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The Equatorial Currents Of The Eastern Pacific As Maintained By The Stress Of The Wind, Robert O. Reid Jan 1948

The Equatorial Currents Of The Eastern Pacific As Maintained By The Stress Of The Wind, Robert O. Reid

Journal of Marine Research

Sverdrup (1947) has shown that the main features of the distribution of mass in the eastern equatorial Pacific can be derived exclusively from the average wind stress distribution. In this paper the method for computing the wind stress will be developed, the treatment of the oceanographic observations will be discussed, the field of mass and of mass transport as derived from the oceanographic and wind observations will be dealt with, and finally an analytic solution will be given.

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Deep Scattering Layer In The Pacific And Antarctic Oceans, Robert S. Dietz Jan 1948

Deep Scattering Layer In The Pacific And Antarctic Oceans, Robert S. Dietz

Journal of Marine Research

During Operation HIGHJUMP (U. S. Navy Antarctic Development Project, 1947), the writer frequently noted the presence of a layer of deep scatterers on the fathogram of the USS HENDERSON. This layer partially scatters the outgoing sound signal of the recording echo sounder during daylight hours so that a reflection is recorded which has the appearance of a false bottom at various depths between 150 and 450 fathoms.

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The Case For Studying Normal Patterns In Fishery Biology, Lionel A. Walford Jan 1948

The Case For Studying Normal Patterns In Fishery Biology, Lionel A. Walford

Journal of Marine Research

It seems a reasonable enough idea that a modern government is fulfilling one of its proper functions when it provides adequately for researches about its natural resources. Surely it is no less than a common sense1 attitude toward our possessions, needing no justification, that we should seek to know all about them-what they are, how we can use them, how much of them we can use, and what affects them....

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Arsenic In The Sea, Samy Gorgy, Norris W. Rakestraw, Denis L. Fox Jan 1948

Arsenic In The Sea, Samy Gorgy, Norris W. Rakestraw, Denis L. Fox

Journal of Marine Research

Although the microdetermination of arsenic in biological materials is of interest because of its toxicity, still the determination of arsenic in sea water has received but little attention, despite the fact that most of the marine animals and plants concentrate this element in their tissues. We are in some doubt about the physiological Rignificance of arsenic, as well Bs about the forms in which it occurs in the sea.

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The Determination Of Silicate In Sea Water, Rex J. Robinson, Thomas G. Thompson Jan 1948

The Determination Of Silicate In Sea Water, Rex J. Robinson, Thomas G. Thompson

Journal of Marine Research

The normal range of silicate in sea water is from 0.0 to about 200 µg. atoms Si per liter at 20° C. It has not been fully demonstrated whether the silicate determined by the method described below is in the colloidal or ionic form or both.

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Quantitative Studies Of Summer Plankton Populations Of The Western North Atlantic, Gordon A. Riley, Samy Gorgy Jan 1948

Quantitative Studies Of Summer Plankton Populations Of The Western North Atlantic, Gordon A. Riley, Samy Gorgy

Journal of Marine Research

The following is an account of plankton measurements obtained during a cruise2 of the research vessel "Atlantis" to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between July and September 1947. It is primarily a study of plankton in the great central Atlantic eddy known as the Sargasso Sea. For comparative purposes, a small amount of material was obtained from New England coastal waters, the so-called slope water area lying off the edge of the Continental Shelf, and the Gulf Stream. An August cruise by the "Balanus" assisted in gathering this subsidiary data. The material to be described consists of phytoplankton assays by the plant …

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Harald Ulrik Sverdrup - An Appreciation, Oger Revelle, Walter Munk Jan 1948

Harald Ulrik Sverdrup - An Appreciation, Oger Revelle, Walter Munk

Journal of Marine Research

As a young man Harald Sverdrup spent seven years on Amundsen's MAUD expedition in the icy wastes of the Arctic Sea. The observations he collected during this period form the basis of fifty published papers and constitute much of our factual knowledge about geophysical phenomena in the Arctic. Nevertheless, those years of voluntary exile would be of relatively small interest to his colleagues were it not for their effect on his personal and scientific qualities, and the insight which they give into his character.

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On Dynamic Stability Of Zonal Currents, Jörgen Holmboe Jan 1948

On Dynamic Stability Of Zonal Currents, Jörgen Holmboe

Journal of Marine Research

The problem of the dynamic stability of atmospheric currents has been investigated by many authors during the past 20 years. The present paper deals with certain aspects of this problem which was first treated by Solberg [1], Høiland [2], and Kleinschmidt [3], and more recently by Van Mieghem [4], and Fjørtoft [5].

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An Analysis Of The Stirring And Mixing Processes In Incompressible Fluids, Carl Eckart Jan 1948

An Analysis Of The Stirring And Mixing Processes In Incompressible Fluids, Carl Eckart

Journal of Marine Research

In the laboratory, the phenomena accompanying the mixture of two fluids are so commonplace that they do not seem to merit investigation. In the ocean and atmosphere, the phenomena are presumably very similar, but the lack of a good theory on which to base calculations complicates the problem much more than in the laboratory.

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Notes On A Theory Of The Thermocline, Walter H. Munk, Ernest R. Anderson Jan 1948

Notes On A Theory Of The Thermocline, Walter H. Munk, Ernest R. Anderson

Journal of Marine Research

The very large number of bathythermograms which have been taken during the last few years have established the essential features of the temperature structure in the upper layers of the ocean….

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Streamlines From A Discrete Vector Field: With Application To Ocean Currents, Donald W. Pritchard Jan 1948

Streamlines From A Discrete Vector Field: With Application To Ocean Currents, Donald W. Pritchard

Journal of Marine Research

The problem of presenting a scalar field on the surface of the earth or sea can be solved by drawing the contour lines or isopleths of the field. If the values of the scalar are measured at points of a grid, it is necessary to interpolate between the points in constructing the contours. The resulting curves are therefore somewhat subjective; however, if the data are reasonably accurate and closely spaced, experienced workers can reduce this subjectiveness to a minimum.

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Some Recent Developments In The Study Of The Gulf Stream, C. O'D. Iselin, Frederick C. Fuglister Jan 1948

Some Recent Developments In The Study Of The Gulf Stream, C. O'D. Iselin, Frederick C. Fuglister

Journal of Marine Research

At Cape Hatteras the Gulf Stream leaves the Continental Slope, so that as far as the deep current is concerned its course is no longer confined. The current again approaches the Continental Shelf off Georges Bank and off the Grand Banks, hut in neither area does it flow normally along the Continental Slope as a river pressing against its bank. The band of water which separates the Gulf Stream from the Continental Shelf in the sector between Cape Hatteras and the Grand Banks is usually called "slope water." The great body of water to the south and east of the …

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Sound Scatterers In The Sea, Russell W. Raitt Jan 1948

Sound Scatterers In The Sea, Russell W. Raitt

Journal of Marine Research

When sound pulses of ultrasonic frequency are transmitted into the sea, many echoes are returned to the source from scatterers distributed throughout the sea. Under the usual conditions of observation with echo-sounding and echo-ranging apparatus, the echoes merge indistinguishably. The resulting irregularly decaying sound is called reverberation (Eyring, et al., 1948) by analogy with the reverberation observed in rooms.

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Sound As A Tool In Marine Ecology, From Data On Biological Noises And The Deep Scattering Layer, Martin W. Johnson Jan 1948

Sound As A Tool In Marine Ecology, From Data On Biological Noises And The Deep Scattering Layer, Martin W. Johnson

Journal of Marine Research

In studies of specific populations or communities of different animals, the investigator is concerned largely with relative concentrations of individuals and with their feeding and breeding behavior, migratory habits, etc., as individuals or as groups. Information on these aspects is fundamental to an analysis and understanding of the faciors that operate as controls within the population.

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Physical Characteristics Of The Inshore Environment, R. H. Fleming Jan 1948

Physical Characteristics Of The Inshore Environment, R. H. Fleming

Journal of Marine Research

Oceanography, especially in the United States, has advanced very rapidly during the last two decades. This is true not only of the amount of data collected but also in the development of theories, the improvement of instrumentation, and in the training of investigators. At the same time there has been a tremendous increase of interest in the possible applications of oceanography to other fields of science and to various economic and military problems....

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Water Tables In Marine Beaches, K. O. Emery, J. F. Foster Jan 1948

Water Tables In Marine Beaches, K. O. Emery, J. F. Foster

Journal of Marine Research

Beach slopes, sand movements, and sand composition have been studied by a number of organizations and individuals, but the interstitial water and the possible interrelations between beach characteristics and changing water levels within the beach seem to have received little attention....

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Influence Of The Water Table On Beach Aggradation And Degradation, U. S. Grant Jan 1948

Influence Of The Water Table On Beach Aggradation And Degradation, U. S. Grant

Journal of Marine Research

Observations for many years of the fluctuation in the width and slope of beaches in southern California have demonstrated that the position of the water table under the beach surface has an important bearing on deposition and on erosion of the foreshore and backshore. During winter storms, in the vicinity of Santa Monica and north along the Malibu Coast, a very rapid destruction of the beaches sometimes results....

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Evidence Of World-Wide Submergence, Francis P. Shepard Jan 1948

Evidence Of World-Wide Submergence, Francis P. Shepard

Journal of Marine Research

At the beginning of the century geologists were discussing the idea that the glacial period was the result of enormous vertical movements of the continents. Uplifts were said to have cooled the climates, bringing on glaciation, and subsequent subm~rgence caused the glaciers to melt. This hypothesis was supported by the finding of deep canyons on the sea floor which indicated the former elevated condition of the continents....

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Estimates Of Water Transport Produced By Wave Action, Victor P. Starr Jan 1948

Estimates Of Water Transport Produced By Wave Action, Victor P. Starr

Journal of Marine Research

The writer has received requests on several occasions to give estimates in concise form of the intensity of the transport of water caused by surface waves. It is hoped that the following discussion will be helpful in answering such questions, although it should be pointed out from the beginning that the actual conditions in the oceans depart very significantly from the ideal circumstances presupposed in the theory of the subje'ct, so that great caution must be exercised in applying the theoretical results to practical problems in oceanography, pending comparison with observational data.

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Deep Sea Photography, E. Newton Harvey, Edward R. Baylor Jan 1948

Deep Sea Photography, E. Newton Harvey, Edward R. Baylor

Journal of Marine Research

Interest of the senior author in deep sea photography stems from a desire to obtain photographs of deep sea luminous fish-not by their own light, but in their natural environment, using artificial illumination. The abundance of deep sea forms observed by Beebe (1934) from his bathysphere suggests that success might be achieved, especiaJly if a lure could be found that would attract deep sea fish to the front of the camera.

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Unusual Phosphorus Concentrations In The Florida "Red Tide" Sea Water, Bostwick H. Ketchum, Jean Keen Jan 1948

Unusual Phosphorus Concentrations In The Florida "Red Tide" Sea Water, Bostwick H. Ketchum, Jean Keen

Journal of Marine Research

Beginning in late November 1946, and continuing at sporadic intervals until July 1947, a flowering of Gymnodinium sp. caused discolored water off the west coast of Florida. Millions of fish were killed along the coastline and this mortality was always directly associated with the presence of Gymnodinium (Gunter, Smith and Williams, 1947). The phenomenon has been popularly called the "Red Tide."

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A Posse Ad Esse, Daniel Merriman Jan 1948

A Posse Ad Esse, Daniel Merriman

Journal of Marine Research

"From possibility to reality" seems an appropriate phrase to describe the development of oceanography in the pa.st three-quarters of a century. It is of little more than academic interest to pick a particular date or event as marking the birth of a field of endeavor; however, for oceanography, the late 1860's and the early 1870's unquestionably mark the period which gave the greatest impetus to research on the chemistry, physics a.nd biology of the sea....

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The Dynamics Of Large Horizontal Eddies (Axes Vertical) In The Ocean Off Southern California, George F. Mcewen Jan 1948

The Dynamics Of Large Horizontal Eddies (Axes Vertical) In The Ocean Off Southern California, George F. Mcewen

Journal of Marine Research

A striking feature shown on charts of horizontal circulation of the ocean in the southern California region, Lat. 32° to 34.5° N., is a large counterclockwise eddy between a northward inshore current and a southward offshore current. Charts arranged in time order from spring, at intervals of about two weeks, show a decrease in velocity and an increase in size of the eddy....

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The Exchange Of Oxygen Across The Sea Surface, Alfred C. Redfield Jan 1948

The Exchange Of Oxygen Across The Sea Surface, Alfred C. Redfield

Journal of Marine Research

In temperate latitudes the oxygen content of sea water near the surface varies with the season. This results because the solubility of oxygen in the water changes with its temperature and because of the unequal production and utilization of oxygen by organisms at different seasons. Both factors cause an exchange of oxygen across the sea's surface. The present paper is an attempt to determine the magnitude of this exchange as it occurs in the Gulf of Maine and to evaluate the factors responsible.

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Some Seasonal Chemical Changes In The Open Ocean, Norris W. Rakestraw, Dayton E. Carritt Jan 1948

Some Seasonal Chemical Changes In The Open Ocean, Norris W. Rakestraw, Dayton E. Carritt

Journal of Marine Research

Several studies have been made of the seasonal changes in th, chemical composition of sea water, especially of the so-called "nutrient substances." But most of these have been in localities relatively near shore and in the temperate zones where climatic fluctuations are relatively great. During the years 1937 and 1938 an opportunity arose to study such changes in the open ocean in connection with an investigation of the variations of the Gulf Stream (Iselin, 1940).

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Changes In The Fish Fauna Of Western North America Correlated With Changes In Ocean Temperature, Carl L. Hubbs Jan 1948

Changes In The Fish Fauna Of Western North America Correlated With Changes In Ocean Temperature, Carl L. Hubbs

Journal of Marine Research

Many lines of evidence support the conclusion that temperature is a factor of prime importance in the distribution of marine fishes along the Pacific Coast of North America. The correlation between water temperature and the type of fish found is so definite that I feGl justified in drawing inferences, from the known data of fish distribution, regarding ocean temperatures of the past and regarding the temperatures of regions for which the physical data are inadequate....

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Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria In Marine Sediments, Claude E. Zobell, Sydney C. Rittenberg Jan 1948

Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria In Marine Sediments, Claude E. Zobell, Sydney C. Rittenberg

Journal of Marine Research

The occurrence of hydrogen sulfide in the waters of certain seas, fjords, and basins, as well as the presence of black or "blue" stinking sediments, can hardly escape the notice of any marine scientist. It is not surprising, therefore, that the eminent oceanographer Murray (Murray and Irvine, 1895) concerned himself with the nature of these materials and postulated their bacterial origin even before bacteriologists had described the specific organisms involved.

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Methods For Estimating Dynamic Slopes And Currents In Shallow Waters, Pier Groen Jan 1948

Methods For Estimating Dynamic Slopes And Currents In Shallow Waters, Pier Groen

Journal of Marine Research

In computing relative currents in the sea from the mass distribution, a well known difficulty is encountered when a section extends into relatively shallow water; then a mass of land becomes part of the section.

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Note On The Use Of The T-S Correlation For Dynamic Height Anomaly Computations, Henry Stommel Jan 1947

Note On The Use Of The T-S Correlation For Dynamic Height Anomaly Computations, Henry Stommel

Journal of Marine Research

1. The convenience of the bathythermograph for making rapid detailed surveys of the thermal structure in vertical sections of the ocean is leading to an accumulation of data on ocean temperatures far exceeding that on the corresponding salinities….

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Notes On The Distribution Of Energy Frequency In Surface Waves, C. G. Rossby Jan 1947

Notes On The Distribution Of Energy Frequency In Surface Waves, C. G. Rossby

Journal of Marine Research

The behavior of irrotational surface waves of small amplitude in deep water has been thoroughly investigated through theoretical studies extending over a period of more than one hundred years. Waves of this type are therefore particularly well suited for demonstration of the characteristics of energy and frequency distribution and propagation in dispersive media. In the present note a few comments will be made on the distribution of energy with respect to frequency in such waves.

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