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The Diversity Of Phytoplanktonic Populations In Oceanic, Coastal, And Estuarine Regions, Edward M. Hulburt Jan 1963

The Diversity Of Phytoplanktonic Populations In Oceanic, Coastal, And Estuarine Regions, Edward M. Hulburt

Journal of Marine Research

In the deep ocean north of Bermuda, during spring and summer, conditions for growth are poor, but physical conditions, such as high salinity and great depth, are favorable to the marine phytoplankton. The dominant species in a sample constitute a modest proportion of the cells counted, and a considerable diversity of species is observed....

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A New Method For The Microdetermination Of Chlorophyll C In Sea Water, T. R. Parsons Jan 1963

A New Method For The Microdetermination Of Chlorophyll C In Sea Water, T. R. Parsons

Journal of Marine Research

A method developed for the microdetermination of chlorophyll c by conversion of chlorophyll c to pheophytin c is described. This method is found to be more sensitive and specific than previously reported methods for the determination of this pigment and is suitable for open-ocean samples of only a few liters in volume.

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Thermal Circulation On A Rotating Sphere; With Application To The Oceanic Thermocline, Allan R. Robinson, Pierre Welander Jan 1963

Thermal Circulation On A Rotating Sphere; With Application To The Oceanic Thermocline, Allan R. Robinson, Pierre Welander

Journal of Marine Research

We consider the thermal boundary layer beneath the surface of a differentially heated fluid portion of a rotating sphere, i.e., a region in which thermal conductivity is important but viscosity is negligible. A general three-dimensional similarity transformation is performed, and features of the related temperature and flow fields are studied. It is found that an upwelling of cold water into the boundary layer region from below is always necessary, that horizontal advection of heat is relatively negligible, and that a strong relation exists between boundary layer depth and surface-forcing function. The solutions are examined for numbers characteristic of the main …

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Estimation Of Per Cent Polarization In Deep Oceanic Water, J. E. Tyler Jan 1963

Estimation Of Per Cent Polarization In Deep Oceanic Water, J. E. Tyler

Journal of Marine Research

An isotropic model is used to describe and estimate the % polarization in a horizontal direction in the ocean at near-asymptotic depth. It is found that when the radiance distribution is described by a fourth power ellipse the % polarization = ε2, where ε is the eccentricity of the ellipse.

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Discussion Of Spectrophotometric Determination Of Marine-Plant Pigments, With Revised Equations For Ascertaining Chlorophylls And Carotenoids, T. R. Parsons, J. D.H. Strickland Jan 1963

Discussion Of Spectrophotometric Determination Of Marine-Plant Pigments, With Revised Equations For Ascertaining Chlorophylls And Carotenoids, T. R. Parsons, J. D.H. Strickland

Journal of Marine Research

A number of discrepancies in the spectrophotometric determination of plant pigments with the Richards with Thompson method have been reported. A revised set of equations for the determination of plant chlorophylls and a new equation for the approximate estimation of plant carotenoids are presented.

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Consequences Of Small Storage Capacity In Nannoplankton Pertinent To Measurement Of Primary Production In Tropical Waters, Howard T. Odum, Robert J. Beyers, Neal E. Armstrong Jan 1963

Consequences Of Small Storage Capacity In Nannoplankton Pertinent To Measurement Of Primary Production In Tropical Waters, Howard T. Odum, Robert J. Beyers, Neal E. Armstrong

Journal of Marine Research

A theory based on the performance of an electrical analogue circuit for balanced ecosystems relates respiration to the storage of labile organic matter during daytime photosynthesis. A very small storage capacitance and time constant may be introduced into the circuit to simulate a nannoplanktonic sygtem. It is found that respiration approaches photosynthesis during the day and almost ceases at night. Consequently, the usual carbon14 measurements of net production, and the conventional light-and-dark-bottle oxygen measurements of net production and nighttime respiration greatly underestimate gross photosy~thesis of tropical seas. An example of this phenomenon is shown in a planktonic brine microcosm.

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Direct Measurements Of A Small Surface Eddy Of Northern Baja Califirnia, Joseph L. Reid Jr., Richard A. Schwartzlose, Daniel M. Brown Jan 1963

Direct Measurements Of A Small Surface Eddy Of Northern Baja Califirnia, Joseph L. Reid Jr., Richard A. Schwartzlose, Daniel M. Brown

Journal of Marine Research

An extensive study of surface currents off northern Baja California, using parachute drogues, has confirmed the inshore sweep of surface waters that has been a major feature of the geostrophic flow in this area. Calculations of geostrophic flow from concurrent density measurements are in excellent agreement with the drogue trajectories, and an extra hydrographic cast made at the center of an eddy that was indicated earlier by the drogue movements confirms the remarkable small-scale coherence of the density and velocity fields....

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The Variation In The Catch Of Plankton Nets In A System Of Estuaries, Thomas L. Hopkins Jan 1963

The Variation In The Catch Of Plankton Nets In A System Of Estuaries, Thomas L. Hopkins

Journal of Marine Research

In a study of variability in copepod catch during a tidal cycle at 17 stations in the St. Andrew Bay System of Florida, the coefficient of variation (c. v.) for the total copepod count of a single oblique tow was found to be 43%. The c. v. for counts of three different species ranged between 51-56%. The least variation occurred in the index of community diversity (c. v. 17%). Tests of catch variance against estimates of error arising from collecting and counting the copepods indicate that, at most stations, variation in catch resulted from irregular distribution of the plankton in …

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Evaluation Of An Automatic Technique For Counting Unicellular Organisms, Sayed Z. El-Sayed, Byung D. Lee Jan 1963

Evaluation Of An Automatic Technique For Counting Unicellular Organisms, Sayed Z. El-Sayed, Byung D. Lee

Journal of Marine Research

The Coulter counter, originally designed for high-speed counting of blood cells, was used in this study for quantitative estimation of several species of unicellular algae. Tests of the instrument's reliability and the reproducibility of its counts have given satisfactory results. The instrument is also well suited for use in the study of growth curves of unicellular algae. The instrument's limitations and sources of error are discussed.

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On Statistical Estimation Of Monthly Extreme Sea-Surface Temperatures Along The West Coast Of The United States, Gunnar I. Roden Jan 1963

On Statistical Estimation Of Monthly Extreme Sea-Surface Temperatures Along The West Coast Of The United States, Gunnar I. Roden

Journal of Marine Research

The statistical properties of monthly extreme sea-surface temperatures have been investigated . The root mean square amplitudes of the annual oscillatiops are of the order of 2°C in southern California, 1°C in northern California, and 4°C in southeastern Alaska; those of the nonannual oscillations vary mostly between 0.9°C and 1.3°C and are largely independent of latitude. The average persistence of the nonannual extre,ne temperature oscillations is between three and seven months....

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An Investigation Of Stable Waves Along A Velocity Shear Boundary In A Two-Layer Sea With A Geostrophic Flow Regime, Alyn C. Duxbury Jan 1963

An Investigation Of Stable Waves Along A Velocity Shear Boundary In A Two-Layer Sea With A Geostrophic Flow Regime, Alyn C. Duxbury

Journal of Marine Research

The physical characteristics of a certain class of stable perturbations in an idealized oceanic current regime are investigated theoretically and compared with some observed featur es of the Gulf Stream. The mathematical model envisages an idealized two-layer fluid with a deep lower layer that remains essentially in static balance. T he upper layer, when in equilibrium, is characterized by a region of uniform geostrophically balanced current (hence of nonuniform thickness); adjoining this is a second region of uniform thickness that is at rest....

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Available Nitrogen And Phosphorus And The Biochemical Cycle In The Atlantic Off New England, Ralph F. Vaccaro Jan 1963

Available Nitrogen And Phosphorus And The Biochemical Cycle In The Atlantic Off New England, Ralph F. Vaccaro

Journal of Marine Research

The importance of ammonia as a sourc:e of available nitrogen for phytoplanktonic populations off New England has been evaluated for August and January 1962. During August, when only trace amounts of nitrate persist in the photic layer, ammonia appears to be the major source of available nitrogen. Therefore, meaningful estimates of the relative amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus being assimilated at such times require consideration of the nitrogen occurring as ammonia....

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Long-Period Waves Over California's Continental Borderland Part I. Background Spectra, Frank E. Snodgrass, Walter H. Munk, Gaylord R. Miller Jan 1962

Long-Period Waves Over California's Continental Borderland Part I. Background Spectra, Frank E. Snodgrass, Walter H. Munk, Gaylord R. Miller

Journal of Marine Research

"Long" ocean waves, with frequencies between 0.2 and xo cycles per hour (cph), have been recorded simultaneously at La Jolla on the California coast and at San Clemente Island, about rno km seaward. The spectral power is greatest at the lowest frequencies but remains fairly uniform (about 5 x 10-2 cm2/cph) between 0.7 and 10 cph. Comparison of the Island and shore records shows that at the lowest frequencies (below 0.7 cph) the two records are consistently in phase and are highly coherent, as might be expected; above 0.7 cph they are out of phase, and the coherence is low....

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The Life Cycle Of Sagitta Elegans In Arctic And Subarctic Seas, And The Modifying Effects Of Hydrographic Differences In The Environment, M. J. Dunbar Jan 1962

The Life Cycle Of Sagitta Elegans In Arctic And Subarctic Seas, And The Modifying Effects Of Hydrographic Differences In The Environment, M. J. Dunbar

Journal of Marine Research

Sagitta elegans arctica of the Canadian eastern Arctic waters has a life span of two years. Its breeding cycle is two-phase, or alternating, and the population consists of two distinct groups breeding in different years. The spawning period is long, extending from July into the winter, probably up to February. Winter spawning is taken to imply that the breeding behaviour is not timed to coincide with the maximum abundance of food, but that the cycle is determined by the growth limitations imposed by the low temperature....

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Measurements Of The California Countercurrent At A Depth Of 250 Meters, Joseph L. Reid Jr. Jan 1962

Measurements Of The California Countercurrent At A Depth Of 250 Meters, Joseph L. Reid Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

Measurements of the flow at 250 m below the surface were made with parachute drogues laid out at 5-mile intervals on a line 125 nautical miles in length (true bearing 067°) extending landward from 35° 52.0'N, 124° 28.9'W to the 1000-fathom curve at 36° 36'N off Monterey, California. The drogues were followed for 48 hours. A northward flow, about 40 miles in width, with a maximum flow of 0.44 kt at the center, was seen near the coast.

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Production Of Underwater Sound By The White Whale Or Beluga, Delphinapterus Leucas (Pallas), Marie Poland Fish, William H. Mowbray Jan 1962

Production Of Underwater Sound By The White Whale Or Beluga, Delphinapterus Leucas (Pallas), Marie Poland Fish, William H. Mowbray

Journal of Marine Research

The behavior of three captive specimens of Delphinapterus leucas was observed for prolonged periods and their underwater sound production was recorded. Sonic and physical activities of the whales were correlated, and their sounds are compared with those of other cetaceans. Physical analyses for r epresentative sounds from ro distinct categori es are presented for a 47-minute recording period. Frequency components were measured in the infrasonic, sonic and ultrasonic ranges.

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Analyses Of Carbon In Marine Plankton Organisms, Herbert Curl Jr. Jan 1962

Analyses Of Carbon In Marine Plankton Organisms, Herbert Curl Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

Total carbon in 19 species of marine organisms and mixed collections was analyzed by combustion in an induction furnace and hy subsequent measurement of evolved carbon dioxide in a gas burette. A system for trapping unwanted combustion products is described. Carbonate carbon was analyzed by treating samples with acid and measuring evolved carbon dioxide. Carbon concentrations were 6.6-46.8% of dry weight and 20.6-57.0% of organic weight. Cnidaria and ctenophores had the lowest carbon concentrations in organic matter.

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Some Dynamic Aspects Of The Distribution Of Planktonic Foraminifera In The Western North Atlantic, Richard Cifelli Jan 1962

Some Dynamic Aspects Of The Distribution Of Planktonic Foraminifera In The Western North Atlantic, Richard Cifelli

Journal of Marine Research

Studies of Foraminifera from plankton tows taken during the four seasons of the year at stations in shelf water, slope water, the Gulf Stream, and Sargasso Sea between Cape Cod and Bermuda in the western North Atlantic have shown that the slope waters generally yielded the highest concentrations of Foraminifera at all seasons, with spring and fall being the most productive seasons....

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Copepods Collected By The Nuclear Submarine Seadragon On A Cruise To And From The North Pole, With Remarks On Their Geographic Distribution, George D. Grice Jan 1962

Copepods Collected By The Nuclear Submarine Seadragon On A Cruise To And From The North Pole, With Remarks On Their Geographic Distribution, George D. Grice

Journal of Marine Research

A brief, non-detailed description is given of an automatic, multiple net plankton sampler used on a submarine cruise between the North Atlantic and Pacific oceans by way of the North Pole. The copepods contained in 90 samples from the Arctic have been identified and their relative abundance determined. The most frequently and widely occurring of the 18 species were Metridia longa, Calanus hyperboreus and C. glacialis. Pseudocalanus minutus, found mostly in the Chukchi Sea region, was the most abundant. From their known geographic distribution, six species are recognized as cosmopolites and 12 as Arctic or cold water species. Of the …

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Observations Of Internal Waves Of Tidal Period Made With Neutrally Buoyant Floats, John A. Knauss Jan 1962

Observations Of Internal Waves Of Tidal Period Made With Neutrally Buoyant Floats, John A. Knauss

Journal of Marine Research

Neutrally buoyant current floats at depths between 500 and 2500 m at 28°12'N, 139°07'W and 28° 48'N, 117° 41'W exhibited a marked periodic motion. The floats moved in clockwise orbits at speeds of 5- 18 cm/sec and with a period of approximately 25 hours. The orbital is approximately equal to the inertial period. Floats tracked simultaneously at different depths were not in phase. With one exception, such motion has not been observed at other latitudes. It is believed that the observed motion was a result of internal waves and that such motions are restricted to a rather narrow belt of …

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The Instability Of A Thermal Ocean Circulation, A. R. Robinson Jan 1962

The Instability Of A Thermal Ocean Circulation, A. R. Robinson

Journal of Marine Research

A thermally driven meridional vortex in a diffusive ocean of finite depth is shown to be unstable. The dispersion relation at marginal stability is obtained approximately.

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Long-Period Waves Over California's Continental Borderland Part Ii. Tsunamis, Gaylord R. Miller, Walter H. Munk, Frank E. Snodgrass Jan 1962

Long-Period Waves Over California's Continental Borderland Part Ii. Tsunamis, Gaylord R. Miller, Walter H. Munk, Frank E. Snodgrass

Journal of Marine Research

During the Chilean tsunami of 22 May 1960, precise readings of sea level were digitally recorded every 15 seconds by the La Jolla low-frequency wave instrument. The tsunami remained above background for a week. The record gave a good opportunity to measure the decay of tsunami energy as a function of frequency. Energy is reduced by 1/e about once each half day. The decay is somewhat more rapid at high frequen cies and at high energy densities. The total energy of the tsunami is estimated to be of the order of 3 x 1023 ergs.

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Long-Period Waves Over California's Continental Borderland. Part Iii The Decay Of Tsunamis And The Dissipation Of Tidal Energy, Walter H. Munk, Gaylord R. Miller, Frank E. Snodgrass Jan 1962

Long-Period Waves Over California's Continental Borderland. Part Iii The Decay Of Tsunamis And The Dissipation Of Tidal Energy, Walter H. Munk, Gaylord R. Miller, Frank E. Snodgrass

Journal of Marine Research

The characteristic damping (energy e-folding) time derived from the decay of the tsunami "pulse" can be compared to the dissipation time of the lunar semidiurnal tides as inferred from the discrepancies in the orbital motions of the Moon, Sun, and Mercury. The times are comparable, of the order of ½ day, and this suggests that the same processes are responsible for the dissipation of the tide waves and tidal waves.

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A Similarity Solution For Circulation In An Estuary, Maurice Rattray Jr., Donald V. Hansen Jan 1962

A Similarity Solution For Circulation In An Estuary, Maurice Rattray Jr., Donald V. Hansen

Journal of Marine Research

A set of partial differential equations and boundary conditions is written to describe flow and mixing in a simple class of estuaries. Two sets of similarity transformations are given which, with the appropriate boundary conditions, reduce the partial differential equations to a pair of simultaneous ordinary differential equations. One of these sets of transformations is used to obtain an approximate solution that is physically realistic.

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Distribution Of Dissolved Oxygen In The Summer Thermocline, Joseph L. Reid Jr. Jan 1962

Distribution Of Dissolved Oxygen In The Summer Thermocline, Joseph L. Reid Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

In summer the maximum concentration of dissolved oxygen is nearly always found at a depth corresponding to the lower part of the winter mixed layer. This subsurface maximum is widespread and in some areas may exceed the surface concentration by an increment of more than one milliliter per liter. It is shown that at and above the depth of the summer maximum the oxygen concentration remains very near the saturation concentration throughout the year, and hence depends principally upon the temperature. Seasonal variations in the thermal structure are shown to account for the formation of the subsurface maximum in summer.

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Mass Spectrometric Determination Of Lithium In Seawater, Tsaihwa J. Chow, E. D. Goldberg Jan 1962

Mass Spectrometric Determination Of Lithium In Seawater, Tsaihwa J. Chow, E. D. Goldberg

Journal of Marine Research

Lithium concentrations in Pacific Ocean waters to depths of over 4,000 m have been determined using isotope dilution techniques with a mass spectrometer. Values varied about 170 µg/L and showed a covariance with the salinity.

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Some Properties Of Thermocline Equations In A Subtropical Gyre, Henry Stommel, Jacqueline Webster Jan 1962

Some Properties Of Thermocline Equations In A Subtropical Gyre, Henry Stommel, Jacqueline Webster

Journal of Marine Research

The functional dependence of solutions of a theoretical model of the subtropical oceanic thermocline upon the physical parameters and boundary conditions is exhibited: (1) in a limited range by a boundary layer approximation; and (2) in a wider range by numerical solutions of the nonlinear equations.

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Species Diversity In Net Phytoplankton Of Raritan Bay, Bernard C. Patten Jan 1962

Species Diversity In Net Phytoplankton Of Raritan Bay, Bernard C. Patten

Journal of Marine Research

The annual diversity cycle in Raritan Bay net phytoplankton is described, using entropyrelated diversity indices. A theory of diversity change during succession is developed. Mean diversity levels in the estuary increased downbay in association with diminishing pollution, and the spatial pattern was strikingly related to general patterns of water mass circulation.

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An Analogy To The Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Henry Stommel Jan 1962

An Analogy To The Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Henry Stommel

Journal of Marine Research

Introduction. In a survey article (Stommel 1957), the Antarctic Circumpolar Current was crudely pictured as a simple convergent poleward geostrophic flow at longitudes far removed from Drake Passage, with a higher order dynamical process through Drake Passage; however, no theoretical model was presented to describe analytically the nature of the flow through Drake Passage....

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On The Radial Spreading Of Water Waves, R. E. Meyer, M. C. Shen Jan 1962

On The Radial Spreading Of Water Waves, R. E. Meyer, M. C. Shen

Journal of Marine Research

The axially symmetrical spreading of waves into water at rest and of uniform depth at large distances from the centre of the disturbance is studied. The long-wave equations provide a plausible first approximation, but on grounds differing from those previously advanced for their justification. In particular, the wave length need not be large compared with the depth. The approximate solution of the nonlinear equations is derived for the initial phase of the motion in which the amplitude is small, assuming that any bores occurring are weak at the large radii considered.

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