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A Technique For The Determination Of Surface Heat And Freshwater Fluxes From Hydrographic Observations, Using An Approximate Adjoint Ocean Circulation Model, Andreas Schiller, Jürgen Willebrand Jan 1995

A Technique For The Determination Of Surface Heat And Freshwater Fluxes From Hydrographic Observations, Using An Approximate Adjoint Ocean Circulation Model, Andreas Schiller, Jürgen Willebrand

Journal of Marine Research

A technique to determine the large-scale time-averaged ocean circulation from hydrographic observations and surface flux estimates is described. It is based on an inversion of the Bryan-Cox ocean general circulation model. We have constructed an approximate adjoint to that model which is computationally simpler and more economic than the exact adjoint. The optimization algorithm, although not optimal in a statistical sense, allows calculation of all state variables such that they are consistent with the equilibrium dynamics of the circulation model and agree as closely as possible with the observed data. To verify the technique, we have performed identical twin experiments …

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Decay Of Plant Detritus In Organic-Poor Marine Sediment: Production Rates And Stoichiometry Of Dissolved C And N Compounds, Erik Kristensen, Kim Hansen Jan 1995

Decay Of Plant Detritus In Organic-Poor Marine Sediment: Production Rates And Stoichiometry Of Dissolved C And N Compounds, Erik Kristensen, Kim Hansen

Journal of Marine Research

Initial rates (30–60 days) and C:N stoichiometry of decomposition were examined in an organic-poor sediment (0.5% LOI) amended with fresh and dried yeast (Y) and Ruppia maritima (R) detritus by the use of “open system” core incubations and “closed system” jar incubations. High organic additions (0.5% dw) inhibited anaerobic carbon mineralization (i.e. sulfate reduction) and stimulated DOC production and nitrogen mineralization 3(R) to 15(Y) times (i.e. hydrolysis and fermentation). This indicated that carbon and nitrogen mineralization in the highly amended anaerobic sediments were uncoupled. Low organic additions (0.08% dw), on the other …

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Emergence Of Fofonoff States In Inviscid And Viscous Ocean Circulation Models, Jian Wang, Geoffrey K. Vallis Jan 1994

Emergence Of Fofonoff States In Inviscid And Viscous Ocean Circulation Models, Jian Wang, Geoffrey K. Vallis

Journal of Marine Research

Numerical experiments are performed to directly test the emergence of the Fofonoff solution in an inviscid closed barotropic domain, and to explore its significance to the weakly dissipative system. The Fofonoff solution, characterized by a linear relationship between absolute vorticity and streamfunction, is generally realized as the time mean state of inviscid simulations over a fairly broad parameter range of varying (β-plane) Rossby number and resolution, in different geometrical domains, and with and without topography. The relevance of the Fofonoff solution to the viscous, decaying system is examined by numerical experiments with two different forms of viscosity, namely, biharmonic and …

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Effects Of Finite Scales Of Turbulence On Dispersion Estimates, Enrico Zambianchi, Annalisa Griffa Jan 1994

Effects Of Finite Scales Of Turbulence On Dispersion Estimates, Enrico Zambianchi, Annalisa Griffa

Journal of Marine Research

The eddy-diffusion parameterization of turbulent transport is based on the assumption, often questionable for geophysical flows, of infinitesimal scales of turbulence. In this paper we quantitatively compute what are the consequences of this assumption on the estimates of dispersion for some simple flows with oceanographical scales. We compare the analytical results of two different models, one with infinitesimal turbulent time scale (corresponding to a model with eddy-diffusion) and the other with finite scale T. The difference between the two model results normalized with respect to the estimate of the eddy-diffusion model, called Δ, is computed and it is used …

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Bottom Water Variability In The Samoa Passage, Gregory C. Johnson, Daniel L. Rudnick, Bruce A. Taft Jan 1994

Bottom Water Variability In The Samoa Passage, Gregory C. Johnson, Daniel L. Rudnick, Bruce A. Taft

Journal of Marine Research

The Samoa Passage (near 10S, 170W) is the channel through which the coldest, saltiest, densest bottom water approaches the North Pacific Ocean from its southern source. Over the past 25 years, three hydrographic sections have been made across the passage. A section occupied in 1968 shows little sign of modified North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) within the northward flowing Lower Circumpolar Water (LCPW). In contrast, a section occupied in 1987 shows a strong negative curvature in -S (potential temperature-salinity) and a local maximum in salinity characteristic of NADW. A third section occupied in 1992 reveals a marginal NADW signature. …

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Modelling The Effect Of Physical Variability On The Midwater Chlorophyll Maximum, Jonathan Sharples, Paul Tett Jan 1994

Modelling The Effect Of Physical Variability On The Midwater Chlorophyll Maximum, Jonathan Sharples, Paul Tett

Journal of Marine Research

A coupled model, employing turbulence closure physics and cell-quota threshold limitation biology, has been used to simulate the evolution of the vertical distribution of phytoplankton in a seasonally stratified shelf sea. Predictions are compared with observations from the North Sea. Variations in surface wind stress, which episodically weaken the thermocline barrier to nutrient input to the photic zone, are shown to make an important contribution to the formation of a midwater chlorophyll maximum in Summer.

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The Sedimentary Mn Cycle In Long Island Sound: Its Role As Intermediate Oxidant And The Influence Of Bioturbation, O2,And Corg Flux On Diagenetic Reaction Balances, Robert C. Aller Jan 1994

The Sedimentary Mn Cycle In Long Island Sound: Its Role As Intermediate Oxidant And The Influence Of Bioturbation, O2,And Corg Flux On Diagenetic Reaction Balances, Robert C. Aller

Journal of Marine Research

The potential importance of sedimentary Mn as a secondary oxidant and redox intermediate between O2 and Corg is often discounted in nearshore sediments. Study of the Mn cycle at 19 stations in Long Island Sound (LIS) demonstrates that sedimentary Mn can be a significant redox intermediate, accounting in many cases for 30–50% of the benthic O2 flux (annual mean ≈40 ± 35%). At some sites and times, the import of solid oxidant as Mn in suspended matter is also apparently greater than the dissolved O2 flux to the bottom. The relative importance of the Mn cycle …

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Photochemical Iron Reduction And Iron Bioavailability In Seawater, William L. Miller, Dana Kester Jan 1994

Photochemical Iron Reduction And Iron Bioavailability In Seawater, William L. Miller, Dana Kester

Journal of Marine Research

Photochemical redox cycling of iron in natural seawater may affect the availability of iron to phytoplankton for cellular growth. Fe(III) colloids that support only limited phytoplankton growth were added to coastal seawater at pH8 and exposed to simulated solar irradiation for varied time intervals. Photo-production of Fe(II) in the seawater samples was measured during each irradiation. Following irradiation, the marine diatom, Skeletonema costatum, was inoculated into each treatment and cell densities were monitored in batch cultures over the next ten days. Increases in steady state concentrations of Fe(II) were observed during irradiation and subsequent elevated phytoplankton growth was observed …

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Wind-Driven Secondary Circulation In Ocean Mesoscale, Dong-Kyu Lee, Peter Niiler, Alex Warn-Varnas, Steve Piacsek Jan 1994

Wind-Driven Secondary Circulation In Ocean Mesoscale, Dong-Kyu Lee, Peter Niiler, Alex Warn-Varnas, Steve Piacsek

Journal of Marine Research

A two-dimensional, numerical circulation model is used to study the response of a stratified, f-plane ocean current to wind stress forcing at the surface. Nonhydrostatic, primitive equations are integrated on a 3 m vertical and 400 m horizontal grid in a periodic domain perpendicular to the ocean current. Initially, a geostrophically balanced current [Vi(x, z)] with a maximum Rossby number of 0.16–0.8 is maintained against horizontal and vertical diffusion by a body force. A spatially uniform wind is applied along and across this jet. A secondary circulation is created as a result of the …

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Spring And Winter Water Mass Composition In The Brazil-Malvinas Confluence, Keitapu Maamaatuaiahutapu, Véronique C. Garçon, Christine Provost, Mostefa Boulahdid, Alejandro A. Bianchi Jan 1994

Spring And Winter Water Mass Composition In The Brazil-Malvinas Confluence, Keitapu Maamaatuaiahutapu, Véronique C. Garçon, Christine Provost, Mostefa Boulahdid, Alejandro A. Bianchi

Journal of Marine Research

Hydrographic data of the Confluence 1 cruise collected during austral spring (November 1988) have been analyzed to estimate relative mixing proportions of the various water masses of the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence region using a multiparameter analysis. Seven source water types (SWT) are identified in this region, and all are retained for the analysis: Thermocline Water (TW), Subantarctic Surface Water (SASW), Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW), North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (LCDW) and Weddell Sea Deep Water (WSDW). Tracers selected are temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrients. Mixing proportions are quantified and plotted along …

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Contrasting Effects Of Substrate Mobility On Infaunal Assemblages Inhabiting Two High-Energy Settings On Fieberling Guyot, Lisa A. Levin, Elana L. Leithold, Thomas F. Gross, Cynthia L. Huggett, Claudio Dibacco Jan 1994

Contrasting Effects Of Substrate Mobility On Infaunal Assemblages Inhabiting Two High-Energy Settings On Fieberling Guyot, Lisa A. Levin, Elana L. Leithold, Thomas F. Gross, Cynthia L. Huggett, Claudio Dibacco

Journal of Marine Research

The influence of seamount-intensified flows on the structure of infaunal assemblages was examined at two sand-covered sites located 2.3 km apart atop the summit plain of Fieberling Guyot (32°27.6′N 127° 48.0′W). Both sites experience strong, tidal bottom currents with flows exceeding 20 cm/s on a daily basis (4 mab). Estimates of shear velocity (u*) did not differ significantly between the two sites. However, differences in sediment composition and density produced different sediment transport regimes at the two sites. At Sea Pen Rim (SPR), located on the NW perimeter (635 m), sedimentary particles were composed primarily of basaltic …

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Dense Overflow Into A Large Silled Embayment: Tidal Modulation, Fronts And Basin Modes, M. White, Alex E. Hay Jan 1994

Dense Overflow Into A Large Silled Embayment: Tidal Modulation, Fronts And Basin Modes, M. White, Alex E. Hay

Journal of Marine Research

A dense bottom overflow into a 100-km scale silled embayment has been observed for a 70-day period using a coherent array of current meters and thermistor chains. As the internal Rossby radius is less than the width of the bay, the overflow is controlled by rotational dynamics. The flow is strongly modulated by the tide at diurnal, semi-diurnal and fortnightly periods. This causes a series of cold temperature fronts, associated with separate overflow events, to pass through the mooring array. The overflow is also modulated at periods of 2–3 days. This appears to be associated with the interaction of the …

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The Recruitment Patterns Of An Estuarine Copepod: A Biological-Physical Model, Sanjay Gupta, Darcy J. Lonsdale, Dong-Ping Wang Jan 1994

The Recruitment Patterns Of An Estuarine Copepod: A Biological-Physical Model, Sanjay Gupta, Darcy J. Lonsdale, Dong-Ping Wang

Journal of Marine Research

A biological-physical model was developed to study the population growth of Coullana canadensis (Willey), a meroplanktonic copepod, in the Saco River estuary, Maine. The biological processes were derived from extensive laboratory and field data, and the physical processes were based on a comprehensive estuarine hydrodynamic model. The study found that the physical environment significantly altered the seasonal pattern of population growth from that predicted from the biological model. Nauplii were lost from the estuary due to flushing in spring and early summer, and thus, the timing of the peak in copepod recruitment was delayed until late summer. A …

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Phytoplankton Dynamics Associated With A Geostrophic Front: Ecological And Biogeochemical Implications, Hervé Claustre, Philippe Kerhervé, Jean Claude Marty, Louis Prieur, Christianne Videau, Jean-Henri Hecq Jan 1994

Phytoplankton Dynamics Associated With A Geostrophic Front: Ecological And Biogeochemical Implications, Hervé Claustre, Philippe Kerhervé, Jean Claude Marty, Louis Prieur, Christianne Videau, Jean-Henri Hecq

Journal of Marine Research

Using phytoplankton pigments as biomarkers, we investigated the relationship between the physical forcing and the resulting biological, ecological and biogeochemical properties of the geostrophic front of the Eastern Alboran Sea. (1) Typical frontal sites present biomass levels averaging 60 mg chl a m−2 (up to 100 mg m−2), whereas the adjacent zones (typical Atlantic and Mediterranean) are characterized by an average integrated chlorophyll biomass of 20 mg chl a m−2. (2) The phytoplankton biomass at front is diatom-dominated and differs markedly from the adjacent zones (typical Atlantic and Mediterranean), flagellate- and cyanobacteria-dominated. Therefore, high biomasses …

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Species Assemblages Of Leptocephali In The Subtropical Convergence Zone Of The Sargasso Sea, Michael J. Miller, James D. Mccleave Jan 1994

Species Assemblages Of Leptocephali In The Subtropical Convergence Zone Of The Sargasso Sea, Michael J. Miller, James D. Mccleave

Journal of Marine Research

Species assemblages of leptocephali are described in relation to density in the Subtropical Convergence Zone (STCZ) of the Sargasso Sea. Seven transects across fronts were made during four cruises in the late winter or early spring of 1983, 1985 and 1989. About 50 species from 13 families of eels were collected at 66 stations, but fewer than 10 species were abundant in all transects. Four oceanic species, two Anguilla species and Conger oceanicus appeared to be spawning in the STCZ. Leptocephali of most species whose adults inhabit the continental shelf were consistently large in size and were more abundant at …

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Parameter Space Exploration Of An Ocean General Circulation Model Using An Isopycnal Mixing Parameterization, William A. Gough, William J. Welch Jan 1994

Parameter Space Exploration Of An Ocean General Circulation Model Using An Isopycnal Mixing Parameterization, William A. Gough, William J. Welch

Journal of Marine Research

In this study we have employed statistical methods to efficiently design experiments and analyze output of an ocean general circulation model that uses an isopycnal mixing parameterization. Full ranges of seven inputs are explored using 51 numerical experiments. Fifteen of the cases fail to reach satisfactory equilibria. These are attributable to numerical limitations specific to the isopycnal model. Statistical approximating functions are evaluated using the remaining cases to determine the dependency of each of the six scalar outputs on the inputs. With the exception of one output, the approximating functions perform well. Known sensitivities, particularly the importance of diapycnal (vertical) …

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Generalized Two-Layer Models Of Ocean Circulation, Rick Salmon Jan 1994

Generalized Two-Layer Models Of Ocean Circulation, Rick Salmon

Journal of Marine Research

The assumption that surfaces of constant temperature and potential vorticity coincide leads to an exact, time-dependent reduction of the ideal thermocline equations in an ocean basin of arbitrary shape. After modifications to include forcing, dissipation, and the presence of the equator, these reduced equations form the basis for numerical models that are both more realistic and easier to solve than the conventional two-layer model.

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A Proposed Flux Constraint For Salt Fingers In Shear, Eric Kunze Jan 1994

A Proposed Flux Constraint For Salt Fingers In Shear, Eric Kunze

Journal of Marine Research

Towed ocean microstructure observations reveal that the temperature Cox number depends inversely on interface temperature-gradient Tz in the fingering-favorable thermohaline staircase east of Barbados. This implies fluxes independent of interface gradients. These conclusions are contrary to theoretical expectations from a finger Froude number stability criterion, |Δw|/N < 1.0: (i) Cox numbers independent of temperature gradient, and (ii) fluxes varying linearly with temperature gradient. We propose a hybrid wave/finger Froude number stability criterion, |(uz − wx)(wy − vz)|N2 ≤ 1.0 which reduces to Uz|Vw|/N2 ≤ 1.0 for salt sheets (δ/δx = 0, | Δw| = wy) aligned with background (internal-wave) shear Uz. …

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Calcium Carbonate Dissolution Rates In Hydrothermal Vent Fields Of The Guaymas Basin, Richard A. Lutz, Michael J. Kennish, Alan S. Pooley, Lowell W. Fritz Jan 1994

Calcium Carbonate Dissolution Rates In Hydrothermal Vent Fields Of The Guaymas Basin, Richard A. Lutz, Michael J. Kennish, Alan S. Pooley, Lowell W. Fritz

Journal of Marine Research

Analysis of bivalve shell fragments that were embedded in epoxy blocks, mounted on titanium stakes, and deployed by DSRV Alvin at 5 sites in the Southern Trough of the Guaymas Basin (27°00′N, 111°24.55′W; depth 2012 m) indicates significant variation of calcium carbonate dissolution in in situ exposures of more than 900 days. Arrays of shell fragments of six bivalve species (i.e., Bathymodiolus thermophilus, Calyptogena magnifica, Calyptogena sp., Corbicula fluminea, Crassostrea virginica and Mytilus edulis) were positioned −17 cm, −7 cm and −2.5 cm below the sediment-water interface and 2.5 cm, 7 cm and 17 cm above the sediment-water interface …

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Currents Under Land-Fast Ice In The Canadian Arctic Archipelago Part 2: Vertical Mixing, R. F. Marsden, R. G. Ingram, L. Legendre Jan 1994

Currents Under Land-Fast Ice In The Canadian Arctic Archipelago Part 2: Vertical Mixing, R. F. Marsden, R. G. Ingram, L. Legendre

Journal of Marine Research

During an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) study of the velocity field under land-fast ice, coincident CTD casts showed three instances of pronounced instability in the water column, immediately above and below the pycnocline. In this paper we demonstrate that the density inversions are associated with the passage of high frequency linear internal waves and finite amplitude waves. Contours of ADCP acoustic return intensity display pronounced vertical eddy-like features which may indicate overturning. A Richardson number calculation showed that even the most highly stratified portion of the pycnocline had sufficient vertical velocity shear to promote dynamic instability. Finally, we calculate …

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Currents Under Land-Fast Ice In The Canadian Arctic Archipelago Part 1: Vertical Velocities, R. F. Marsden, R. Paquet, R. G. Ingram Jan 1994

Currents Under Land-Fast Ice In The Canadian Arctic Archipelago Part 1: Vertical Velocities, R. F. Marsden, R. Paquet, R. G. Ingram

Journal of Marine Research

A 614 kHz acoustic Doppler current profiler was deployed through land-fast ice in Resolute Passage, in the Canadian Archipelago for 30 days in April and May 1992. It was demonstrated that in the mean, at tidal and at high frequencies the instrument was stable and aligned within 0.5° of vertical, permitting unambiguous measurement of the horizontal, and more importantly, the vertical velocity structure. The flow was dominated by tidal and high frequency (15 min period) oscillations. The K1 and M2 tidal currents were both approximately 10.0 cm s−1, oriented along-channel. The K1 component was constant …

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Individual Physiological Responses To Environmental Hypoxia And Organic Enrichment: Implications For Early Soft-Bottom Community Succession, Thomas L. Forbes, Valery E. Forbes, Michael H. Depledge Jan 1994

Individual Physiological Responses To Environmental Hypoxia And Organic Enrichment: Implications For Early Soft-Bottom Community Succession, Thomas L. Forbes, Valery E. Forbes, Michael H. Depledge

Journal of Marine Research

Infaunal inhabitants of coastal marine sediments occupy environments along a continuum from extremely food-rich, low-oxygen regions to food-poor habitats with relatively high levels of available oxygen. In organic-rich sediments, efficient utilization of available organic matter by deposit-feeding macrofauna may often be limited by the supply of oxygen. Specific feeding rate, growth, and production efficiency were measured on single individuals of the polychaete Capitella species 1 to determine whether previously measured declines in growth rates in response to hypoxia were due to decreased feeding, decreased conversion efficiency, or both. Under otherwise constant conditions, feeding rate was determined by the nitrogen content …

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Spatial And Temporal Distributions Of Sedimentary Chloropigments As Indicators Of Benthic Processes In Long Island Sound, Ming-Yi Sun, Robert C. Aller, Cindy Lee Jan 1994

Spatial And Temporal Distributions Of Sedimentary Chloropigments As Indicators Of Benthic Processes In Long Island Sound, Ming-Yi Sun, Robert C. Aller, Cindy Lee

Journal of Marine Research

Regular spatial and seasonal distribution patterns of sedimentary chloropigments occurred at 19 subtidal stations located in Long Island Sound (LIS) from MAY 1988 to APR 1989. Inventories of chloropigments were higher (2–10x) in western than central LIS, mirroring patterns of phytoplankton production in surface waters. Shallow water sediments (<25 m) received more chloropigments than deep stations (>25 m). Lateral resuspension and redistribution of particles, as shown by 234Th inventories, are partly responsible for these patterns. Seasonal variations of Chl-a inventories in LIS sediments follow the production pattern in the water column: higher values occur in spring and lower values in summer and fall. A time …

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Frictional Decay Of Abyssal Boundary Currents, Parker Maccready Jan 1994

Frictional Decay Of Abyssal Boundary Currents, Parker Maccready

Journal of Marine Research

A theory is presented to explain the observed longevity of abyssal boundary currents flowing along sloping topography. Typically such currents are many Rossby radii wide, and their energy is dominantly potential, residing in the broad upturn of isopycnals near the slope. The rate of decay of energy, on the other hand, is governed by the much smaller kinetic energy of the flow absorbed by the bottom boundary layer. The spin-down time is thus increased by a (possibly large) factor of PE/KE times that required to dissipate the kinetic energy alone. The ratio PE/KE is calculated from data on two sections …

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The Effect Of Current-Induced Stress Perturbation In A Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Model, Lian Xie, Claes Rooth Jan 1994

The Effect Of Current-Induced Stress Perturbation In A Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Model, Lian Xie, Claes Rooth

Journal of Marine Research

In the presence of surface currents, a stress perturbation at the air-sea interface is induced by the surface currents. It is directly correlated to the surface current pattern, and thus causes a feed-back effect in the sea-air system. This effect is studied for an equatorial sea-air system of the geometry of the equatorial Pacific Ocean by using a simple coupled atmosphere-ocean model. It is shown that the effect of the current-induced stress perturbation appears as a damping mechanism for the ocean circulation in general. However, in the presence of a zonally-asymmetric surface wind field, the stress perturbation associated with the …

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Aggregation And Sedimentation Processes During A Spring Phytoplankton Bloom: A Field Experiment To Test Coagulation Theory, Thomas Kiørboe, Claus Lundsgaard, Michael Olesen, Jørgen L. S. Hansen Jan 1994

Aggregation And Sedimentation Processes During A Spring Phytoplankton Bloom: A Field Experiment To Test Coagulation Theory, Thomas Kiørboe, Claus Lundsgaard, Michael Olesen, Jørgen L. S. Hansen

Journal of Marine Research

Spring diatom blooms in temperate waters are often terminated by aggregation of the cells into large flocs and subsequent mass sedimentation of the phytoplankton to the sea floor. The rate of aggregate formation by physical coagulation depends on the concentration of suspended particles, on the turbulent shear that makes particles collide, and on their stickiness (= probability of adhesion upon collision). During a mixed diatom bloom in a shallow Danish fjord, for 3 weeks we monitored the concentration and stickiness of suspended particles and the species composition of the phytoplankton at 2–3 d intervals and we estimated the turbulent shear …

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Internal Tidal Bores In The Nearshore: Warm-Water Fronts, Seaward Gravity Currents And The Onshore Transport Of Neustonic Larvae, Jesus Pineda Jan 1994

Internal Tidal Bores In The Nearshore: Warm-Water Fronts, Seaward Gravity Currents And The Onshore Transport Of Neustonic Larvae, Jesus Pineda

Journal of Marine Research

Nearshore temperature fluctuations are associated with energetic cross-shore two-way flows that influence the onshore transport of neustonic larvae. Water temperature near the surface and bottom at two nearshore stations off southern California (6 and 15 m water depth, respectively) can drop sharply and subsequently rise. Two or more consecutive drops and rises can occur at diurnal or semidiurnal periodicities. The temperature increases may be accompanied by energetic seaward bottom currents together with sharp-edged warm-water fronts. (Warm-water fronts are defined here as linear seasurface features dividing parcels of water of different temperature.) Shoreward-moving surface fronts divided bodies of water of different …

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Flow Along And Across The Aleutian Ridge, R. K. Reed, P. J. Stabeno Jan 1994

Flow Along And Across The Aleutian Ridge, R. K. Reed, P. J. Stabeno

Journal of Marine Research

During a synoptic hydrocast survey in September 1993 near the Aleutian Islands, net northward flow of Alaskan Stream water occurred through deep passes near 180 and 172W. This inflow (≈4 × 106 m3 s−1) was the source of the eastward flow in the Bering Sea north of the islands. The eastward flow, however, was weaker and more convoluted than the stream flow (≈7 × 106 m3 s−1, referred to 1000 db) south of the islands.

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Signatures Of Stirring And Mixing Near The Gulf Stream Front, G. L. Hitchcock, T. Rossby, J. L. Lillibridge Iii., E. J. Lessard, E. R. Levine, D. N. Connors, K. Y. Børsheim, M. Mork Jan 1994

Signatures Of Stirring And Mixing Near The Gulf Stream Front, G. L. Hitchcock, T. Rossby, J. L. Lillibridge Iii., E. J. Lessard, E. R. Levine, D. N. Connors, K. Y. Børsheim, M. Mork

Journal of Marine Research

In October, 1986 the surface waters adjacent to the Gulf Stream front were surveyed with an undulating profiler to describe the finescale structure of the mixed layer. The profiler was a Seasoar equipped with a CTD and fluorometer. The survey first defined the structure of a cyclonic eddy which resembled frontal eddies of the South Atlantic Bight in sea surface temperature imagery. The Seasoar transects revealed, however, that the cyclonic eddy lacked a cold dome typically seen in frontal eddies. Farther downstream the Seasoar defined the structure of streamers of Gulf Stream and Shelf water wrapped about the southern edge …

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Vortex Pair Model Of Langmuir Circulation, G. T. Csanady Jan 1994

Vortex Pair Model Of Langmuir Circulation, G. T. Csanady

Journal of Marine Research

Accumulating evidence shows spacing and length of surface convergences associated with Langmuir circulation to be random variables, their strength also variable, their lifetime limited. Analysis of several sets of quantitative observations reveals the probability distribution of windrow spacing to be lognormal. This suggests generation of surface convergences at random times and locations on the sea surface. Moving shear stress anomalies, under wind gusts or breaking long waves, are capable of generating surface convergence in their wakes, and are the type of random event likely responsible for the stochastic properties of windrows. The generation mechanism envisaged is a “forced” version of …

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