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Articles 1981 - 2010 of 2527

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Further Measurements And Observations On The Cromwell Current, John A. Knauss Jan 1966

Further Measurements And Observations On The Cromwell Current, John A. Knauss

Journal of Marine Research

The Cromwell Current was observed in the eastern Pacific during the Scripps Institution of Oceanography SWAN SONG Expedition, 5 September–1 December 1961, employing hydrographic stations and direct current measurements. The velocity structure in 1961 at 140°W was similar to that observed in April 1958 except that the transport in 1961 was only 22 × 106 m3 /sec---55% of the transport observed in 1958....

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A Perfusion Chamber For Electrode Studies On The Physiology Of Planktonic Algae, Charles S. Yentsch Jan 1965

A Perfusion Chamber For Electrode Studies On The Physiology Of Planktonic Algae, Charles S. Yentsch

Journal of Marine Research

An algal photosynthetic chamber using an oxygen electrode is described. It is unique in that the algae are held in the chamber on a filter. In this manner a high concentration of cells per unit volume of chamber and a high sensitivity to oxygen production is obtained. Other advantages of this system are that the solution around the algae on the filter is changed easily without disturbing the cells and the chamber is easily adapted to continuous closed circulation.

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Notes On The Theory Of The Thermocline, Robert Blandford Jan 1965

Notes On The Theory Of The Thermocline, Robert Blandford

Journal of Marine Research

This paper presents an exact analytical solution in closed form for a steady, laminar model of the oceanic thermocline. The model includes vertical diffusion and horizontal and vertical convection of heat. The solution satisfies boundary conditions that are in fair agreement with observation over the range of latitude 10° to 45°. The behavior of the solution is given as a function of the imposed temperature and vertical velocity component at the bottom of the Ekman layer....

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The Activity Coefficient Of Sodium Chloride In Seawater, R. F. Platford Jan 1965

The Activity Coefficient Of Sodium Chloride In Seawater, R. F. Platford

Journal of Marine Research

Using a sodium amalgam and silver-silver chloride electrode pair, the mean activity coefficient of sodium chloride in synthetic seawater has been compared with that in pure sodium chloride solutions. Effects of concentration and temperature were measured. The mean activity coefficient in synthetic seawater was found to be slightly higher than in a sodium chloride solution of the same ionic strength. No explanation for this is offered.

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The Activity Coeffiicient Of Sodium Sulfate In Seawater, R. F. Platford, Thomas Dafoe Jan 1965

The Activity Coeffiicient Of Sodium Sulfate In Seawater, R. F. Platford, Thomas Dafoe

Journal of Marine Research

The mean activity coefficient of sodium sulfate in artificial seawater has been measured with a sodium amalgam electrode and a lead amalgam-lead sulfate electrode. The value of 0.378 at 25°C and 35‰ salinity, and other data, suggest that a considerable fraction of the sulfate ion is tied up as a sodium sulfate complex.

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An Experimental Study Of The P-V-T-S Relations Of Seawater, Mark S. Newton, George C. Kennedy Jan 1965

An Experimental Study Of The P-V-T-S Relations Of Seawater, Mark S. Newton, George C. Kennedy

Journal of Marine Research

The compressibility of seawater has been determined as a function of salinity, pressure, and temperature. Specific volumes have been computed. The salinities, as measured on a University of Washington-type conductivity bridge, were 0.00, 30.52, 34.99, and 41.03‰. The pressure range was from r to r 300 bars and the temperature range from 0°C to 25°C. The experiments were carried out by measuring decrements of volume at 100-bar intervals spaced in 5° isotherms....

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Late Tertiary Planktonic Foraminifera Associated With A Basaltic Boulder From The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Richard Cifelli Jan 1965

Late Tertiary Planktonic Foraminifera Associated With A Basaltic Boulder From The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Richard Cifelli

Journal of Marine Research

A dredge haul obtained from the mid-Atlantic Ridge at 22° 56' N, 46° 35' W yielded a consolidated, partially silicified foraminiferal ooze and some frag ments of an apparently altered basalt. The age of the consolidated ooze, determined from its assemblage of planktonic Foraminifera, is late Tertiary and probably late Miocene. The inference is that deposition of the consolidated ooze preceded the extrusion of the basalt, with silicification of the ooze occurring during the periods of extrusion and alteration of the basalt.

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A Technique For The Direct Measurement Of Transport With Application To The Straits Of Florida, William S. Richardson, William J. Schmitz Jr. Jan 1965

A Technique For The Direct Measurement Of Transport With Application To The Straits Of Florida, William S. Richardson, William J. Schmitz Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

A method is described by which the volume transport per unit width of a water column is obtained from measurements of the run time, depth, and horizontal d efl ection of a freely falling instrument. Measurements of the north-south component of transport in the Straits of Florida using this technique gave 35.5 ± 1.2 x 106 m3/sec on August 16 and 17, 1964. The surface currents and east-west components of transport are also given.

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Fundamental Mode Edge Waves Over A Steeply Sloping Shelf, Bryan Johns Jan 1965

Fundamental Mode Edge Waves Over A Steeply Sloping Shelf, Bryan Johns

Journal of Marine Research

Fundamental mode edge waves over a steeply sloping shelf are considered. With the orientation of the coastline as prescribed in the present treatment (north-south), it is found that the Coriolis effect is of decreasing significance as the slope of the shelf increases and that the theory developed by Stokes (1846) is ultimately applicable.

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Use Of The Goldberg Refractometer As A Salinometer For Biological And Geological Field Work, E. William Behrens Jan 1965

Use Of The Goldberg Refractometer As A Salinometer For Biological And Geological Field Work, E. William Behrens

Journal of Marine Research

The Goldberg Refractometer (American Optical Co., model 10402) has been tested as a potential field salinometer. The instrument has a range of 0 to 220‰ and an accuracy of about one ppt. Although it is inaccurate relative to titration and conductimetric salinometers, the Refractometer has the advantages of temperature compensation, small size, small sample requirements, large range, and low cost.

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Water Characteristics Of The Caribbean Sea, Wilton Sturges Jan 1965

Water Characteristics Of The Caribbean Sea, Wilton Sturges

Journal of Marine Research

The volume of Caribbean Sea water in bivariate classes of potential temperature vs. salinity has been estimated from 76 hydrographic stations. The resulting statistics are presented on a pair of characteristic diagrams. The outstanding feature of the diagrams is the strong mode; nearly half of all Caribbean water lies within 0.1°C and 0.02 per mil of the mode, at 3.9°C, 34.98 per mil....

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On Thermally Maintained Circulation In A Closed Ocean Basin, P. P. Niiler, A. R. Robinson, S. L. Spiegel Jan 1965

On Thermally Maintained Circulation In A Closed Ocean Basin, P. P. Niiler, A. R. Robinson, S. L. Spiegel

Journal of Marine Research

A three-dimensional model of a thermohaline-maintained circulation is presented for a closed basin of finite depth on the beta plane. The circulation, which conserves potential vorticity, consists of a westward drift at all levels in the open ocean and a return flow that is accomplished in a swift eastward-flowing current. A comparison is made to Worthington's recent water-mass analysis of deep circulation in the North Atlantic Basin.

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Disadvantages Of The Olson Drift Card, And Description Of A Newly Designed Card, C. P. Duncan Jan 1965

Disadvantages Of The Olson Drift Card, And Description Of A Newly Designed Card, C. P. Duncan

Journal of Marine Research

Disadvantages of the Olson drift card are discussed, and a newly designed polythene drift card (3 mm thick) is described. This card is compact and complete. In tests along the South African coast it has proved to be durable and convenient. The tests indicate that it compares favorably with either drift bottles or the Olson plastic envelopes.

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A Technique For Measuring Deep Ocean Currents Close To The Bottom With An Unattached Current Meter, And Some Preliminary Results, John A. Knauss Jan 1965

A Technique For Measuring Deep Ocean Currents Close To The Bottom With An Unattached Current Meter, And Some Preliminary Results, John A. Knauss

Journal of Marine Research

A new system for measuring deep ocean currents close to the bottom is described. The device is moored in suspension with a float. Four sets of measurements, totaling 75.8 hours, were made at depths down to 5337 m. For one 16-hour period, a steady current of 17 cm/sec was recorded 3.5 m from the bottom at 5192 m. One measurement at 3584 m, 60 miles northeast of Cape Hatteras, indicates that the Gulf Stream extended to the bottom in this region .

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On Finite Amplitude Instability In Thermohaline Convection, George Veronis Jan 1965

On Finite Amplitude Instability In Thermohaline Convection, George Veronis

Journal of Marine Research

When a horizontally infinite layer of fluid is subjected to a stabilizing salt gradient and to a destabilizing temperature gradient, the system becomes unstable for a sufficiently large value of the latter. The present analysis indicates that the system should become unstable to overstable or oscillatory perturbations when the disturbance is infinitesimal....

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A New Unattached Sediment Sampler, Peter L. Sachs, Samuel O. Raymond Jan 1965

A New Unattached Sediment Sampler, Peter L. Sachs, Samuel O. Raymond

Journal of Marine Research

An improved sediment sampler that is used without winch or wire has been developed, tested, and used at sea. The device employs an expendable iron-ballast, steel-casing combination and a recoverable glass-float, plastic-liner assembly. Of 50 samplers launched in deep water under a variety of conditions, 46 instruments were recovered. Forty-one of these contained samples....

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A Necessary Condition For The Existence Of An Inertial Boundary Layer In A Baroclinic Ocean, Joseph Pedlosky Jan 1965

A Necessary Condition For The Existence Of An Inertial Boundary Layer In A Baroclinic Ocean, Joseph Pedlosky

Journal of Marine Research

A criterion for the existence of an inertial boundary current in a baroclinic ocean is derived. It is shown that the effect of topographical variations can play a decisive role in determining whether an inertial boundary current can exist, even if the velocity field is highly baroclinic.

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Oceanographic Implications Of Radioactive Fall-Out Distributions In The Atlantic Ocean: From 20°N To 25°S, From 1957 To 1961, Vaughan T. Bowen, Thomas T. Sugihara Jan 1965

Oceanographic Implications Of Radioactive Fall-Out Distributions In The Atlantic Ocean: From 20°N To 25°S, From 1957 To 1961, Vaughan T. Bowen, Thomas T. Sugihara

Journal of Marine Research

The patterns of Sr90 distribution in the equatorial Atlantic are described for the years 1957, 1958, 1960, and 1961. Evidence is drawn from analysis of surface samples and of vertical profiles. The concentration distributions bear no resemblance to patterns of fall-out delivery on land; it is concluded that hydrographic processes are responsible for seawater concentration patterns. The data provide evidence for two otherwise unobserved, high fallout incidents over the Atlantic Ocean....

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Measurements Of The Electrical Conductivity Of Seawater, William S. Reeburgh Jan 1965

Measurements Of The Electrical Conductivity Of Seawater, William S. Reeburgh

Journal of Marine Research

Measurements of the absolute specific conductance of solutions prepared from a sample of Red Sea water are described. Conductivity was measured at 2°C temperature intervals from - 1°C to 35°C and at 1‰ chlorinity intervals from 16‰ to 22‰. Precision of individual measurements was 0.001 millimho/cm in conductivity, 0.002‰ in chlorinity; and 0.001°C in temperature.

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Hermetically-Sealing Seawater Sampler, Rudolf H. Bieri Jan 1965

Hermetically-Sealing Seawater Sampler, Rudolf H. Bieri

Journal of Marine Research

This paper describes a device that seals samples of seawater in situ in an aluminum or copper tube in millimeter quantities such that the dissolved gases are retained and can be transferred to vacuum systems without either the loss of the contained gases or the introduction of air. The instrument has been tested to depths of 4000 m in the open ocean under modestly harsh conditions.

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Gravitational Circulation In Straits And Estuaries, Donald V. Hansen, Maurice Rattray Jr. Jan 1965

Gravitational Circulation In Straits And Estuaries, Donald V. Hansen, Maurice Rattray Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

A coupled set of partial differential equations and associated boundary conditions is written to describe circulation and salt-flux processes for estuaries in which turbulent mixing results primarily from tidal currents. Similarity solutions, motivated by characteristic salinity distributions observed in estuaries, are obtained for this set of equations and are compared with observational data....

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Nitrite Distribution In Peru Current Waters, Warren S. Wooster, Tsaihwa J. Chow, Izadore Barrett Jan 1965

Nitrite Distribution In Peru Current Waters, Warren S. Wooster, Tsaihwa J. Chow, Izadore Barrett

Journal of Marine Research

Studies of the nitrite-nitrogen distribution off the western coast of South America have shown significant concentrations in surface waters (up to 0.5 µg-at/l) and a widespread primary maximum near the top of the thermocline. Below the surface layer, where the oxygen minimum contains less than 0.2 ml/l of dissolved oxygen, a secondary maximum was present south of 10°S, within 1000 km of the coast....

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A Note On The Western Intensification Of The Oceanic Circulation, Joseph Pedlosky Jan 1965

A Note On The Western Intensification Of The Oceanic Circulation, Joseph Pedlosky

Journal of Marine Research

The purpose of this note is to provide a simple physical explanation for the westward intensification of the oceanic circulation found in the several dynamically different existing theoretical models (e.g. Stommel 1948, Carrier and Robinson 1962). It has the advantage of showing why the western oceanic boundary is singled out as the boundary-layer region that closes the interior Sverdrup solution.

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Meridional Distribution Of Temperture-Salinity Characteristics Of Pacific Ocean Surface Water, Ronald J. Lynn Jan 1964

Meridional Distribution Of Temperture-Salinity Characteristics Of Pacific Ocean Surface Water, Ronald J. Lynn

Journal of Marine Research

This paper describes the meridional distribution of the temperature-salinity (t-s) characteristics of Pacific Ocean surface water in a sector between 120° W and 180°, and from the Aleutian Island Arc to the Antarctic ice….

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Sedimentation In The Gulf Of Paria During The Holocene Transgression; A Subsurface Acoustic Reflection Study, Tjeerd H. Van Andel, Peter L. Sachs Jan 1964

Sedimentation In The Gulf Of Paria During The Holocene Transgression; A Subsurface Acoustic Reflection Study, Tjeerd H. Van Andel, Peter L. Sachs

Journal of Marine Research

A subsurface acoustic reflection study has been carried out in the Gulf of Paria with an Edo UQN Echo-sounder and a Precision Graphic Recorder of The Alden Electronics and Impulse Recording Equipment Co., Inc. Using a very short ping length for maximum resolution, penetration below the bottom in excess of 0.03 sec (45 m) was commonly obtained in water depths up to 100 m....

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A Hydraulically Actuated Safety Device, Peter L. Sachs Jan 1964

A Hydraulically Actuated Safety Device, Peter L. Sachs

Journal of Marine Research

A hydraulically actuated safety device has been built and has proved effective in reducing accidental, premature operation of oceanographic samplers. It consists of a cylinder, a piston, and a shear actuated by the piston. Increasing hydrostatic pressure acting on one side of the piston shears a pin at a predetermined depth, thus arming instruments sensitive to sudden motion.

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The General Oceanic Circulation; Some Computations, A Working Hypothesis, And Proposed Tests, El Sayed Mohamed Hassan Jan 1964

The General Oceanic Circulation; Some Computations, A Working Hypothesis, And Proposed Tests, El Sayed Mohamed Hassan

Journal of Marine Research

An analytic solution for the three-dimensional structure of horizontal velocity has been computed for a parallelepipedic model ocean with certain restrictions. Observed features that repeated themselves when the model parameters were changed have been generalized, and it is hypothesized that some of the persistent features obtained from the computations exist in the real ocean.

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Thermocline Structure In The Equatorial Pacific, W. D. Forrester Jan 1964

Thermocline Structure In The Equatorial Pacific, W. D. Forrester

Journal of Marine Research

Forty-seven temperature sections taken in the equatorial region from at least 2°N to 2°S between 97°W and 178°E have been used to study the spreading of the thermocline in order to acquire further information about possible seasonal and longitudinal variations in the Equatorial Undercurrent. As evidenced by the spreading of the isotherms, the Undercurrent appears to be confined between 2°N and 2°S and to have its core near the 20°C isotherm, with both the isotherms and the current core shoaling eastward....

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A Portable Hydraulic Diver-Operated Dredge-Sieve For Sampling Subtidal Macrofauna, C. Everett Brett Jan 1964

A Portable Hydraulic Diver-Operated Dredge-Sieve For Sampling Subtidal Macrofauna, C. Everett Brett

Journal of Marine Research

The dredge-sieve is a diver-operated device for sampling macrofauna of the marine benthos. Although it was constructed to sample infauna, it is effective in procuring softbottom epifauna as well. It is an adaptation of the "gold sucker" (made commercially for SCUBA divers), which sucks up bottom material through a large L-shaped tube. Suction is created according to the aspirator principle, with a jet of water injected from a powered pump and hose....

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Topography And Lithology Of The Mendocino Ridge, D. C. Krause, H. W. Menard, S. M. Smith Jan 1964

Topography And Lithology Of The Mendocino Ridge, D. C. Krause, H. W. Menard, S. M. Smith

Journal of Marine Research

Twenty-two slope-corrected bathymetric profiles of the Mendocino Ridge between 125°W and 129°W are presented, and the method of their development is discussed. The crest of this Ridge lies at an average depth of 2000 m, falling off to 3200 m on the north and to 4400 m on the south. A short, steep scarp, fresh dredge-haul material lacking manganiferous crusts, and earthquake epicenters suggest recent faulting on the north....

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