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Causes Of Delay In Age Appropriate Vaccination, Kholod Dhaher Al- Shemari

Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The child vaccination status is influenced by factors such as the child’s health status , economic status ,parental health attitudes and family characteristics . The effects of these risk factors including the child’s age , poverty status , geographic location , race , ethnicity and education level of parents . We undertook this study to estimate the risk factors of children who had delay in age appropriate vaccination . METHODS : 200 children with history of delay in their age appropriate vaccination were examined in their last visit to vaccination department in Fatema Al-Zahra teaching hospital . their …

An Sveir Model For Assessing Potential Impact Of An Imperfect Anti-Sars Vaccine, Abba B. Gumel, C. Connell Mccluskey, James Watmough

Mathematics Faculty Publications

The control of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), a fatal contagious viral disease that spread to over 32 countries in 2003, was based on quarantine of latently infected individuals and isolation of individuals with clinical symptoms of SARS. Owing to the recent ongoing clinical trials of some candidate anti-SARS vaccines, this study aims to assess, via mathematical modelling, the potential impact of a SARS vaccine, assumed to be imperfect, in curtailing future outbreaks. A relatively simple deterministic model is designed for this purpose. It is shown, using Lyapunov function theory and the theory of compound matrices, that the dynamics of …

Modeling Short-Term Epidemics And Intervention Strategies In Cities, Valeriy Perminov, M. Kornilina

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Individual-based model (IBM) for simulation of urban influenza epidemic is constructed. In comparison with the past similar models the proposed model has new features: 1)it bases on a real demographical and social infrastructure statistical data; 2)its contacts network is built up with the help of daily routines of different age and social groups of residents. Test simulations were carried out with the use of demographical data on the population of Dresden (Germany). The results obtained showed that the proposed model can be used for the simulation of different epidemics and intervention strategies to contain epidemic or to weaken its consequences.

Modeling Short-Term Epidemics And Intervention Strategies In Cities, Valeriy Perminov, M. Kornilina

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Individual-based model (IBM) for simulation of urban influenza epidemic is constructed. In comparison with the past similar models the proposed model has new features: 1)it bases on a real demographical and social infrastructure statistical data; 2)its contacts network is built up with the help of daily routines of different age and social groups of residents. Test simulations were carried out with the use of demographical data on the population of Dresden (Germany). The results obtained showed that the proposed model can be used for the simulation of different epidemics and intervention strategies to contain epidemic or to weaken its consequences.

Oral Rabies Vaccination—A Progress Report, Dennis Slate, Charles Rupprecht, Mike Dunbar, Robert Mclean

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) targeting specific wild Carnivora species has emerged as an integral adjunct to conventional rabies control strategies to protect humans and domestic animals. ORV has been applied with progress toward eliminating rabies in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in western Europe and southern Ontario, Canada. Beginning in the 1990’s, coordinated ORV was implemented in Texas to contain and eliminate variants of rabies virus in the gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus ) and coyote (Canis latrans ) and in several eastern U.S. States with the goal of preventing spread of raccoon (Procyon lotor ) rabies. …

Dendritic Cell Maturation By Innate Lymphocytes: Coordinated Stimulation Of Innate And Adaptive Immunity, Christian Münz, Ralph M. Steinman, Shinichiro Fujii

Publications

Pathogen recognition by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on dendritic cells (DCs) leads to DC maturation and the initiation of adaptive immunity. Recent studies have shown that innate lymphocytes-natural killer (NK), natural killer T (NKT), and γδT cells-also trigger DC maturation. This interaction in turn expands and activates innate lymphocytes and initiates adaptive T cell immunity. Here, we comment on the evidence that these pathways are TLR independent and have the potential to respond to infection, malignancy, and immunotherapy.cell maturationdendritic cell

The Smallpox Vaccination Campaign Of 2003: Why Did It Failand What Are The Lessons For Bioterrorism Preparedness?, Edward P. Richards, Katharine C. Rathbun, Jay Gold

Louisiana Law Review

No abstract provided.

Health Care Worker Attitudes Toward Smallpox Vaccination, Laurie M. Dechello

UCHC Graduate School Masters Theses 2003 - 2010

No abstract provided.

In Vivo Targeting Of Antigens To Maturing Dendritic Cells Via The Dec-205 Receptor Improves T Cell Vaccination, Laura C. Bonifaz, David P. Bonnyay, Anna Charalambous

Publications

The prevention and treatment of prevalent infectious diseases and tumors should benefit from improvements in the induction of antigen-specific T cell immunity. To assess the potential of antigen targeting to dendritic cells to improve immunity, we incorporated ovalbumin protein into a monoclonal antibody to the DEC-205 receptor, an endocytic receptor that is abundant on these cells in lymphoid tissues. Simultaneously, we injected agonistic α-CD40 antibody to mature the dendritic cells. We found that a single low dose of antibody-conjugated ovalbumin initiated immunity from the naive CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell repertoire. Unexpectedly, the αDEC-205 antigen conjugates, given s.c., …

The Effect Of Aging On The Immune Response To Vaccination In The Horse, Daniel H. Fermaglich

LSU Master's Theses

Vaccination programs are designed to protect an animal from infection, however, depending upon the age and health of the animal vaccination may not stimulate a protective humoral response. It is possible that, as in the human and mouse models, geriatric equines may be less responsive than their younger counterparts to current vaccination protocols. The purpose of this study was to identify an age related diminution in the primary and secondary immune responses of geriatric horses in response to vaccination. Two groups of horses were sampled. The first group consisted of an open herd of 39 privately owned horses, varying in …

Vaccination Strategies And Backward Bifurcation In Age-Since-Infection Structured Model, Christopher Kribs, Maia Martcheva

Mathematics Faculty Publications - Archive

We consider models for a disease with acute and chronic infective stages, and variable infectivity and recovery rates, within the context of a vaccination campaign. Models for SIRS and SIS disease cycles exhibit backward bifurcations under certain conditions, which complicate the criteria for success of the vaccination campaign by making it possible to have stable endemic states when R0 < 1. We also show the extent to which the forms of the infectivity and recovery functions affect the possibility of backward bifurcations. SIR and SI models examined do not exhibit this behavior.

School Vaccination Requirements: Historical, Social, And Legal Perspectives, James G. Hodge Jr., Lawrence O. Gostin

Kentucky Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Immune Response Genes Modulate Serologic Responses To Vibrio Cholerae Tcpa Pilin Peptides, Michael D. Meeks, Terri K. Wade, Ronald K. Taylor, William F. Wade

Dartmouth Scholarship

Cholera is an enteric disease caused by Vibrio cholerae. Toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP), a type 4 pilus expressed by V. cholerae, is a cholera virulence factor that is required for host colonization. The TCP polymer is composed of subunits of TcpA pilin. Antibodies directed against TcpA are protective in animal models of cholera. While natural or recombinant forms of TcpA are difficult to purify to homogeneity, it is anticipated that synthesized TcpA peptides might serve as immunogens in a subunit vaccine. We wanted to assess the potential for effects of the immune response (Ir) gene that could complicate a peptide-based …

Anti-Class Ii Monoclonal Antibody-Targeted Vibrio Cholerae Tcpa Pilin: Modulation Of Serologic Response, Epitope Specificity, And Isotype, Jia-Yan Wu, Ronald K. Taylor, William F. Wade

Dartmouth Scholarship

Toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP) is a colonization factor required for cholera infection. It is not a strong immunogen when delivered in the context of whole cells, yet pilus subunits or TcpA derivative synthetic peptides induce protective responses. We examined the efficacy of immunizing mice with TCP conjugated to anti-class II monoclonal antibodies (MAb) with or without the addition of cholera toxin (CT) or anti-CD40 MAb to determine if the serologic response to TcpA could be manipulated. Anti-class II MAb-targeted TCP influenced the anti-TCP peptide serologic response with respect to titer and isotype. Responses to TcpA peptide 4 were induced with class …

Evaluation Of Cholera Vaccines Formulated With Toxin-Coregulated Pilin Peptide Plus Polymer Adjuvant In Mice, Jia-Yan Wu, William F. Wade, Ronald K. Taylor

Dartmouth Scholarship

Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease that is caused by the gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The low efficacy of currently available killed-whole-cell vaccines and the reactinogenicity coupled with potential reversion of live vaccines have thus far precluded widespread vaccination for the control of cholera. Recent studies on the molecular nature of the virulence components that contribute to V. cholerae pathogenesis have provided insights into possible approaches for the development of a defined subunit cholera vaccine. Genetic analysis has demonstrated that the toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP) is the major factor that contributes to colonization of the human intestine by V. cholerae. In …

Serological Responses Of Coyotes To Two Commercial Rabies Vaccines, Frederick F. Knowlton, Marianna Roetto, Deborah Briggs

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Between August 1993 and September 1994 we documented serological responses of coyotes (Canis latrans) vaccinated with two commercial rabies vaccines licensed for use in domestic dogs. Serologic responses were documented by testing for rabies virus neutralizing antibodies with the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) at 30, 90, 180, 270, and 365 days post-vaccination. All coyotes vaccinated with Imrab 3^® (Rhone-Merieux, Inc.), and 75% of those vaccinated with Dura-Rab 3^® (Immunovet, Inc.) seroconverted, as evidenced by the presence of antirabies antibody titers ≥1:5 in one or more of the five post-vaccination samples. The percent of coyotes …

Cytotoxic T Cell Response To Influenza Vaccination In Older Adults, Caroline R. Letter

Chemistry & Biochemistry Theses & Dissertations

Influenza infections result in activation of cellular and humoral immune responses, leading to stimulation of cytotoxic T cells (CTL) and helper T cells with subsequent viral clearance.

By using an assay of granzyme B activity, the in vivo cellular-mediated immune response of old adults was found to be significantly decreased in comparison to young adults. The effect of aging on the CTL response was further investigated via enzyme-linked immunospot technique. A significant increase in number of virus-specific T cells occurred in older adults after vaccination, although the magnitude of the CTL response decreased in comparison to young adults. These data …

Mammalian Reservoirs And The Changing Epidemiology Of Rabies In The United States, James E. Childs, John W. Krebs, Charles E. Rupprecht

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 18th (1998)

The epidemiology of rabies in the United States has changed dramatically over the past few decades. Greater than 90% of all animal rabies cases reported annually to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention now occur in wildlife, whereas before 1960 the majority were domestic animals. The principal rabies reservoirs today are wild carnivores and bats, infected with many different types of rabies virus variants. Annual reporting of human deaths have fallen from more than 100 at the turn of the century to one to six per year, despite major outbreaks of animal rabies in several distinct geographic areas. Most …

G96-1286 Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome (Prrs) Virus, Angela Baysinger, V. L. Cooper

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebGuide explains Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome--its symptoms, transmission and diagnosis; and it discusses methods of prevention, management and control.

History

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) was first observed in 1986 in the United States and in 1990 in Europe. The syndrome was initially called Mystery Pig Disease in the United States since no known swine pathogens could be implicated. A number of titles have been used to describe this disease syndrome: swine infertility and respiratory syndrome (SIRS), porcine epidemic abortions and respiratory syndrome (PEARS), blue-eared pig disease as well as others. Since 1992, PRRS has been the …

A Proposal For A Federal Aids Immunization Policy, Catherine M. Polizzi

Journal of Law and Health

This paper will examine the creation of a federal AIDS compensation scheme for victims of injuries caused by vaccines which are distributed as a part of a national immunization program. As a preliminary inquiry, I will examine the impact of perceived liability on potential manufacturers to determine whether the risk of liability for manufacturers decreases the possibility that a successful AIDS vaccine will be introduced into the market. I will then discuss whether, given the present laws and economic incentives surrounding the vaccine industry, a federal compensation scheme for an AIDS vaccine is necessary. After analyzing the unique problems of …

Pus, Pox, Propaganda And Progress: The Compulsory Smallpox Vaccination Controversy In Utah, 1899-1901, Eric L. Bluth

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis examines the compulsory smallpox vaccination controversy in Utah, 1899-1901. It looks at the two smallpox epidemics during 1899-1901 and follows the boards of health attempts to eradicate smallpox primarily by compelling the vaccination of school children.

Dr. Theodore B. Beatty, secretary of the State Board of Health, championed the effort to vaccinate all Utahns; however, the opposition led by Charles W. Penrose, editor of the Deseret Evening News, produced anti-compulsion and vaccination information which influenced Utahns to generally oppose vaccination. Consequently, the legislature passed an anti-compulsory vaccination statute over the governor's veto to annul the courts decision …

G86-797 Causes Of Vaccination-Immunization Failures In Livestock, Duane Rice, E. Denis Erickson, Dale Grotelueschen

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebGuide discusses reasons why vaccinations fail to provide immunity against disease, and how to prevent this from happening.

To comprehend the many reasons for vaccine failure, it is important to understand how animals and humans have the ability to resist infectious diseases. It is also important to know what a disease is and how it affects the animal.

According to Stedman's Dictionary, disease is an interruption, cessation or disorder of body functions, systems or organs. Diseases may be obvious even to the untrained eye, or detectable only by sophisticated testing procedures (subclinical disease). Serious irreversible damage may be …

Response To Immunization With Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Polysaccharide-Pertussis Vaccine And Risk Of Haemophilus Meningitis In Children With The Km(1) Immunoglobulin Allotype, Dan M. Granoff, Janardan P. Pandey, Eyla Boles, Janet Squires, Robert S. Munson Jr., Brian Suarez

MUSC Faculty Journal Articles

In experimental animals, immune responses to certain antigens are regulated by immunoglobulin allotype-linked genes. In an effort to detect such genes in humans, we examined the antibody responses of 74 healthy children with different Km(l) or Gm(23) allotypes to a Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (type b polysaccharide capsule-pertussis vaccine). The anticapsular antibody responses of black or white children with the Km(1) allotype were 4.6- to 9.5-fold higher than those of children who lacked this determinant (P < 0.004). No significant differences were found in antibody response with respect to the Gm(23) allotype. The frequencies of Km(l) and Gm(23) also were examined in 170 patients with Haemophilus meningitis, 71 patients with epiglottitis, and 173 control children. Km(1) was detected less frequently in black patients with meningitis (38%) than in those with epiglottitis (81%, P < 0.002) or in controls (66%, P < 0.0007). The relative risk of meningitis thus was 3.2-fold lower among black children with the Km(1) allotype than in those who lacked this allotype (odds ratio = 0.3, 95% confidence interval 0.2 to 0.6). However, the risk of meningitis was not decreased in white children with the Km(l) allotype (odds ratio = 1.0). There were no significant differences in the frequency of Gm(23) among the patient groups and controls. The Km(l) allotype but not the Gm(23) thus defines a subpopulation of children of both races who are high responders to this vaccine, and black children but not white children with the Km(l) allotype are at decreased risk of developing Haemophilus meningitis. These data indicate that in blacks, genes associated with Km(l) may affect immune response to a prototype type b Haemophilus vaccine, and perhaps interact with another factor related to race to affect susceptibility to Haemophilus meningitis.

The Prevention Of Anthrax, L. Van Es

Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station: Historical Circulars

Anthrax is a communicable disease, caused by a specific germ known as the anthrax bacillus. Cattle, sheep, horses and swine are susceptible to the infection and in variable degree this susceptibility is shared by other animal species, including man.

Thomas M. Rivers, 1934, The Rockefeller University

Harvey Society Lectures

Dr. Thomas M. Rivers. Filterable Viruses with Particular Reference to Psittacosis

Lecture delivered April 19th, 1934

Posted with permission

Swine Sanitation, L. Van Es

Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station: Historical Circulars

From the very beginning of Nebraska's agricultural development its farmers have recognized that the production of swine must of necessity accompany the growing of corn. The latter, one of the state's most important staples, cannot be marketed in a more economical manner than after having been transformed into pork, bacon, and lard. As a result the state has for many years maintained a rather dense swine population mainly divided into large herds kept on relatively small areas of land. This density of population, as well as certain practices in management and selective breeding, has brought about conditions favorable for the …

Monographs Of The Rimr. Vol. 19, 1923, The Rockefeller University

Monographs of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research

Studies in Vaccinal Immunity Towards Disease of the Bovine Placenta due to Bacillus Abortus (Infectious Abortion) by Theobald Smith and Ralph B. Little