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The Peru-Chile Undercurrent, Warren S. Wooster, Malvern Gilmartin Jan 1961

The Peru-Chile Undercurrent, Warren S. Wooster, Malvern Gilmartin

Journal of Marine Research

The presence of a southward-moving undercurrent along the west coast of South America, underlying the Peru Current at depths of several hundred meters, has been established by direct measurements with parachute drogues, by calculations of geostrophic motion, and by analysis of the distributions of salinity and dissolved oxygen....

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Pycnoclines Created By Mixing In An Aquarium Tank, Townsend Cromwell Jan 1960

Pycnoclines Created By Mixing In An Aquarium Tank, Townsend Cromwell

Journal of Marine Research

The experiments described in this paper were carried out by the author before his death in an airplane crash near Guadalajara, Mexico, 2 June 1958. We had planned to collaborate in studying the results from the standpoint of possible model similarity between events in the experimental tank and in the ocean, possibly repeating some of the experiments or devising new ones. But I was unable to find many of the pertinent numerical data in Mr. Cromwell's files.

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Salinity Effects In Estuauies, M. R. Abbott Jan 1960

Salinity Effects In Estuauies, M. R. Abbott

Journal of Marine Research

This paper examines the relative importance, in the equation of motion, of the convective acceleration terms and of the extra pressure gradient due to a longitudinal gradient of salinity up an estuary. For estuaries in which the latter is the most important, a criterion is given for the direction of mean water velocity just above the bed.

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Boundary Layer Effects In Estuaries, M. R. Abbott Jan 1960

Boundary Layer Effects In Estuaries, M. R. Abbott

Journal of Marine Research

This paper is concerned with the velocity in the boundary layer of an estuary during a tidal cycle; the estuary considered has negligible salinity effect. The problem reduces to solving the usual non-steady boundary layer equations if it is assumed that (a) flow is two-dimensional, with a horizontal bed at any cross-section, and (b) little variation in breadth of the estuary in the boundary layer region. Further, the eddy viscosity is considered constant; thus the boundary layer equations are the same as those for a laminar layer except that they have an enhanced coefficient of viscosity due to turbulence....

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Tripyridyltriazine, A Reagent For The Determination Of Iron In Sea Water, Peter Collins, Harvey Diehl Jan 1960

Tripyridyltriazine, A Reagent For The Determination Of Iron In Sea Water, Peter Collins, Harvey Diehl

Journal of Marine Research

Iron, in the parts per billion range in which it occurs in sea water, can be determined spectro-photometrically with 2, 4, 6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ). The intense violet compound formed by TPTZ and the ferrous ion is extractable into nitrobenzene if sodium perchlorate be added to the solution. The extraction affords a means of concentrating the iron from a large sample into a small volume of nitrobenzene for spectrophotometric measurement....

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On The Use Of Time Series Concepts And Spectral And Cross-Spectral Analyses In The Study Of Long-Range Forecasting Problems, Willard J. Pierson Jr. Jan 1960

On The Use Of Time Series Concepts And Spectral And Cross-Spectral Analyses In The Study Of Long-Range Forecasting Problems, Willard J. Pierson Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

Monthly values of sea surface temperature anomalies and wind anomalies for an area of the North Atlantic Ocean are studied as a vector Gaussian process. The covariances and the spectra and cross-spectra provide information on the nature of the interaction of ocean and atmosphere. The long period fluctuations are found to be fairly coherent. Indications are that the sea surface temperature can be predicted for one month into the future on the basis of past values with a 50 % reduction of variance. Prediction problems are discussed.

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Magnesium, Strontium, And Barium Concentrations And Calcite-Aragonite Ratios Of Some Recent Molluscan Shells, Karl K. Turekian, Richard L. Armstrong Jan 1960

Magnesium, Strontium, And Barium Concentrations And Calcite-Aragonite Ratios Of Some Recent Molluscan Shells, Karl K. Turekian, Richard L. Armstrong

Journal of Marine Research

Approximately 100 recent molluscan shells have been analyzed spectrographically for Mg, Sr and Ba; their calcite-aragonite ratios were determined by X-ray diffraction. The methods are described in detail. The most important parameter controlling the concentration of these trace elements in calcium carbonate shells appears to be generic association rather than water temperature or calcite-aragonite ratio of the shell. As a group, snails are higher in Mg and lower in Sr and Ba than clams....

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Observed And Computed Path Radiance In The Underwater Light Field, J. E. Tyler Jan 1960

Observed And Computed Path Radiance In The Underwater Light Field, J. E. Tyler

Journal of Marine Research

This paper presents experimental data on changes in underwater radiance in zenith and nadir directions as a function of depth for both overcast and clear sunny lighting conditions at the surface. The equation developed by Preisendorfer (1957) to describe path radiance along any path is then used to predict observed changes, and predicted results are compared with the observed data.

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Seasonal Variation In Sea Level In The Pacific Ocean During The International Geophysical Year, 1957-1958, June G. Pattullo Jan 1960

Seasonal Variation In Sea Level In The Pacific Ocean During The International Geophysical Year, 1957-1958, June G. Pattullo

Journal of Marine Research

Seasonal variations in sea level derived from IGY measurements are described and compared with those previously published. These measurements confirm the earlier descriptions, which were baaed on observations from gauges attached mostly to continental coastlines. That is, in low latitudes in each hemisphere, sea level is high at the end of summer. There is a zonal band of high sea level from about the Equator to 40° N in September while in comparable southern latitudes sea level is low....

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Determination And Occurrence Of Cobalt In Sea Water, Thomas G. Thompson, Taivo Laevastu Jan 1960

Determination And Occurrence Of Cobalt In Sea Water, Thomas G. Thompson, Taivo Laevastu

Journal of Marine Research

Methods have been investigated to ascertain the most desirable procedure for determining the trace concentrations of cobalt in sea water. The nitroso-R-salt method of Sandell was adopted and modified for sea water analysis. Samples of water were secured with the nonmetallic water sampler of Thompson and Chow. Preliminary studies of the waters of the San Juan Archipelago and of Puget Sound showed cobalt concentrations ranging from 0.0039 to 0.0054 µg-at Co/I.

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Determination Of Cobalt In Seawater, Herbert V. Weiss, John A. Reed Jan 1960

Determination Of Cobalt In Seawater, Herbert V. Weiss, John A. Reed

Journal of Marine Research

Cobalt has been isolated from seawater by cocrystallization with α-nitroso-β-naphthol. Quantitative determination by a nitroso-R-salt method for each of two sea.water samples has indicated the cobalt content to be 0.038 µg/l after radiometric correction for losses incurred in the isolation process.

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Recent Oceanographic Investigations In The Gulf Of California, G. I. Roden, G. W. Groves Jan 1959

Recent Oceanographic Investigations In The Gulf Of California, G. I. Roden, G. W. Groves

Journal of Marine Research

Results of seven hydrographic cruises into the Gulf of California during 1956 and 1957 show that the water mass there is characteristic of Equatorial Pacific water though modified by intensive evaporation in surface layers. The combination of wind regime and complicated topographical features plays a predominant role in circulation, upwelling, distribution of temperature, and other hydrographic factors. Seasonal changes are large....

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Theoretical Proof Of The Existence Of Characteristic Diffuse Light In Natural Waters, Rudolph W. Preisendorfer Jan 1959

Theoretical Proof Of The Existence Of Characteristic Diffuse Light In Natural Waters, Rudolph W. Preisendorfer

Journal of Marine Research

This paper develops a mathematical model for the radiance distribution of light penetrating a homogeneous hydrosol on the basis of the general theory of radiative transfer. It is proved that the radiance distribution approaches an asymptotic pattern at great depths. This is in accord with previous field measurements of the directional patterns in underwater light and with L. V. Whitney's conjecture that there is at some depth in natural waters a characteristic diffuse light symmetrically distributed around the vertical. The angular form of this equilibrium light pattern is derived in terms of the mathematical model presented.

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On The Heat And Salt Balance Of The California Current Region, Gunnar I. Roden Jan 1959

On The Heat And Salt Balance Of The California Current Region, Gunnar I. Roden

Journal of Marine Research

The average monthly variation of the heat and salt balance of the upper 200 m is investigated for eight areas of the Pacific Ocean off California and Baja California. Accuracy of the method and of the nonseasonal variations of the balance is estimated. It is shown that observed heat changes are princiaplly due to radiation and advection, the heat exchange with the atmosphere being rather small and constant....

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A Test Of Mixing Length Theories In A Coastal Plain Estuary, Richard E. Kent, D. W. Pritchard Jan 1959

A Test Of Mixing Length Theories In A Coastal Plain Estuary, Richard E. Kent, D. W. Pritchard

Journal of Marine Research

Observations of vertical and horizontal variations in salinity and velocity in the James River estuary have been previously employed in the indirect determination of the vertical eddy flux of salt…

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The Effect Of Pressure On The Electrical Conductivity Of Sea-Water, B. V. Hamon Jan 1958

The Effect Of Pressure On The Electrical Conductivity Of Sea-Water, B. V. Hamon

Journal of Marine Research

Values of the pressure coefficient of electrical conductivity of sea-water (cblorinity 19.7‰) at different temperatures are presented. The pressure coefficients vary from 1.50 × 10-5 decibar-1 at 0.5°C to 0.82 × 10-5 decibar-1 at 19.5°C. The accuracy is estimated to be ±5%. The results have been confirmed by tests at sea.

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Profiles Of Wind-Created Water Waves In The Capillary-Gravity Transition Region, Allen H. Schooley Jan 1958

Profiles Of Wind-Created Water Waves In The Capillary-Gravity Transition Region, Allen H. Schooley

Journal of Marine Research

Crapper (1957) has theoretically predicted that pure capillary waves have profiles that peak downward, which is the reverse of the gravity wave case. This paper confirms Crapper's theory and shows enlarged profiles of capillary waves that were photographed with a high-speed motion picture camera in a small water-wind tunnel. Under the conditions of measurements, the maximum vertical distance between trough and crest for the capillary waves observed was about 0.5 wavelength....

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Trace Elements In The Pelagic Coelenterate, Velella Lata, Robert Bieri, David H. Krinsley Jan 1958

Trace Elements In The Pelagic Coelenterate, Velella Lata, Robert Bieri, David H. Krinsley

Journal of Marine Research

Twelve elements (Cu, Ni, Mn, Ti, Si, Cr, Sr, V, Ba, Ag, Pb, and Mo), not previously reported from the genus Velella, were found in the ash of V. lata; zirconium was also searched for but was not found. Cu, Ni, Mn, Ti, Mg, Ca, and Al were determined quantitatively. The concentration of trace elements in the whole animal and in five different tissues of V. lata was determined in specimens ranging from 14.4 to 84.6 mm in length. The Mg:Ca ratio in Velella is lower than that in sea water but. higher than that in Scyphozoa. Presumably this is …

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Factors, Mainly Depth And Wavelength, Affecting The Degree Of Underwater Light Polarization, Alexandre Ivanoff, Talbot H. Waterman Jan 1958

Factors, Mainly Depth And Wavelength, Affecting The Degree Of Underwater Light Polarization, Alexandre Ivanoff, Talbot H. Waterman

Journal of Marine Research

Field and laboratory comparisons of visual, photographic and photoelectric methods of measuring linear polarization of underwater light demonstrate that satisfactory agreement may be obtained between their results. While laboratory data match closely, several uncontrollable factors, especially changes in cloudiness, increase the variance of field measurements. Of the three, the photoelectric polarimeter lends itself best to the study of degree of polarization in the horizontal plane at various depths....

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This Volume Is Dedicated To Thomas Gordon Thompson On The Occasion Of His Seventieth Birthday, B. D. Thomas Jan 1958

This Volume Is Dedicated To Thomas Gordon Thompson On The Occasion Of His Seventieth Birthday, B. D. Thomas

Journal of Marine Research

Men of every civilization have extolled the fame and virtues of their teachers. An appreciation of learning and scholarship is, in fact, the mark of a civilization. Some men become pre-eminent not only because of their ability to contribute to the sum total of knowledge but by their facility in imparting their knowledge to others. Every University has its beloved Professors- scholars and teachers who are inspired with their subject and who, through the force of personality alone, are able to infect others with their enthusiasm and to color the lives of their students.

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Spring Changes In Phytoplankton Abundance In A Deep Estuary, Hood Canal, Washington, John P. Barlow Jan 1958

Spring Changes In Phytoplankton Abundance In A Deep Estuary, Hood Canal, Washington, John P. Barlow

Journal of Marine Research

Spring changes in abundance of plankton pigments (Jan.-May, 1953) in Hood Canal, a deep estuary on the coast of the State of Washington, a.re described. Since there was a less dense brackish surface layer throughout the period of observation, these changes in plankton abundance are not a result of changes in the stability of the water column such as those that initiate spring flowering in temperate coastal waters....

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Marine Sediments Of Prince Of Wales Strait And Amundsen Gulf, West Canadian Arctic, Richard G. Bader, Vernon J. Henry Jan 1958

Marine Sediments Of Prince Of Wales Strait And Amundsen Gulf, West Canadian Arctic, Richard G. Bader, Vernon J. Henry

Journal of Marine Research

Fifty-two marine sediment samples from Prince of Wales Strait and Amundsen Gulf have been analyzed for properties such as grain size and rock and mineral composition. It appears that the distribution of the various sediment types in the area investigated is markedly influenced by both stream location and sea ice.

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Description Of A Prototype Gauge To Measure Magnitude And Direction Of Hydrowire Slope In Situ Between Reversing Bottles At All Depths And Under All Conditions Of Ship Drift, J. N. Carruthers Jan 1958

Description Of A Prototype Gauge To Measure Magnitude And Direction Of Hydrowire Slope In Situ Between Reversing Bottles At All Depths And Under All Conditions Of Ship Drift, J. N. Carruthers

Journal of Marine Research

The discovery in recent years of vast deep oceanic currents running in a direction contrary to those at the surface provides additional evidence of our need for instrumental means to obtain accurate data on subsurface waters, particularly in little-known oceanic areas where pioneer lowerings are to be made. A description is given of a prototype messenger-operated wire-angle gauge which, used intermediately between reversing bottles, can furnish information on the direction of slope of the hydrowire and its actual degree of obliquity at a number of points. It is only the latter, of course, which can be computed from results obtained …

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A System For International Exchange Of Samples For Trace Element Analysis Of Ocean Water, L. H.N. Cooper Jan 1958

A System For International Exchange Of Samples For Trace Element Analysis Of Ocean Water, L. H.N. Cooper

Journal of Marine Research

The hazards inherent in sampling at sea for trace element analyses are discussed. It is proposed that a discussion be held at Helsinki in 1960 on:---- (a) sampling for trace element analysis; (b) a system for international exchange of samples and for reciprocal control of methods for analysis of trace elements.

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Vertical Distribution Of Wind Speed, Temperature And Humidity Above A Water Surface, R. G. Fleagle, J. W. Deardorff, F. I. Badgley Jan 1958

Vertical Distribution Of Wind Speed, Temperature And Humidity Above A Water Surface, R. G. Fleagle, J. W. Deardorff, F. I. Badgley

Journal of Marine Research

An observational program is described which has been used to obtain an accurate determination of vertical profiles of wind speed, temperature, and vapor pressure over a salt water inlet with an over-water air fetch of about five miles. The wind profiles show systematic anomalies of 1 or 2 %, which are not explainable as instrumental or observational error. The curvature of wind profiles over water shows the same dependence on Richardson number as that found by others over land. Temperature profiles are similar in this respect, but curvature of the vapor pressure profiles shows little dependence on stability. Values of …

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Notes Concerning The Halocline In The Northeastern Pacific Ocean, Richard H. Fleming Jan 1958

Notes Concerning The Halocline In The Northeastern Pacific Ocean, Richard H. Fleming

Journal of Marine Research

The quasi-isothermal halocline between depths of about 100 and 200 m is a striking feature of the temperature-salinity characteristics in the northeaatem Pacific, north of about 40° N. An hypothesis is offered to explain the origin of this feature in terms of circulation, dilution, and winter mixing.

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Intertidal Barnacles Of Bermuda, Dora Priaulx Henry Jan 1958

Intertidal Barnacles Of Bermuda, Dora Priaulx Henry

Journal of Marine Research

Barnacles collected at seven localities in Bermuda by T. A. and Anne Stephenson while conducting an ecological survey of the intertidal fauna and flora were sent to the author for identification. The collection is of interest since little is known of the barnacles of these islands....

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Chemical Determinations Of Net Plankton, With Special Reference To Equivalent Albumin Content, Johannes Krey Jan 1958

Chemical Determinations Of Net Plankton, With Special Reference To Equivalent Albumin Content, Johannes Krey

Journal of Marine Research

Organic substance, total nitrogen and the albumin equivalent were determined by analysis in 23 net plankton samples; ten of these were also analyzed for dry substance following rough microscopic examination….

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The Occurrence Of Pigments In Marine Sediments, Taivo Laevastu Jan 1958

The Occurrence Of Pigments In Marine Sediments, Taivo Laevastu

Journal of Marine Research

Qualitative and quantitative studies of pigments in marine sediments, using chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods, showed the presence of degradation products of chlorophylls; some of their optical properties are given. It is concluded that pigments decompose rapidly in aerated, coarse-grained sediment whereas in deeper layers of the same sediment, under anaerobic conditions, decomposition is slow....

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A New Method For Direct Determination For Salinity, Richard F. Barquist, A. V. Wolf Jan 1958

A New Method For Direct Determination For Salinity, Richard F. Barquist, A. V. Wolf

Journal of Marine Research

The solid material obtained upon freeze-drying sea water is not a true measure of salinity since it contains 9 or 10 % water of crystallization, the exact content being a sensitive function of temperature and humidity. The residual water is determinable with Karl Fischer reagent, although the method is not yet capable of yielding salinity with the precision hitherto obtainable through the Knudsen titration....

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