitigating its negative consequences. Chapter 1 presents a theoretical framework for predicting the antecedents of potential consequences of racial group status threat, arguing that the US …

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Philological Botany: The Poetics Of Plant Classification In Early China And Japan, Loren Waller Apr 2023

Philological Botany: The Poetics Of Plant Classification In Early China And Japan, Loren Waller

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Flowering plants are a primary topic in Chinese and Japanese poetry, often used figuratively to express human emotions. Over time, as poets alluded to earlier works, these plants developed conventional metaphorical meanings. It is natural that such meanings would shift over time, but what is also striking is that historical understandings of the plants themselves, as well as the names used for the plants, also changed over time. An examination of three case studies will show how the identities of these plants changed over time as they were collected within literary texts and commentaries. Chapter 1 on the hibiscus (Ch. …

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Necroptotic Cell Death Sensing Directly Promotes Fibroblast And Macrophage Inflammatory Effector Responses, Lindsey Demaree Hughes Apr 2023

Necroptotic Cell Death Sensing Directly Promotes Fibroblast And Macrophage Inflammatory Effector Responses, Lindsey Demaree Hughes

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Programmed cell death is carried out by a wide array of molecularly executed pathways. We postulated that the ensuing tissue effector response to cellular corpses reflects this diversity in cell death modalities. Importantly, the demise of a cell does not immediately coincide with the termination of its capacity to relay information to the surrounding tissue. We have previously described that apoptotic cell death in the lung, in the context of helminth infection and an IL-4-rich environment, is sensed by macrophages to direct the resolution of inflammation and induction of a tissue repair gene expression program. In organs like the gut, …

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Human Cerebral Organoids For Modeling Neurodevelopmental And Infectious Disease, Ce Zhang Apr 2023

Human Cerebral Organoids For Modeling Neurodevelopmental And Infectious Disease, Ce Zhang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Human cerebral organoids are three-dimensional cultures of brain-like tissue that model early human fetal cortical development. They recapitulate important neurodevelopmental events, including neural progenitor cell expansion, formation of a well-defined outer radial glia layer resembling the human outer subventricular zone, neurogenesis, and neuronal migration. In this study, I utilize cerebral organoids generated from induced pluripotent stem cells as a human-specific platform to investigate the mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental and infectious central nervous system disease. The immediate application for cerebral organoids is to address the global healthpandemic of COVID-19 and its associated neurological manifestations. I demonstrate that exposure of cerebral organoids to …

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Improved Computational Strategies To Investigate Mechanisms Of Immune Response In The Tumor And Wound Healing Microenvironments From Single-Cell Data, Kathryn Helen Bridges Apr 2023

Improved Computational Strategies To Investigate Mechanisms Of Immune Response In The Tumor And Wound Healing Microenvironments From Single-Cell Data, Kathryn Helen Bridges

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Advances in single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology enable unbiased, whole transcriptome profiling of tissues, which have revolutionized systems-level studies of these complex microenvironments. Computational analyses of scRNA-seq data have the potential to provide a tissue-level snapshot of cell types, their associated cell states, and a map of their interactions with other cells in the tissue. However, choosing the optimal approach to reconstruct biologically interpretable cell communities from the sparse single-cell transcriptomes collected in scRNA-seq data, especially in the context of dynamic biologically processes, remains a challenge. This is especially true when analyzing dynamic immune processes, which include many cell types, cell …

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Identification And Characterization Of Regulators In The Developmental Process Leading To Infectious Trypanosoma Brucei, Justin Toh Apr 2023

Identification And Characterization Of Regulators In The Developmental Process Leading To Infectious Trypanosoma Brucei, Justin Toh

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Trypanosoma brucei is a protozoan parasite responsible for causing vector-borne diseases in vertebrate animals. The parasite is transmitted by the tsetse fly in sub-Saharan Africa. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, T. brucei significantly impacts Africa’s agriculture-based economy, causing approximately 3 million deaths in cattle per year estimated to cost up to $1.2 billion USD. The effects of trypanosomiasis on the economy are far-reaching as this reduces the supply of milk, meat, and draught power, and decreases soil fertility and employment income (Abro et al., 2021). Thus, there is a pressing need for research …

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