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Reflection Of Tsunamis, J. D. Cochrane, R. S. Arthur Jan 1948

Reflection Of Tsunamis, J. D. Cochrane, R. S. Arthur

Journal of Marine Research

Waves are reflected whenever they move into a region where their speed of propagation changes. It has generally been found that for appreciable reflection a large change in speed of propagation must occur over a distance which is small compared to a wave length....

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The Transmission Of Energy By Gravity Waves Of Finite Height, Victor P. Starr, George W. Platzman Jan 1948

The Transmission Of Energy By Gravity Waves Of Finite Height, Victor P. Starr, George W. Platzman

Journal of Marine Research

1. Introduction. One of the obvious properties of a train of gravity waves is the transmission of energy in the direction of wave propagation. It is therefore a matter of considerable interest to compute the rate of this energy transfer for waves of given characteristics.

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The Effect Of Ocean Current On Internal Waves, Bernhard Haurwitz Jan 1948

The Effect Of Ocean Current On Internal Waves, Bernhard Haurwitz

Journal of Marine Research

In a fluid whose density changes with the height, either abruptly at a sharp surface of discontinuity or gradually, it is possible to have internal wave motions whose amplitude is greatest at the density discontinuity or, in the case of a gradual density change, somewhere in the interior of the fluid and not at the free upper surface where the surface waves have their maximum amplitude....

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A Model Of The Vertical Structure Of Mass In Equatorial Wind-Driven Currents Of A Baroclinic Ocean, Robert O. Reid Jan 1948

A Model Of The Vertical Structure Of Mass In Equatorial Wind-Driven Currents Of A Baroclinic Ocean, Robert O. Reid

Journal of Marine Research

A model for the vertical distribution of density, which approximates observed conditions in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, is presented. This consists of a homogeneous layer near the surf ace overlying a baroclinic medium wherein the density varies exponentially in such a manner as to approach a constant value with increasing depth.

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Some Empirical Relations Between Seasonal Values Of (E–P) And Surface Salinities Over The North Atlantic, Woodrow C. Jacobs Jan 1948

Some Empirical Relations Between Seasonal Values Of (E–P) And Surface Salinities Over The North Atlantic, Woodrow C. Jacobs

Journal of Marine Research

In the absence of horizontal flow, the surface salinity of any part of the ocean is mainly determined by three processes: Decrease of salinity by precipitation P, increase of salinity by evaporation E, and change of salinity by vertical mixing

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The Theory Of The Electric Field Induced In Deep Ocean Currents, Henry Stommel Jan 1948

The Theory Of The Electric Field Induced In Deep Ocean Currents, Henry Stommel

Journal of Marine Research

The Problem. Due to the fact that the water in the ocean is a conductor, and that it is everywhere under the influence of the earth's magnetic field, we should expect, by the law of electric induction, that wherever the water is in motion electric potentials and currents will be established. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the theory of these phenomena in the deep ocean and to indicate certain analytical solutions of the problem which demonstrate the important physical aspects of electlic fields associated with ocean currents.

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The Sea Sampler, Athelstan F. Spilhaus, Arthur R. Miller Jan 1948

The Sea Sampler, Athelstan F. Spilhaus, Arthur R. Miller

Journal of Marine Research

The original sea sampler, as described by Spilhaus (1940), consisted of six bottles, each built somewhat like a small version of a standard Nansen bottle. These surrounded a cylinder containing a releasing block which was operated by an ordinary bathythermograph pressure element. The tripping block, which was moved by the pressure element, was scored and grooved to accommodate a series of triggers, one for each bottle, which closed the stop-cocks in turn as the whole instrument reached predetermined pressures....

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Fog Development At San Diego, California, Dale F. Leipper Jan 1948

Fog Development At San Diego, California, Dale F. Leipper

Journal of Marine Research

If true fog alone be considered-that is, suspended water particles which reduce horizontal visibility at the earth's surface to 1,000 meters (or½ mile) or less-then fog at San Diego occurs nearly four times as frequently during the winter period, from October through April, as during the remaining months of the year (11, p. 34)....

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Underwater Ambient Noise, R. S. Alford, J. W. Emling Jan 1948

Underwater Ambient Noise, R. S. Alford, J. W. Emling

Journal of Marine Research

Underwater sound continues to be a problem of high priority in naval warfare. Since atomic bombing may render obsolete most types of surface ships, the relative if not absolute importance of the submarine certainly has increased. Thus, the U. S. Navy logistics chief recently told a congressional committee, "By far the most important and difficult problem which confronts the navy in so far as ship characteristics and fleet operating technique are concemed is the problem of undersea warfare."

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Diatoms Populations Associated With Eddies Off Southern California In 1941, Marston C. Sargent, Theodore J. Walker Jan 1948

Diatoms Populations Associated With Eddies Off Southern California In 1941, Marston C. Sargent, Theodore J. Walker

Journal of Marine Research

During 1941 the E. W. SCRIPPS made ten cruises off southern California, each covering the same area of about 80,000 square kilometers. The cruise plan consisted of a grid of approximately 40 stations. At each station a catch was made with the Allen five-liter closing bottle every ten meters from the surface to 60 meters. The catch was filtered through a net of No. 25 silk bolting cloth, and the diatoms so collected were later identified, counted and recorded as the number of diatoms per liter....

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Nutrition, Environmental Conditions, And Growth Of Marine Bivalve Mollusks, Wesley R. Coe Jan 1948

Nutrition, Environmental Conditions, And Growth Of Marine Bivalve Mollusks, Wesley R. Coe

Journal of Marine Research

Recent investigations on the nutrition of the ciliary-feeding bivalves indicate that, although many varieties of organic and inorganic substances are ingested, most of the actual food is assimilated by the intracellular digestion of very small cells and particles. This is accomplished mainly by the phagocytic cells of the digestive organ (digestive diverticula, or "liver"), but it is aided to a small extent by migratory phagocytic cells in the lumen of the alimentary canal....

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A Biochemical Study Of The Marine Annelid Worm, Thoracophelia Mucronata: Its Food, Biochromes And Carotenoid Metabolism, Denis L. Fox, Sheldon C. Crane, Bayard H. Mcconnaughey Jan 1948

A Biochemical Study Of The Marine Annelid Worm, Thoracophelia Mucronata: Its Food, Biochromes And Carotenoid Metabolism, Denis L. Fox, Sheldon C. Crane, Bayard H. Mcconnaughey

Journal of Marine Research

Comparative biochemical studies of numerous marine invertebrates and fishes have indicated that the majority of such species so far examined selectively assimilate and store xanthophyllic or allied oxygenated carotenoids rather than carotenes, when consuming food containing both types of pigment. In some forms there is complete exclusion of carotenes, e.g., in several fishes, in the sea mussel (Mytilus californianus), in at least three brittle stars, and in some color-variants of the anemone Metridium senile. Some asteroid echinoderms store carotenes, but in far lower concentrations than xanthophylls, while four species of echinoids appear to assimilate relatively greater quantities of carotenes (Fox, …

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New Genera And Species Of Batoid Fishes, Henry B. Bigelow, William C. Schroeder Jan 1948

New Genera And Species Of Batoid Fishes, Henry B. Bigelow, William C. Schroeder

Journal of Marine Research

The trawling campaigns carried out by the research vessel ATLANTIS of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution along the north and south coasts of Cuba during the winter of 1938 and spring of 1939, under the joint auspices of the University of Havana and of Harvard University, brought to light along the 200-500 fathom zone an abundant population of small skates (Family Rajidae), the existence of which had not previously been suspected there....

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Estimations Of Abundance Of The Eggs Of The Pacific Pilchard (Sardinops Caerulea) Off Southern California During 1940 And 1941, Oscar E. Sette, Elbert H. Ahlstrom Jan 1948

Estimations Of Abundance Of The Eggs Of The Pacific Pilchard (Sardinops Caerulea) Off Southern California During 1940 And 1941, Oscar E. Sette, Elbert H. Ahlstrom

Journal of Marine Research

One of the more important items of information required for an understanding of the dynamics of population numbers in marine fish stocks is the rate of replenishment of the stock through its reproductive process. It has been established for the Pacific pilchard, or California sardine (Sardinops caerulea), that some spawning seasons give rise to much larger year-classes than others (Clark, 1939), as measured at the time the year-class reaches commercial age....

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Radioactivity Of Ocean Sediments Vii. Rate Of Deposition Of Deep-Sea Sediments, Wm. D. Urry Jan 1948

Radioactivity Of Ocean Sediments Vii. Rate Of Deposition Of Deep-Sea Sediments, Wm. D. Urry

Journal of Marine Research

Many of the problems of past geological history and of present processes of sedimentation require a knowledge of the rate of accumulation of marine sediments. A very important step in the determination of the rate of deposition of a sediment is the measurement of a time interval. This is equally true whether use be made of the stratigraphic method with core samples or the supply method based upon the rate of supply of sedimentary material to the sea. The stratigraphic method gives rates for individual localities, whereas the supply method yields averages for large areas over long periods of geological …

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Radium Analyses Of Marine Sediments In Northern Pacific And Adjacent Waters, C. L. Utterback, L. A. Sanderman Jan 1948

Radium Analyses Of Marine Sediments In Northern Pacific And Adjacent Waters, C. L. Utterback, L. A. Sanderman

Journal of Marine Research

Although systematic soundings of the ocean bottom were initiated approximately 100 years ago, and although the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey took hundreds of ocean bottom samples beginning about 75 years ago, it was not until the ship CARNEGIE collected a number of bottom samples at great depths that information began to be available on the radioactive properties of deep ocean sediments....

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The Determination Of Phosphates In Sea Water, Rex J. Robinson, Thomas G. Thompson Jan 1948

The Determination Of Phosphates In Sea Water, Rex J. Robinson, Thomas G. Thompson

Journal of Marine Research

The concentration of phosphates in sea water varies from 0.000 to about 2.00 microgram atoms (µg. atoms) phosphate-phosphorus per liter at 20° C. Occasionally a maximum of 3.00 µg. atoms may be found in some deep arms of the sea.

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The Equatorial Currents Of The Eastern Pacific As Maintained By The Stress Of The Wind, Robert O. Reid Jan 1948

The Equatorial Currents Of The Eastern Pacific As Maintained By The Stress Of The Wind, Robert O. Reid

Journal of Marine Research

Sverdrup (1947) has shown that the main features of the distribution of mass in the eastern equatorial Pacific can be derived exclusively from the average wind stress distribution. In this paper the method for computing the wind stress will be developed, the treatment of the oceanographic observations will be discussed, the field of mass and of mass transport as derived from the oceanographic and wind observations will be dealt with, and finally an analytic solution will be given.

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Deep Scattering Layer In The Pacific And Antarctic Oceans, Robert S. Dietz Jan 1948

Deep Scattering Layer In The Pacific And Antarctic Oceans, Robert S. Dietz

Journal of Marine Research

During Operation HIGHJUMP (U. S. Navy Antarctic Development Project, 1947), the writer frequently noted the presence of a layer of deep scatterers on the fathogram of the USS HENDERSON. This layer partially scatters the outgoing sound signal of the recording echo sounder during daylight hours so that a reflection is recorded which has the appearance of a false bottom at various depths between 150 and 450 fathoms.

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The Case For Studying Normal Patterns In Fishery Biology, Lionel A. Walford Jan 1948

The Case For Studying Normal Patterns In Fishery Biology, Lionel A. Walford

Journal of Marine Research

It seems a reasonable enough idea that a modern government is fulfilling one of its proper functions when it provides adequately for researches about its natural resources. Surely it is no less than a common sense1 attitude toward our possessions, needing no justification, that we should seek to know all about them-what they are, how we can use them, how much of them we can use, and what affects them....

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Arsenic In The Sea, Samy Gorgy, Norris W. Rakestraw, Denis L. Fox Jan 1948

Arsenic In The Sea, Samy Gorgy, Norris W. Rakestraw, Denis L. Fox

Journal of Marine Research

Although the microdetermination of arsenic in biological materials is of interest because of its toxicity, still the determination of arsenic in sea water has received but little attention, despite the fact that most of the marine animals and plants concentrate this element in their tissues. We are in some doubt about the physiological Rignificance of arsenic, as well Bs about the forms in which it occurs in the sea.

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The Determination Of Silicate In Sea Water, Rex J. Robinson, Thomas G. Thompson Jan 1948

The Determination Of Silicate In Sea Water, Rex J. Robinson, Thomas G. Thompson

Journal of Marine Research

The normal range of silicate in sea water is from 0.0 to about 200 µg. atoms Si per liter at 20° C. It has not been fully demonstrated whether the silicate determined by the method described below is in the colloidal or ionic form or both.

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Quantitative Studies Of Summer Plankton Populations Of The Western North Atlantic, Gordon A. Riley, Samy Gorgy Jan 1948

Quantitative Studies Of Summer Plankton Populations Of The Western North Atlantic, Gordon A. Riley, Samy Gorgy

Journal of Marine Research

The following is an account of plankton measurements obtained during a cruise2 of the research vessel "Atlantis" to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between July and September 1947. It is primarily a study of plankton in the great central Atlantic eddy known as the Sargasso Sea. For comparative purposes, a small amount of material was obtained from New England coastal waters, the so-called slope water area lying off the edge of the Continental Shelf, and the Gulf Stream. An August cruise by the "Balanus" assisted in gathering this subsidiary data. The material to be described consists of phytoplankton assays by the plant …

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Harald Ulrik Sverdrup - An Appreciation, Oger Revelle, Walter Munk Jan 1948

Harald Ulrik Sverdrup - An Appreciation, Oger Revelle, Walter Munk

Journal of Marine Research

As a young man Harald Sverdrup spent seven years on Amundsen's MAUD expedition in the icy wastes of the Arctic Sea. The observations he collected during this period form the basis of fifty published papers and constitute much of our factual knowledge about geophysical phenomena in the Arctic. Nevertheless, those years of voluntary exile would be of relatively small interest to his colleagues were it not for their effect on his personal and scientific qualities, and the insight which they give into his character.

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On Dynamic Stability Of Zonal Currents, Jörgen Holmboe Jan 1948

On Dynamic Stability Of Zonal Currents, Jörgen Holmboe

Journal of Marine Research

The problem of the dynamic stability of atmospheric currents has been investigated by many authors during the past 20 years. The present paper deals with certain aspects of this problem which was first treated by Solberg [1], Høiland [2], and Kleinschmidt [3], and more recently by Van Mieghem [4], and Fjørtoft [5].

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An Analysis Of The Stirring And Mixing Processes In Incompressible Fluids, Carl Eckart Jan 1948

An Analysis Of The Stirring And Mixing Processes In Incompressible Fluids, Carl Eckart

Journal of Marine Research

In the laboratory, the phenomena accompanying the mixture of two fluids are so commonplace that they do not seem to merit investigation. In the ocean and atmosphere, the phenomena are presumably very similar, but the lack of a good theory on which to base calculations complicates the problem much more than in the laboratory.

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Notes On A Theory Of The Thermocline, Walter H. Munk, Ernest R. Anderson Jan 1948

Notes On A Theory Of The Thermocline, Walter H. Munk, Ernest R. Anderson

Journal of Marine Research

The very large number of bathythermograms which have been taken during the last few years have established the essential features of the temperature structure in the upper layers of the ocean….

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Streamlines From A Discrete Vector Field: With Application To Ocean Currents, Donald W. Pritchard Jan 1948

Streamlines From A Discrete Vector Field: With Application To Ocean Currents, Donald W. Pritchard

Journal of Marine Research

The problem of presenting a scalar field on the surface of the earth or sea can be solved by drawing the contour lines or isopleths of the field. If the values of the scalar are measured at points of a grid, it is necessary to interpolate between the points in constructing the contours. The resulting curves are therefore somewhat subjective; however, if the data are reasonably accurate and closely spaced, experienced workers can reduce this subjectiveness to a minimum.

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Some Recent Developments In The Study Of The Gulf Stream, C. O'D. Iselin, Frederick C. Fuglister Jan 1948

Some Recent Developments In The Study Of The Gulf Stream, C. O'D. Iselin, Frederick C. Fuglister

Journal of Marine Research

At Cape Hatteras the Gulf Stream leaves the Continental Slope, so that as far as the deep current is concerned its course is no longer confined. The current again approaches the Continental Shelf off Georges Bank and off the Grand Banks, hut in neither area does it flow normally along the Continental Slope as a river pressing against its bank. The band of water which separates the Gulf Stream from the Continental Shelf in the sector between Cape Hatteras and the Grand Banks is usually called "slope water." The great body of water to the south and east of the …

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Sound Scatterers In The Sea, Russell W. Raitt Jan 1948

Sound Scatterers In The Sea, Russell W. Raitt

Journal of Marine Research

When sound pulses of ultrasonic frequency are transmitted into the sea, many echoes are returned to the source from scatterers distributed throughout the sea. Under the usual conditions of observation with echo-sounding and echo-ranging apparatus, the echoes merge indistinguishably. The resulting irregularly decaying sound is called reverberation (Eyring, et al., 1948) by analogy with the reverberation observed in rooms.

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