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Statistical Observations Of The Trajectories Of Neutrally Buoyant Floats In The North Atlantic, H. J. Freeland, P. B. Rhines, T. Rossby Jan 1975

Statistical Observations Of The Trajectories Of Neutrally Buoyant Floats In The North Atlantic, H. J. Freeland, P. B. Rhines, T. Rossby

Journal of Marine Research

This is a report of the statistical behavior of neutrally buoyant SOFAR floats, drifting at 1500 m depth in the Sargasso Sea where the currents are dominantly time-dependent. The float level is fairly typical of the deep ocean below the main thermocline....

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A Quasi-Lagrangian Study Of Mid-Ocean Variability Using Long Range Sofar Floats, T. Rossby, A. D. Voorhis, D. Webb Jan 1975

A Quasi-Lagrangian Study Of Mid-Ocean Variability Using Long Range Sofar Floats, T. Rossby, A. D. Voorhis, D. Webb

Journal of Marine Research

Twenty neutrally buoyant SOFAR floats were used in the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE) to study the structure and variability of the deep ocean currents. The floats were clustered so that the pattern of motions could be resolved (mapping and pattern recognition). A number of float trajectories are shown and the very individual character of their signature is emphasized. Some floats remain nearly stationary for a year whereas others will cover hundreds of kilometers to the south or west in just a few months....

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Stabilization Of Atmospheric Circulation Patterns By Sea Surface Temperatures, Jerome Namias Jan 1975

Stabilization Of Atmospheric Circulation Patterns By Sea Surface Temperatures, Jerome Namias

Journal of Marine Research

Although the atmosphere and the underlying sea surface temperatures are usually well coupled so that quantitative specification of one medium by the other is quite successful, there are occasional periods when no such coupling exists. A case of this kind occurred during the cold months of 1957-58, when the atmosphere transitionally went off track, only to return later on to its original abnormal regime (negative height anomalies in the east central North Pacific). This paper describes the breakdown and restoration of the large scale coupling mechanism and poses a problem of major concern to those hoping to predict climatic fluctuations …

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Specific Gravity And Density Of Seawater At Atmospheric Pressure, N. P. Fofonoff, H. Bryden Jan 1975

Specific Gravity And Density Of Seawater At Atmospheric Pressure, N. P. Fofonoff, H. Bryden

Journal of Marine Research

Four independent sets of specific gravity measurements are intercompared relative to a least squares polynomial in temperature and salinity over the range - 2 to 30°C and 8 to 40‰. Within this range, individual measurements have a standard deviation of 7.1 ppm about the regression polynomial. Over most of the range, the polynomial formula has a standard deviation of 1 to 3 ppm. The data sets are marginal in defining specific gravity below 0°C and above 25°C and inadequate below 10‰ salinity.

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Preliminary Look At Feasibility Of Using Marine Reports Of Sea Surface Temperature For Documenting Climatic Change In The Western North Atlantic, Michèle Fieux, Henry Stommel Jan 1975

Preliminary Look At Feasibility Of Using Marine Reports Of Sea Surface Temperature For Documenting Climatic Change In The Western North Atlantic, Michèle Fieux, Henry Stommel

Journal of Marine Research

The nature and quality of portions of the Marine Deck of sea-surface temperature (SST) records for Marsden Squares 114 and 78 (20°-40°N, 50°-60°W) have been examined to determine their suitability for historical analysis of SST, and for evidence of climatic variation. Apparently the data is numerous enough to demonstrate, using six-year means for individual months, a warming from 1910-1920 to a maximum in 1950-1960, and thereafter a cooling, coherent over both square (both in winter and summer), trends consistent with other sources of data.

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Flow Along The Continental Slope Off Washington, Autumn 1971, Glenn A. Cannon, Norman P. Laird, Theodore V. Ryan Jan 1975

Flow Along The Continental Slope Off Washington, Autumn 1971, Glenn A. Cannon, Norman P. Laird, Theodore V. Ryan

Journal of Marine Research

Observations of the hydrographic regime across the continental shelf and offshore to depths exceeding 2000 rn were made in Autumn 1971 to investigate the possible extension of the California Undercurrent off the coast of Washington. Closely spaced stations, positioned by depth, were made to the bottom on each crossing of the continental slope. Geostrophic calculations relative to 1000 m and extending up the slope to shallower depths indicated a broad band of northward flow above the continental slope....

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Mixing Of Renewal Water Flowing Into The Caribbean Sea, Wilton Sturges Jan 1975

Mixing Of Renewal Water Flowing Into The Caribbean Sea, Wilton Sturges

Journal of Marine Research

Observations with moored current meters and STD sections in the Jungfern Passage sill during February 1971 show inflow of 50 × 103 m3/sec; 5 km downstream, the entrainment of resident water has increased the volume flux by 40%. At times the inflow ceased; the current-meter records suggest a periodicity of ~ two weeks. The inflowing water at the sill is 0.25 to 0.3°C colder than the basin water at sill depth....

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Continuous Representation Of Wind Stress And Wind Stress Curl Over The World Ocean, Alan J. Evenson, George Veronis Jan 1975

Continuous Representation Of Wind Stress And Wind Stress Curl Over The World Ocean, Alan J. Evenson, George Veronis

Journal of Marine Research

A continuous wind stress distribution over the world oceans is derived by fitting a spline function representation to the values of the wind stress given by Hellerman (1968) for each season and for the annual mean. The derived wind stress is then used to obtain a representation for the curl of the wind stress over the same region, and steadystate, Sverdrup transport calculations are calculated from the curl for each set of data. The derived transports for the western boundary currents do not agree with observed estimates....

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The Propagation Of Wind-Generated Inertial Oscillations From The Surface Into The Deep Ocean, John Kroll Jan 1975

The Propagation Of Wind-Generated Inertial Oscillations From The Surface Into The Deep Ocean, John Kroll

Journal of Marine Research

The object of this study is to explain the occurrence of relatively large amplitude inertial motion observed at great depths in the ocean. An arbitrarily stratified, β-plane model is considered consisting of a viscous boundary layer at the surface and an inviscid interior. The forcing due to a wind stress produces Ekman suction in the boundary layer which in turn drives the interior. Ray theory is then used to describe the propagation of disturbances in the boundary layer down into the interior....

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An Oceanic Vorticity Meter, T. Rossby Jan 1975

An Oceanic Vorticity Meter, T. Rossby

Journal of Marine Research

An acoustical method of determining the relative vorticity of oceanic motions is advanced. By transmitting signals in opposite directions around a closed loop, for example a 3 km triangle, one can obtain directly the circulation, which by virtue of Stoke's theorem is equivalent to the average vorticity of the "enclosed" fluid times the area....

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Sclerosponges: Primary Framework Constructors On The Jamaican Deep Fore-Reef, Judith C. Lang, Willard D. Hartman, Lynton S. Land Jan 1975

Sclerosponges: Primary Framework Constructors On The Jamaican Deep Fore-Reef, Judith C. Lang, Willard D. Hartman, Lynton S. Land

Journal of Marine Research

Sclerosponges grow on hard substrates in areas protected from high rates of sediment accumulation to depths of about 200 m at Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Here they are primary framework builders on the deep fore-reef between 70 m and 105 m.

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Physical Processes In A Fringing Reef System, Harry H. Roberts, Stephen P. Murray, Joseph N. Suhayda Jan 1975

Physical Processes In A Fringing Reef System, Harry H. Roberts, Stephen P. Murray, Joseph N. Suhayda

Journal of Marine Research

Field studies primarily on Grand Cayman Island and supporting investigations on Barbados furnished data concerning the magnitudes and spatial gradients of physical processes which interact with typical Caribbean reef systems and their unusual sea floor configurations. In situ measurements from the fore-reef shelf indicate that currents and deepwater waves are significantly modified by reef morphology....

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M2 Surface And Internal Tides On The Scotian Shelf And Slope, Brian Petrie Jan 1975

M2 Surface And Internal Tides On The Scotian Shelf And Slope, Brian Petrie

Journal of Marine Research

Analysis of current meter and temperature data on the continental shelf and slope off Nova Scotia reveals two distinct regimes for the M2 tide. On the slope the baroclinic tide dominates. The data is consistent with strong generation near a critical zone at about 200 m depth. The internal tide on the slope is compatable with two-dimensional internal tide generation models and with the radiation condition imposed in these models....

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Volume Dedicated To Raymond Braislin Montgomery On Occasion Of His Sixty-Fifth Birthday; Bibliography Of Raymond Braislin Montgomery; Biographical Notes: Raymond Braislin Montgomery, William C. Boicourt Jan 1975

Volume Dedicated To Raymond Braislin Montgomery On Occasion Of His Sixty-Fifth Birthday; Bibliography Of Raymond Braislin Montgomery; Biographical Notes: Raymond Braislin Montgomery, William C. Boicourt

Journal of Marine Research

If a scientist's achievement were gauged solely on the strength of his formal research, Raymond Braislin Montgomery's bibliography would justify the high regard in which his professional friends hold him. But this esteem is held in large part for a contribution to physical oceanography that cannot be traced via a list of writings or a list of honors or positions. It is for Montgonery's role as teacher, scholar and critic.

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Interpretation Of Maps Of Geopotential Anomaly For The Deep Pacific Ocean, Joseph L. Reid, Robert S. Arthur Jan 1975

Interpretation Of Maps Of Geopotential Anomaly For The Deep Pacific Ocean, Joseph L. Reid, Robert S. Arthur

Journal of Marine Research

Maps of the anomaly of the geopotential distance between various deep isobaric surfaces in the Pacific have been prepared and briefly compared with such information and concepts of the deeper circulation as are available. This comparison can yield, with no peculiar or extreme assumptions about the absolute flow at any level, a qualitative scheme of deeper circulation that is consistent with such few postulates and measurements as are at hand....

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Evidence For Roll Vortices Associated With A Land Breeze, Wayne V. Burt, Henry Crew, Stephen L. Poole Jan 1975

Evidence For Roll Vortices Associated With A Land Breeze, Wayne V. Burt, Henry Crew, Stephen L. Poole

Journal of Marine Research

Time series measurements from an array of meteorological buoys off the Oregon coast displayed periodicities that suggest the presence of atmospheric roll vortices. The roll vortices were associated with nocturnal land breezes, cool air masses moving slowly seaward through the buoy array under the prevailing longshore wind of marine air. It appears that buoyancy and shear are the mechanisms responsible for the observed rolls.

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Minimal Properties Of Planetary Eddies, Melvin E. Stern Jan 1975

Minimal Properties Of Planetary Eddies, Melvin E. Stern

Journal of Marine Research

An isolated barotropic eddy on the β-plane can be in equilibrium only if it is composed of a coupled cyclone-anticyclone system, only if it is separated by a vorticity discontinuity (free streamline) from the surrounding fluid...

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Reaction Of Methyl Halides With Seawater And Marine Aerosols, Oliver C. Zafiriou Jan 1975

Reaction Of Methyl Halides With Seawater And Marine Aerosols, Oliver C. Zafiriou

Journal of Marine Research

Methyl iodide is known to be formed biologically in seawater and has been postulated as the agent of iodine air-sea transport. Kinetic calculations and experiments demonstrate that methyl iodide reacts with chloride ion in seawater to yield methyl chloride approximately as fast as it exchanges into the atmosphere. In seawater, both methyl chloride and methyl iodide are slowly hydrolyzed to methanol and halide ions. The rate of trapping of I on sea-salt particles by reaction with atmospheric methyl iodide is shown to be too slow to account for the enrichment of the marine aerosol in I relative to seawater....

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Detrital Utilization By The Polychaete, Capitella Capitata, Kenneth R. Tenore Jan 1975

Detrital Utilization By The Polychaete, Capitella Capitata, Kenneth R. Tenore

Journal of Marine Research

Although organic detritus is an important energy source in marine ecosystems little quantitative data are available on rates of utilization by deposit feeders. A major reason is the difficulty of using isotope tracer techniques due to the release. and recycling of such non-conservative labels as carbon-14 from the detritus during suspension in an aquatic medium....

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Observations Of The California Countercurrent, J. B. Wickham Jan 1975

Observations Of The California Countercurrent, J. B. Wickham

Journal of Marine Research

Spatially dense observations in consecutive years in a region within about 50 km of the continental shelf show a complex structure of southern water undergoing dilution by mixing as it flows northward. An eddy a few tens of km in diameter appears to be a major contributor to the mixing process. Marked differences are seen in structure and flow between the two years.

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On The Potential Temperature In The Abyssal Pacific Ocean, Arnold W. Mantyla Jan 1975

On The Potential Temperature In The Abyssal Pacific Ocean, Arnold W. Mantyla

Journal of Marine Research

A new map of the potential temperature at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean has been prepared It allows a more detailed description of the abyssal flow than has been possible before. In addition to the generally northward flow of the Pacific Bottom Water, some evidence is presented for the manner of modification of the Bottom Water, by vertical mixing and geothermal heating, into Pacific Deep Water, which must return southward above the Bottom Water layer....

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The Optimum Wiggliness Of Tidal Admittances, Bernard D. Zetler, Walter H. Munk Jan 1975

The Optimum Wiggliness Of Tidal Admittances, Bernard D. Zetler, Walter H. Munk

Journal of Marine Research

Some numerical experiments with recent offshore tide measurements have examined various parameters involved in tidal prediction by the response method: the number of prediction weights, their lead (and lag) times, and the treatment of radiational tides. The optimum number of weights depends directly on the length of record and inversely on noise level in a tidal band; more weights degrade the prediction and generate an artificial wiggliness in the admittance.

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Deep Caribbean Inflow Through The Anegada -- Jungfern Passage, Marvel C. Stalcup, William G. Metcalf, Richard G. Johnson Jan 1975

Deep Caribbean Inflow Through The Anegada -- Jungfern Passage, Marvel C. Stalcup, William G. Metcalf, Richard G. Johnson

Journal of Marine Research

The Jungfem Passage Sill at a depth of 1815 meters is the controlling sill for the deepest water exchange between the Atlantic Ocean and the Venezuelan Basin of the Caribbean Sea. Data from moored current meters and temperature recorders, STD's and hydrographic stations obtained during March and April 1972 are interpreted as indicating an average net flow of 56 × 103 m3 sec-1 of deep Atlantic water into the Caribbean Sea. Current speeds as high as 32 cm sec-1 were recorded on the sill near the axis of the inflow, and the average velocity during 38 days was 20 cm …

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The 137°E Oceanographic Section, Jotaro Masuzawa, Koichi Nagasaka Jan 1975

The 137°E Oceanographic Section, Jotaro Masuzawa, Koichi Nagasaka

Journal of Marine Research

A long meridional section at 137°E in the western North Pacific has been routinely made in January since 1967. The results obtained from 1967 to 1974 indicate that there are fairly big differences between years in temperature and salinity of the upper water and steric sea level in the tropical or equatorial region. An anomalous state of oceanographic characteristics in the western equatorial Pacific, which is suggested by the 137°E section in July 1972 and in January 1973, may be associated with the El Niño off South America...

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Subsurface Countercurrents In The Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean, Mizuki Tsuchiya Jan 1975

Subsurface Countercurrents In The Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean, Mizuki Tsuchiya

Journal of Marine Research

Data from the Eastropac expedition in 1967–1968 and four subsequent cruises in 1970–1973 clearly indicate two narrow, stable eastward countercurrents at approximately symmetrical positions about the equator in the subthermocline layers of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. They persist throughout the year without apparent seasonal variations in intensity and position....

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An Appreciation And Statement Of Policy, Daniel Merriman, George Veronis Jan 1974

An Appreciation And Statement Of Policy, Daniel Merriman, George Veronis

Journal of Marine Research

With this issue, Volume XXXII, number 1, of the Journal of Marine Research, we have a new Editor, George Veronis, Professor of Geophysics and Applied Science….

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Temperature And Salinity Tolerances Of Young Gulf Of California Grunion, Leuresthes Sardina (Atheriniformes: Atherinidae), William W. Reynolds, Donald A. Thomson Jan 1974

Temperature And Salinity Tolerances Of Young Gulf Of California Grunion, Leuresthes Sardina (Atheriniformes: Atherinidae), William W. Reynolds, Donald A. Thomson

Journal of Marine Research

Temperature and salinity tolerances were determined for laboratory-reared larval and juvenile Gulf of California grunion, Leuresthes sardina. The fish were hatched in the laboratory from artificially fertilized eggs obtained from spawning adults captured with a beach seine....

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A Laser-Doppler Velocimeter With Ocean Applications, William W. Fowlis, J. Dana Thompson, William E. Terry Jan 1974

A Laser-Doppler Velocimeter With Ocean Applications, William W. Fowlis, J. Dana Thompson, William E. Terry

Journal of Marine Research

Difficulties of intrinsic and environmental origins are still being experienced in the use of ocean currentmeters. The recently developed laser-Doppler technique of flow measurement offers advantages over existing techniques and the application of the laser-Doppler technique to ocean flow measurements is proposed. In particular, a laser-Doppler system which has been used in the laboratory and which is suitable for ocean applications is described....

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Internal Tides In St. Lawrence Estuary, W. D. Forrester Jan 1974

Internal Tides In St. Lawrence Estuary, W. D. Forrester

Journal of Marine Research

Near-surface current measurements from locations along the channel of the St.Lawrence Estuary between Trois Pistoles and Baie Comeau are examined for consistent evidence of internal tides. The harmonic constituents of the local tidal streams at each site were estimated by harmonic analysis of the records, and from these were subtracted estimates of the harmonic constituents of the local barotropic tidal streams (those due to surface tides alone)....

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Observations On The Coastal Current Of Arctic Alaska, R. G. Paquette, R. H. Bourke Jan 1974

Observations On The Coastal Current Of Arctic Alaska, R. G. Paquette, R. H. Bourke

Journal of Marine Research

This paper describes characteristics of the warm coastal current in the vicinity of the ice margin in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas. The warm current originates in Bering Strait and is traced around Pt. Barrow to longitude 152°W in the Beaufort Sea. In the Chukchi Sea it is concentrated near the surface, overlying dense relict bottom water trapped by the shallow depths. Eastward, as the bottom deepens, the warm water descends to mid-depth, eventually becoming warmest near bottom in depths of 30 to 50 m. Mechanisms for cooling and dilution of the warm water are discussed .

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