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The Life Cycle Of Sagitta Elegans In Arctic And Subarctic Seas, And The Modifying Effects Of Hydrographic Differences In The Environment, M. J. Dunbar Jan 1962

The Life Cycle Of Sagitta Elegans In Arctic And Subarctic Seas, And The Modifying Effects Of Hydrographic Differences In The Environment, M. J. Dunbar

Journal of Marine Research

Sagitta elegans arctica of the Canadian eastern Arctic waters has a life span of two years. Its breeding cycle is two-phase, or alternating, and the population consists of two distinct groups breeding in different years. The spawning period is long, extending from July into the winter, probably up to February. Winter spawning is taken to imply that the breeding behaviour is not timed to coincide with the maximum abundance of food, but that the cycle is determined by the growth limitations imposed by the low temperature....

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Measurements Of The California Countercurrent At A Depth Of 250 Meters, Joseph L. Reid Jr. Jan 1962

Measurements Of The California Countercurrent At A Depth Of 250 Meters, Joseph L. Reid Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

Measurements of the flow at 250 m below the surface were made with parachute drogues laid out at 5-mile intervals on a line 125 nautical miles in length (true bearing 067°) extending landward from 35° 52.0'N, 124° 28.9'W to the 1000-fathom curve at 36° 36'N off Monterey, California. The drogues were followed for 48 hours. A northward flow, about 40 miles in width, with a maximum flow of 0.44 kt at the center, was seen near the coast.

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Production Of Underwater Sound By The White Whale Or Beluga, Delphinapterus Leucas (Pallas), Marie Poland Fish, William H. Mowbray Jan 1962

Production Of Underwater Sound By The White Whale Or Beluga, Delphinapterus Leucas (Pallas), Marie Poland Fish, William H. Mowbray

Journal of Marine Research

The behavior of three captive specimens of Delphinapterus leucas was observed for prolonged periods and their underwater sound production was recorded. Sonic and physical activities of the whales were correlated, and their sounds are compared with those of other cetaceans. Physical analyses for r epresentative sounds from ro distinct categori es are presented for a 47-minute recording period. Frequency components were measured in the infrasonic, sonic and ultrasonic ranges.

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Analyses Of Carbon In Marine Plankton Organisms, Herbert Curl Jr. Jan 1962

Analyses Of Carbon In Marine Plankton Organisms, Herbert Curl Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

Total carbon in 19 species of marine organisms and mixed collections was analyzed by combustion in an induction furnace and hy subsequent measurement of evolved carbon dioxide in a gas burette. A system for trapping unwanted combustion products is described. Carbonate carbon was analyzed by treating samples with acid and measuring evolved carbon dioxide. Carbon concentrations were 6.6-46.8% of dry weight and 20.6-57.0% of organic weight. Cnidaria and ctenophores had the lowest carbon concentrations in organic matter.

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Some Dynamic Aspects Of The Distribution Of Planktonic Foraminifera In The Western North Atlantic, Richard Cifelli Jan 1962

Some Dynamic Aspects Of The Distribution Of Planktonic Foraminifera In The Western North Atlantic, Richard Cifelli

Journal of Marine Research

Studies of Foraminifera from plankton tows taken during the four seasons of the year at stations in shelf water, slope water, the Gulf Stream, and Sargasso Sea between Cape Cod and Bermuda in the western North Atlantic have shown that the slope waters generally yielded the highest concentrations of Foraminifera at all seasons, with spring and fall being the most productive seasons....

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Copepods Collected By The Nuclear Submarine Seadragon On A Cruise To And From The North Pole, With Remarks On Their Geographic Distribution, George D. Grice Jan 1962

Copepods Collected By The Nuclear Submarine Seadragon On A Cruise To And From The North Pole, With Remarks On Their Geographic Distribution, George D. Grice

Journal of Marine Research

A brief, non-detailed description is given of an automatic, multiple net plankton sampler used on a submarine cruise between the North Atlantic and Pacific oceans by way of the North Pole. The copepods contained in 90 samples from the Arctic have been identified and their relative abundance determined. The most frequently and widely occurring of the 18 species were Metridia longa, Calanus hyperboreus and C. glacialis. Pseudocalanus minutus, found mostly in the Chukchi Sea region, was the most abundant. From their known geographic distribution, six species are recognized as cosmopolites and 12 as Arctic or cold water species. Of the …

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Observations Of Internal Waves Of Tidal Period Made With Neutrally Buoyant Floats, John A. Knauss Jan 1962

Observations Of Internal Waves Of Tidal Period Made With Neutrally Buoyant Floats, John A. Knauss

Journal of Marine Research

Neutrally buoyant current floats at depths between 500 and 2500 m at 28°12'N, 139°07'W and 28° 48'N, 117° 41'W exhibited a marked periodic motion. The floats moved in clockwise orbits at speeds of 5- 18 cm/sec and with a period of approximately 25 hours. The orbital is approximately equal to the inertial period. Floats tracked simultaneously at different depths were not in phase. With one exception, such motion has not been observed at other latitudes. It is believed that the observed motion was a result of internal waves and that such motions are restricted to a rather narrow belt of …

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The Instability Of A Thermal Ocean Circulation, A. R. Robinson Jan 1962

The Instability Of A Thermal Ocean Circulation, A. R. Robinson

Journal of Marine Research

A thermally driven meridional vortex in a diffusive ocean of finite depth is shown to be unstable. The dispersion relation at marginal stability is obtained approximately.

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Long-Period Waves Over California's Continental Borderland Part Ii. Tsunamis, Gaylord R. Miller, Walter H. Munk, Frank E. Snodgrass Jan 1962

Long-Period Waves Over California's Continental Borderland Part Ii. Tsunamis, Gaylord R. Miller, Walter H. Munk, Frank E. Snodgrass

Journal of Marine Research

During the Chilean tsunami of 22 May 1960, precise readings of sea level were digitally recorded every 15 seconds by the La Jolla low-frequency wave instrument. The tsunami remained above background for a week. The record gave a good opportunity to measure the decay of tsunami energy as a function of frequency. Energy is reduced by 1/e about once each half day. The decay is somewhat more rapid at high frequen cies and at high energy densities. The total energy of the tsunami is estimated to be of the order of 3 x 1023 ergs.

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Long-Period Waves Over California's Continental Borderland. Part Iii The Decay Of Tsunamis And The Dissipation Of Tidal Energy, Walter H. Munk, Gaylord R. Miller, Frank E. Snodgrass Jan 1962

Long-Period Waves Over California's Continental Borderland. Part Iii The Decay Of Tsunamis And The Dissipation Of Tidal Energy, Walter H. Munk, Gaylord R. Miller, Frank E. Snodgrass

Journal of Marine Research

The characteristic damping (energy e-folding) time derived from the decay of the tsunami "pulse" can be compared to the dissipation time of the lunar semidiurnal tides as inferred from the discrepancies in the orbital motions of the Moon, Sun, and Mercury. The times are comparable, of the order of ½ day, and this suggests that the same processes are responsible for the dissipation of the tide waves and tidal waves.

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A Similarity Solution For Circulation In An Estuary, Maurice Rattray Jr., Donald V. Hansen Jan 1962

A Similarity Solution For Circulation In An Estuary, Maurice Rattray Jr., Donald V. Hansen

Journal of Marine Research

A set of partial differential equations and boundary conditions is written to describe flow and mixing in a simple class of estuaries. Two sets of similarity transformations are given which, with the appropriate boundary conditions, reduce the partial differential equations to a pair of simultaneous ordinary differential equations. One of these sets of transformations is used to obtain an approximate solution that is physically realistic.

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Distribution Of Dissolved Oxygen In The Summer Thermocline, Joseph L. Reid Jr. Jan 1962

Distribution Of Dissolved Oxygen In The Summer Thermocline, Joseph L. Reid Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

In summer the maximum concentration of dissolved oxygen is nearly always found at a depth corresponding to the lower part of the winter mixed layer. This subsurface maximum is widespread and in some areas may exceed the surface concentration by an increment of more than one milliliter per liter. It is shown that at and above the depth of the summer maximum the oxygen concentration remains very near the saturation concentration throughout the year, and hence depends principally upon the temperature. Seasonal variations in the thermal structure are shown to account for the formation of the subsurface maximum in summer.

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Mass Spectrometric Determination Of Lithium In Seawater, Tsaihwa J. Chow, E. D. Goldberg Jan 1962

Mass Spectrometric Determination Of Lithium In Seawater, Tsaihwa J. Chow, E. D. Goldberg

Journal of Marine Research

Lithium concentrations in Pacific Ocean waters to depths of over 4,000 m have been determined using isotope dilution techniques with a mass spectrometer. Values varied about 170 µg/L and showed a covariance with the salinity.

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Some Properties Of Thermocline Equations In A Subtropical Gyre, Henry Stommel, Jacqueline Webster Jan 1962

Some Properties Of Thermocline Equations In A Subtropical Gyre, Henry Stommel, Jacqueline Webster

Journal of Marine Research

The functional dependence of solutions of a theoretical model of the subtropical oceanic thermocline upon the physical parameters and boundary conditions is exhibited: (1) in a limited range by a boundary layer approximation; and (2) in a wider range by numerical solutions of the nonlinear equations.

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Species Diversity In Net Phytoplankton Of Raritan Bay, Bernard C. Patten Jan 1962

Species Diversity In Net Phytoplankton Of Raritan Bay, Bernard C. Patten

Journal of Marine Research

The annual diversity cycle in Raritan Bay net phytoplankton is described, using entropyrelated diversity indices. A theory of diversity change during succession is developed. Mean diversity levels in the estuary increased downbay in association with diminishing pollution, and the spatial pattern was strikingly related to general patterns of water mass circulation.

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An Analogy To The Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Henry Stommel Jan 1962

An Analogy To The Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Henry Stommel

Journal of Marine Research

Introduction. In a survey article (Stommel 1957), the Antarctic Circumpolar Current was crudely pictured as a simple convergent poleward geostrophic flow at longitudes far removed from Drake Passage, with a higher order dynamical process through Drake Passage; however, no theoretical model was presented to describe analytically the nature of the flow through Drake Passage....

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On The Radial Spreading Of Water Waves, R. E. Meyer, M. C. Shen Jan 1962

On The Radial Spreading Of Water Waves, R. E. Meyer, M. C. Shen

Journal of Marine Research

The axially symmetrical spreading of waves into water at rest and of uniform depth at large distances from the centre of the disturbance is studied. The long-wave equations provide a plausible first approximation, but on grounds differing from those previously advanced for their justification. In particular, the wave length need not be large compared with the depth. The approximate solution of the nonlinear equations is derived for the initial phase of the motion in which the amplitude is small, assuming that any bores occurring are weak at the large radii considered.

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A New Internal Curved-Gate Core Retainer, John E. Sanders Jan 1962

A New Internal Curved-Gate Core Retainer, John E. Sanders

Journal of Marine Research

The new type of core retainer described here uses two in ternal curved gates cut from cylindrical sections. The radius of curvature of the gates is identical to the inside diameter of the sampling tube. Small levers connect from gates to an external sliding sleeve that moves up and down on the outside of the cutting head attachment. The external sleeve remains in its up-position during penetration and the internal curve gates are held open.

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Note To Subscribers, Authors, And Associate Editors, Yngve H. Olsen Jan 1961

Note To Subscribers, Authors, And Associate Editors, Yngve H. Olsen

Journal of Marine Research

History. For many years prior to 1937, Professor Albert E. Parr, then Director of the Bingham Oceanographic Foundation, felt that there was a distinct need in this country for a publication that would serve as a vehicle for short articles on "marine biology and oceanography". In 1937 these aspirations were realized with establishment of the Sears Foundation through generous gifts from Mr. Henry Sears. The primary function of the Sears Foundation, then as now, has been publication of the Journal of Marine Research and Memoirs of the Sears Foundation.

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Units For Specific Volume Of Sea Water, Martin J. Pollak Jan 1961

Units For Specific Volume Of Sea Water, Martin J. Pollak

Journal of Marine Research

Considerable confusion has developed in oceanographic literature concerning the appropriate units to be used in reporting specific volume and its ancillary parameters, specific-volume anomaly and thermosteric anomaly (specific-volume anomaly at in situ temperature and salinity and atmospheric pressure). The problem revolves around the question, should specific volume and its anomalies be given in terms of liters or cubic centimeters as the unit of volume....

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The Isotherm Follower, E. C. Lafond Jan 1961

The Isotherm Follower, E. C. Lafond

Journal of Marine Research

The isotherm follower is an instrument that is capable of seeking out a given isotherm in the sea, locking on to the isotherm, following it up and down, and recording its depth with respect to time. This instrument has been employed singly and in triangular arrangements of three to provide the speed and direction of internal waves. It has proven to be valuable in determining the nature of vertical oscillations of sea temperature.

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The Low Frequency Components Of The Spectrum Of Wind-Generated Waves, O. M. Phillips, E. J. Katz Jan 1961

The Low Frequency Components Of The Spectrum Of Wind-Generated Waves, O. M. Phillips, E. J. Katz

Journal of Marine Research

This paper is concerned with the dynamical processes involved in the growth of the lower frequency spectral components of wind-generated waves. Some calculations of Miles (1960) are extended, leading to the concept of a transition frequency for a given fetch as the frequency above which energy is supplied to the waves by the instability (or sheltering) mechanism and below which it is supplied by the resonance mechanism....

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The Physiological Ecology Of A Marine Diatom, Skeletonema Costatum (Grev.) Cleve, Herbert Curl Jr., Guy C. Mcleod Jan 1961

The Physiological Ecology Of A Marine Diatom, Skeletonema Costatum (Grev.) Cleve, Herbert Curl Jr., Guy C. Mcleod

Journal of Marine Research

The marine plankton diatom, Skeletonema costatum, was isolated from local waters and cultured in enriched sea water. The effects of light, temperature, salinity, and concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen on its growth and photosynthesis were determined separately and simultaneously. The effects of exocrine production by Skeletonema and grazing by copepods also wer e tested . The experimental results were used in developing an index of the photosynthetic potential of the diatom for seasonal hydrographic conditions found in the continental shelf waters south of Long Island....

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The (Ethylenedinitrilo)-Tetraacetate Titration Of Calcium And Magnesium In Ocean Waters Ii. Determination Of Magnesium, John B. Pate, Rex J. Robinson Jan 1961

The (Ethylenedinitrilo)-Tetraacetate Titration Of Calcium And Magnesium In Ocean Waters Ii. Determination Of Magnesium, John B. Pate, Rex J. Robinson

Journal of Marine Research

M odifications of the EDTA titration of total hardness have been evaluated for use ,n determining magnesium in sea water. In this procedure EDTA is the titrant, Eriochrome Blue Black B the indicator, and ethanolamine the buffer. Various conditions necessary for accurate sea water titrations have been established. A mean magnesium-chlorinity ratio of 0.06689 was obtained when 30 sea water samples were titrated.

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Comparison Of Norpac Temperature Sections With Average Bt Sections Along The Same Tracks, Margaret K. Robinson Jan 1961

Comparison Of Norpac Temperature Sections With Average Bt Sections Along The Same Tracks, Margaret K. Robinson

Journal of Marine Research

The NORPAC ATLAS (NORPAC Comm., 1960), now in press, contains horizontal and vertical charts of oceanographic data collected on the NORPAC Expedition, the first multi-nation synoptic survey of the North Pacific Ocean. Vertical BT temperature sections, included in the NORPAC ATLAS, were prepared by the author....

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The Measurement Of Dehydrogenase Activity In Marine Organisms, Herbert Curl Jr., Judith Sandberg Jan 1961

The Measurement Of Dehydrogenase Activity In Marine Organisms, Herbert Curl Jr., Judith Sandberg

Journal of Marine Research

A method for the estimation of respiratory potential in marine biological material is discussed. The method, which depends upon photometric assay for a dehydrogenase enzyme by the reduction of tetrazolium salt, showed that activity measurements are positively, linearly, related to oxygen consumption measurements. Respiratory potential may be measured immediately upon securing the material, or at a later time.

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Amino Acids In Samples Of Surface Sea Water, Mitsunobu Tatsumoto, W. T. Williams, J. M. Prescott, Donald W. Hood Jan 1961

Amino Acids In Samples Of Surface Sea Water, Mitsunobu Tatsumoto, W. T. Williams, J. M. Prescott, Donald W. Hood

Journal of Marine Research

Both paper and ion exchange chromatographic techniques have been used to identify and make a partial quantitative estimate of amino acids in surface water samples collected in four subtropical regions. The most abundant of the 18 amino acids identified were aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, alanine, valine, isoleucine, and leucine. In general, basic amino acids, possibly except for lysine, seem to be in low concentration. The amino acid composition of hydrolysates of proteinaceous material in sea water varies in the samples. These differences may be important in the ecology of marine organisms.

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A Multipurpose Large Volume Sea-Water Sampler, R. H. Bodman, L. V. Slabaugh, V. T. Bowen Jan 1961

A Multipurpose Large Volume Sea-Water Sampler, R. H. Bodman, L. V. Slabaugh, V. T. Bowen

Journal of Marine Research

The need for large volumes of sea-water, from all depths, for radioisotope studies with carbon-14, tritium or fission-products, has resulted in the development of a variety of sampling devices….

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Dissolved Nitrogen In West Greenland Waters, D. C. Nutt, L. K. Coachman, P. F. Scholander Jan 1961

Dissolved Nitrogen In West Greenland Waters, D. C. Nutt, L. K. Coachman, P. F. Scholander

Journal of Marine Research

The nitrogen tension in several water masses in the West Greenland coastal region departs only about 5% from the value of the atmosphere. Significantly higher values of nitrogen tension were found in the upper layers of waters near glacier fronts. These values are attributed to the solution of gases trapped in the glacier ice and released to the water under considerable hydrostatic pressure.

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A Multiple-Detector Irradiance Meter And Electronic Depth-Sensing Unit For Use In Biological Oceanography, Robert W. Holmes, James M. Snodgrass Jan 1961

A Multiple-Detector Irradiance Meter And Electronic Depth-Sensing Unit For Use In Biological Oceanography, Robert W. Holmes, James M. Snodgrass

Journal of Marine Research

The underwater irradiance meter or submarine photometer described here is designed to operate in the upper 100 to 150 m. It permits direct measurement of the downward blue-green irradiance (480 mµ) to a depth of 100-120 m on a clear day in water with an attenuation coefficient in the blue-green region of the spectrum of approximately 0.04/m. The meter can accommodate as many as five individual detector units as well as an associated depth-sensing element....

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