Digital Commons Network^™

Gender Inequalities And Demographic Behavior: Ghana/Kenya, Anastasia J. Gage, Wamucii Njogu

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Ghana and Kenya were the first countries in sub-Saharan Africa whose governments recognized the potentially detrimental effects of rapid population growth on economic development and, as a result, adopted and implemented national population policies. This is one of three reports on the relationship between gender equity, family structure and dynamics, and the achievement of reproductive choice that was prepared by the Population Council for the 1994 International Year of the Family and the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development. These reports provide critical reviews of the relationship between gender inequality and demographic behavior in three demographically significant, culturally distinct …

Gender Inequalities And Demographic Behavior: Egypt, Nora Guhl Naguib, Cynthia B. Lloyd, Barbara L. Ibrahim

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This is one of three reports on the relationship between gender equity, family structure and dynamics, and the achievement of reproductive choice prepared by the Population Council for the 1994 International Year of the Family and the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development. These reports provide critical reviews of the relationship between gender inequality and demographic behavior in three demographically significant, culturally distinct parts of the developing world: Egypt, India, and Ghana and Kenya. Their purpose is to help governments and international agencies design and implement policies that are affirmative of women, sensitive to the family's central role in …

"Education For Service": Gender, Class, & Professionalism At The Boston Normal School, 1870-1920, Ann Froines

Women’s and Gender Studies Faculty Publication Series

"Education for Service," and “The Truth Shall Make You Free,” are two aphorisms engraved in granite over doorways of the Boston Normal School (BNS) buildings on Huntington Avenue in Boston. One can argue that the history of women in the teaching profession, its paradoxical and conflicted reality, are reflected in the complex and contradictory meanings of these two aphorisms. Young women students at BNS were moving toward greater freedom or autonomy by taking advantage of the educational opportunity available to them in this city-supported, tuition-free teacher training institution. At the same time, they were providing a crucial social service sanctioned …

Race, Gender, Age, And Disproportionate Impact: What Can We Do About The Failure To Protect The Most Vulnerable?, Samara F. Swanston

Fordham Urban Law Journal

Hard economic times and social conditions are driving a reordering of environmental protection priorities that threatens to sacrifice the most vulnerable groups. Environmental regulatory agencies acknowledge that vulnerable populations face the greatest risk of harm from environmental insult and that these groups are not adequately protected. Although a risk-based prioritization of resources benefits the greatest number of people, such allocation would disadvantage minority communities, which contain disproportionate numbers of sensitive subgroups. Our regulatory bodies must therefore develop new strategies to adequately protect sensitive subgroups identified in minority communities. Part II of this Article looks at some of the considerations that …

Factors Associated With Women's Decisions To Obtain Routine Cervical Cancer Screening In A Prepaid Health Care System, Vicki Debaca Dnsc

Dissertations

The focus of this research study was to explore the factors affecting women's decisions to participate in preventive cervical cancer screening using a conceptual model proposed by Cummings, Becker, and Maile (1980). This descriptive-comparative study investigated the effect between the components of this model (age, education level, race, general barriers, psychological barriers, evaluation of health care, threat of illness, knowledge, social network) and the outcome variable of intent to participate in cervical cancer screening examinations. This study also examined whether there were differences in the predictor variables between two groups of women: those that have had a recent Pap examination …

Gender Inequalities And Demographic Behavior: India, Sonalde Desai

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

As India prepares for the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), it is clear that the country’s population policy faces a number of serious challenges. Although India was the first country to announce an official family planning program in 1952, its population has grown from 361 million in 1951 to 844 million in 1991. This is one of three reports on the relationship between gender equity, family structure and dynamics, and the achievement of reproductive choice prepared by the Population Council for the 1994 International Year of the Family and the 1994 ICPD. These reports provide critical reviews …

Arab Women: A Profile Of Diversity And Change, Nahid Toubia, Amira Bahyeldin, Nadia Hijab, Heba Abdel Latif

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

The status of Arab women is the subject of much speculation, generalization, and stereotyping by those inside and outside the region. The paucity of objective, accessible information makes Arab women one of the least understood social groups. The aim of this book is to help correct misconceptions about Arab women by introducing systematic information for 21 Arab countries. Widely published international statistical data, mostly from the United Nations and the World Bank, were used for the comparisons. These datasets are compiled from country reports, national surveys, and aggregated smaller studies. They are by no means comprehensive or devoid of inaccuracies, …

Pregnancy Loss Support Groups: A Comparison Of Therapeutic Factors For Men And Women, Leslie Williams Beitch

Theses

Parents who experience a miscarriage, stillbirth, or newborn death often find themselves feeling profound grief with limited support or understanding from the community. Support groups for this population have emerged and gained in popularity throughout the country. This research will focus on specifically on the miscarriage, stillbirth, and newborn death experience and how the support group can meet these parents needs.

Parents attending SHARE pregnancy loss support groups participated in the study. Questionnaires were given to SHARE group leaders from all regions of the United States to distribute at their meetings. Fourteen men and twenty women completed questionnaires anonymously that …

Rape Law Reform's Limits, Beth Ann Richman

Honors Papers

The first that I will explore is the criticism of the wording of the law. Defining the crime of rape was seen as vital, in that, in many states it was impossible to get a conviction for certain types of sexual assaults, simply because statutorily they did not exist (Chappell. 1976). The second aspect of rape reform theory that I will review is the arguments that attempt to prove that rape is similar to other forms of criminal assault. This body of thought fits into an equality based argument that has been championed by some feminist legal theorists that deal …

Verbal Sexual Harassment As Equality-Depriving Conduct, Keith R. Fentonmiller

University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform

Part I of this Note argues that commentators like Browne and some courts have mischaracterized the harm of verbal sexual harassment as mere "offense." Rather, the true harm of a sexually hostile environment created by words and expressive conduct extends beyond offense, emotional distress, and economic displacement; at bottom, the harm is equality-deprivation.

Part II explains how a sexually hostile environment is equality-depriving by arguing that words which create a sexually hostile environment must be understood in historical and social context. Words can be used not only to communicate ideas but also to perform acts of coercion and sexual abuse. …

Creating Campus Climates That Are Free From Sexual Harassment: Implications For Leaders In Higher Education, Susan E. Mitchell Edd

Dissertations

Based upon the preponderance of research which strongly indicates that sexual harassment is a serious problem for females in academia, the purpose of this study was to identify effective strategies for creating campus climates that are free from sexual harassment. In order to realistically bound the project, the study focused specifically upon the issue as it relates to undergraduate and graduate female students. The Delphi method, designed to generate solutions to complex problems, was the method of choice. Eighteen identified experts from thirteen campuses of The California State University participated as panelists and completed three rounds of surveys. The surveys …

Sex, Sin, And Women’S Liberation: Against Porn-Suppression., Carlin Meyer

Articles & Chapters

No abstract provided.

Gender And Professional Roles, Deborah L. Rhode

Fordham Law Review

No abstract provided.

Bringing The Perpetrators Of Rape In Balkans To Justice: Time For An International Criminal Court, Caroline D. Krass

Denver Journal of International Law & Policy

No abstract provided.

The Association Between Racial Group And Levels Of Conservatism Concerning Attitudes Toward Women, Julie Chambers

Honors Papers

This study explores the relationship between race and attitudes toward women, with a specific emphasis on class dynamics. Data is collected through surveys of black and white men in the town of Oberlin, Ohio. No racial differences are found on the overall attitude scale. In addition, when the variables are broken down into three categories; domestic, social and, political/leadership roles, racial differences are found only concerning social variables. Black men are found to hold significantly more traditional attitudes on the social scale than white men. Both black and white men respond less conservatively on the political attitudinal scale as compared …

Tying A Slipknot: Temporary Marriages In Iran, Tamilla F. Ghodsi

Michigan Journal of International Law

The purpose of this Note is to analyze the institution of mut'a critically, but objectively. It is important to first understand that it is possible to learn something from this institution. The sanctioning of temporary marriages illustrates the pervasive role of law as a method of social control, a characteristic which has parallels in the West. Furthermore, the institution may be challenged on its merits. For example, this Note intends to illustrate how the lack of formalism and the presence of great ambiguity in the institution have contributed to its lack of acceptance in Iranian society. The institution's deficiencies demonstrate …

Address Delivered At The Celebration Of The Seventy-Fifth Anniversary Of Women At Fordham Law School, Hon. Janet Reno

Fordham Law Review

No abstract provided.

Getting Civilized, Carol Gilligan

Fordham Law Review

No abstract provided.

Men, Women And Rape, Donald Dripps, Linda Fairstein, Robin West, Deborah W. Denno

Fordham Law Review

No abstract provided.

Women In The Workforce: The Voice Of Change, Susan J. Cerny

Theses

This study presents a review of the current literature that pertains to the experiences of women in the male dominated working world. The specific focus of this study is the barriers that prevent women from advancing where men succeed.

When. women enter the workforce they tend to be naïve about the organizational culture that surrounds them. Women bring with them their natural feminine instincts and behaviors, which are not considered as valuable in the corporate world as male instincts and behaviors.

Because they are entering a "man's world," women are unaware of the subtle and underlying rules of the corporate …

Japanese Female Workers In The U.S. Workforce: Communication Difficulties And Challenges, Yumiko Kurihara

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

No abstract provided.

Operation Rescue Versus A Woman's Right To Choose: A Conflict Without A Federal Remedy?, Randolph M. Mclaughlin

Elisabeth Haub School of Law Faculty Publications

This article discusses the need for federal protection of women seeking abortion-related services and the denial of protection of those women by the Supreme Court's narrow holding in Bray. Part II examines the precedents leading up to the Bray decision. A review of these cases demonstrates that Operation Rescue is a national conspiracy aimed at eliminating the right to abortion. The group uses physical force and blockades clinics in order to deny women and health care workers access to these facilities. In light of the inability or unwillingness of local law enforcement agencies to provide access to the clinics and …

Partner Notification And The Threat Of Domestic Violence Against Women With Hiv Infection, Karen H. Rothenberg, Richard L. North

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Psychiatric Evidence Of Sexual Assault Victims: The Need For Fundamental Change In The Determination Of Relevance, Sadie Bond

Dalhousie Law Journal

What follows is a discussion of the use of evidence of the complainant's psychiatric history in sexual assault trials. I will argue that the introduction of this evidence is sought mainly for the purpose of discrediting the complainant's testimony, as part of an "attack the victim" strategy. The admissibility of this evidence as relevant is the product of unfounded myths and sex-biased, if not misogynist, views about women. This evidence is rarely, if ever, relevant and its minimal probative value is, in most cases, far outweighed by its potential for exacerbating or perpetuating sex bias in the sexual assault trial. …

A Comment On The Canadian Bar Association's Gender Equality Task Force Report, Dianne Pothier

Dalhousie Law Journal

The Canadian Bar Association's Gender Equality Task Force Report sets out to challenge the traditions of a male model of the legal profession. The title of the Report, Touchstones for Change: Equality, Diversity, and Accountability, announces the challenge. Although in a formal sense the legal profession has been open to women since well before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council acknowledged women's eligibility to be Senators, the sad truth is that, in many respects, the legal profession is still not a welcoming environment to women. While women are entering the profession in greater numbers than ever before, they are …

Gender In The Military: Androcentrism And Institutional Reform, Kathryn Abrams

Law and Contemporary Problems

Military exclusion policies have been challenged by straight women, gays and lesbians. Questions about the arguments and the institutional mechanisms through which change can best be achieved are discussed.

The L-Word : September 1, 1993, The L-Word

The L-Word

No abstract provided.

Understanding Mixed Motives Claims Under The Civil Rights Act Of 1991: An Analysis Of Intentional Discrimination Claims Based On Sex-Stereotyped Interview Questions, Heather K. Gerken

Michigan Law Review

This Note analyzes the Civil Rights Act of 1991 and relevant case law to determine whether posing sex-stereotyped interview questions is actionable conduct under Title VII. It questions whether proof of discrimination during a phase in the hiring process, specifically during the interview stage, supports a Title VII claim without other independent evidence that the hiring decision was discriminatory. Part I explains that the circuit courts have envisioned the impact of discrimination during the hiring process differently and, as a result, are divided in determining whether sex-stereotyped interview questions are actionable under Title VII. Part II examines the legislative history …

The L-Word : May 1, 1993, The L-Word

The L-Word

No abstract provided.

Addicted Pregnancy As A Sex Crime, Lorraine Schmall

Northern Illinois University Law Review

This article examines how controls on addictive pregnancy present a new and dangerous threat to the treatment of women under the law. The author first examines the relationship between the mother and the fetus, concluding that no coherent status attaches to the unborn vis-a-vis its own mother which could justify depriving her of her privacy, autonomy, and the right to make personal family decisions. The article continues with a historical discussion of disparate legal treatment of women throughout history, and the discriminatory effect of state intervention into cases of addicted pregnancy on poor people and people of color. This article …