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The Evolution Of Salt Fingers In Inertial Wave Shear, Eric Kunze Jan 1990

The Evolution Of Salt Fingers In Inertial Wave Shear, Eric Kunze

Journal of Marine Research

Shadowgraph profiles collected in the thermohaline staircase east of Barbados reveal nearly-horizontal banding—unlike the vertical banding that has been observed in other fingering-favorable parts of the ocean. A plausible interpretation of this optical microstructure is that vertical shear is tilting over fingers. This paper presents a model for shear-tilting of salt fingers. The Ri = 6 inertial wave shears observed in C-SALT would tilt over and damp out square planform (kx = ky) fingers so rapidly that they could not produce significant fluxes. Vertical sheets aligned with the shear (ky = 0) would behave …

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A Nitrogen-Based Model Of Plankton Dynamics In The Oceanic Mixed Layer, M. J. R. Fasham, H. W. Ducklow, S. M. Mckelvie Jan 1990

A Nitrogen-Based Model Of Plankton Dynamics In The Oceanic Mixed Layer, M. J. R. Fasham, H. W. Ducklow, S. M. Mckelvie

Journal of Marine Research

As a first step toward the development of coupled, basin scale models of ocean circulation and biogeochemical cycling, we present a model of the annual cycles of plankton dynamics and nitrogen cycling in the oceanic mixed layer. The model is easily modified and runs in FORTRAN on a personal computer. In our initial development and exploration of the model's behavior we have concentrated on modeling the annual cycle at Station "S" near Bermuda using seven compartments (Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Bacteria, Nitrate, Ammonium, Dissolved organic nitrogen and Detritus). This choice of compartments and the attendant flows (fluxes or intercompartmental exchanges) permits a …

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The Mesoscale Variability Of The Sea Surface Temperature: An Analytical And Numerical Mode, Patrice Klein, Bach Lien Hua Jan 1990

The Mesoscale Variability Of The Sea Surface Temperature: An Analytical And Numerical Mode, Patrice Klein, Bach Lien Hua

Journal of Marine Research

This study examines the emergence and evolution of a mesoscale sea surface temperature (SST) variability induced by a uniform and impulsive wind stress when an embedding quasigeostrophic (QG) flow is present. The SST variability which is triggered by the mixed-layer deepening closely resembles some characteristic properties of the QG flow, namely either the subsurface temperature or relative vorticity, depending on the amplitude of the deepening. The SST variance can have the same order of magnitude as the subsurface temperature variance. Within 10 days, the SST field, which is stirred only by the horizontal QG flow, displays a rapid spectral evolution …

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Deep Western Boundary Current Variability At Cape Hatteras, Robert S. Pickart, D. Randolph Watts Jan 1990

Deep Western Boundary Current Variability At Cape Hatteras, Robert S. Pickart, D. Randolph Watts

Journal of Marine Research

Data from an array of inverted echo sounders and bottom current meters off Cape Hatteras, where the Gulf Stream and Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) cross each other, are analyzed to investigate the deep components of flow. While the mean flow is to the southwest with the DWBC, the observed temporal variability is dominated by energetic 40 day topographic Rossby waves. By optimally weighting the individual deep current meter measurements, the deep flow is averaged across the wavelength of the 40 day wave, thereby reducing the wave signal and revealing variations of the spatially averaged DWBC. The DWBC fluctuations are …

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Physical, Chemical And Biological Structure Of A Coastal Eddy Near Cape Mendocino, Thomas L. Hayward, Arnold W. Mantyla Jan 1990

Physical, Chemical And Biological Structure Of A Coastal Eddy Near Cape Mendocino, Thomas L. Hayward, Arnold W. Mantyla

Journal of Marine Research

We sampled mesoscale physical, chemical and biological structure in the coastal region of northern California in May, 1987. The circulation was dominated by an equatorward-flowing coastal jet and by a set of mesoscale eddies. High-velocity flow in the core of the coastal jet was composed of low-salinity, low-nutrient water, Cyclonic coastal eddies were observed near Cape Mendocino and Pt. Arena. The Cape Mendocino eddy is examined in detail. This eddy is a common feature which was present both before and after the spring transition, suggesting a relatively weak coupling between the eddy and the local wind field.The coastal circulation strongly …

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Near-Inertial And Diurnal Motions In The Trajectories Of Mixed Layer Drifters, Pierre-Marie Poulain Jan 1990

Near-Inertial And Diurnal Motions In The Trajectories Of Mixed Layer Drifters, Pierre-Marie Poulain

Journal of Marine Research

We analyze the near-inertial/diurnal motions in the trajectories of surface mixed layer drifters in the California Current System between 19N and 36N. The observed near-inertial or diurnal oscillations are very intermittent in time and have a time scale of about 10 inertial periods. Using a simple slab model of wind-driven inertial currents, we show that their temporal variations are related to the fluctuations in the local wind stress field. Three events of strong (20 cm s−1) near-inertial/diurnal motions are studied in detail. Two events at the diurnal frequency occur on the continental shelf. For the first, the observed …

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Effects Of Large-Scale Topography On Abyssal Circulation, David N. Straub, Peter B. Rhines Jan 1990

Effects Of Large-Scale Topography On Abyssal Circulation, David N. Straub, Peter B. Rhines

Journal of Marine Research

Two models are employed to study the effect of topographically induced planetary islands (i.e. closed contours of potential vorticity) on the abyssal circulation of an ocean basin. The first is a steady state calculation using a 1½ layer model of the abyssal ocean forced by a uniform upwelling. Planetary geostrophic dynamics yield a characteristic equation in which the inverse potential vorticity serves as a streamfunction for the characteristic velocity field. Aside from warping the classic Stommel-Arons flow in the immediate vicinity of the planetary island, the topography introduces two new elements to the zonal flow west of the topography. The …

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Some Features Of The Upwelling Off Oman, Alan J. Elliott, Graham Savidge Jan 1990

Some Features Of The Upwelling Off Oman, Alan J. Elliott, Graham Savidge

Journal of Marine Research

Hydrographic and ADCP data were collected in the coastal waters of Oman during the 1987 summer monsoon. The minimum surface temperatures, up to 5°C below ambient offshore values, were found close to the coast and in the vicinity of the Kuria Muria Islands. Strong surface gradients were observed near Ras al Hadd at the entrance to the Gulf of Oman where the geostrophic surface flow exceeded 1.0 m/s. The alongshore flux in the top 300 m of a region extending 100 km from the coast was estimated to be 10 × 106 m3/s. Evidence for an offshore …

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Meridional Variations Of The Springtime Phytoplankton Community In The Sargasso Sea, D. A. Siegel, R. Iturriaga, R. R. Bidigare, R. C. Smith, H. Pak, T. D. Dickey, J. Marra, K. S. Baker Jan 1990

Meridional Variations Of The Springtime Phytoplankton Community In The Sargasso Sea, D. A. Siegel, R. Iturriaga, R. R. Bidigare, R. C. Smith, H. Pak, T. D. Dickey, J. Marra, K. S. Baker

Journal of Marine Research

Meridional distributions of particle, pigment, optical, chemical and physical in situ oceanographic properties, as well as satellite-sensed sea-surface temperature and color imagery, are used to investigate phytoplankton community distributions and their relation to the near-surface water masses of the S bnargasso Sea. 0-H3059 Measurements were made during April of 1985 along a 1200 km transect on 70W (from 24N to 35N). The seasonal evolution of subtropical Mode water (18° water) is shown to be the primary factor controlling the spatial distribution and evolution of the phytoplankton community in the northern Sargasso Sea (31 to 35N). The springtime near-surface restratification of …

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Dissipative Dynamics Of Western Boundary Currents, Paola Cessi, R. Vance Condie, W. R. Young Jan 1990

Dissipative Dynamics Of Western Boundary Currents, Paola Cessi, R. Vance Condie, W. R. Young

Journal of Marine Research

We investigate the steady barotropic circulation patterns driven by inflow-outflow boundary conditions on a rectangular β-plane domain. An inertial jet enters the domain in the southwest corner and a broad eastward outflow is prescribed at the eastern boundary. On the western wall there is no mass flux and no slip.With weak viscosity, ν the western boundary jet ?overshoots? northward, beyond the latitude band of the eastern outflow. As the viscosity is reduced the length of this overshoot increases as ν−2/3, before the jet gradually peels away from the western wall, plunges southward and eventually turns eastward. Away …

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Covariability Of Dissolved Oxygen With Physical Processes In The Summertime Chesapeake Bay, Lawrence P. Sanford, Kevin G. Sellner, Denise L. Breitburg Jan 1990

Covariability Of Dissolved Oxygen With Physical Processes In The Summertime Chesapeake Bay, Lawrence P. Sanford, Kevin G. Sellner, Denise L. Breitburg

Journal of Marine Research

Long, rapidly sampled time series measurements of dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, currents, winds, tides, and insolation were collected during the summer of 1987 across the mesohaline Chesapeake Bay. Analyses of the data show that short term variability of dissolved oxygen was both large and spatially heterogeneous. Time scales of variability ranged from the longest period fluctuations resolved (several days) to the sampling interval (several minutes). The largest variability was associated with large amplitude, wind and tide forced lateral internal oscillations of the pycnocline in the mainstem of the Bay. These resulted in advection of saline, hypoxic water from below the …

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Inversions Of Observations Near The Azores Front, Grant R. Bigg Jan 1990

Inversions Of Observations Near The Azores Front, Grant R. Bigg

Journal of Marine Research

CTD data from Discovery Cruise 138 of late June, 1983 in the Madeira Abyssal Plain show a strong, but isolated, Mediterranean Water (MW) signal around 35N, 25W. This water mass gives rise to an anticyclonic eddy at its southward tip and, through double diffusive processes, to modification of the density field a few hundred meters below. Current estimates have been calculated from the cruise data using the Bernoulli inverse technique. Extensions of this inverse method, which take into account the depth dependence of dynamically informative density and potential vorticity functions, are developed to investigate the flow field and the consistency …

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On The Generation And Propagation Of Rossby Waves In An Ocean With A Zonally Shoaling Mixed Layer, M. S. Darby, A. J. Willmott Jan 1990

On The Generation And Propagation Of Rossby Waves In An Ocean With A Zonally Shoaling Mixed Layer, M. S. Darby, A. J. Willmott

Journal of Marine Research

This paper presents the theory for freely propagating and forced Rossby waves in a continuously stratified ocean where the bouyancy frequency, N, varies with longitude and depth. In this study zonal variations in N occur because the climatological mixed layer depth, h, varies with longitude.With the assumption that changes in h occur on a length scale which is large compared to a horizontal wavelength the free modes on a β-plane are examined. It is found that realistic mixed layer depth changes can cause amplitude modulations, the largest amplitudes occurring where the mixed layer is shallowest. The requirement …

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Recirculation And Separation Of Boundary Currents, Paola Cessi Jan 1990

Recirculation And Separation Of Boundary Currents, Paola Cessi

Journal of Marine Research

An inertial multi-layer model of the recirculation gyres surrounding a separated boundary current is presented. The boundary current is defined to be separated when the upper layer thickness vanishes. The strong eastward flow found at the outcrop causes the circulation to extend to the bottom through baroclinic instability. In order to decrease the vertical shear responsible for the instability, the deep flow must also have maximum eastward velocity at the outcrop latitude. Thus the deep flow to the north of the outcrop (where no upper fluid is present) must move so as to keep velocity continuous. The eastward flowing deep …

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Double-Diffusive Convection With Imposed Vertical Mass Flux, R. Krishnamurti, Y. Zhu Jan 1990

Double-Diffusive Convection With Imposed Vertical Mass Flux, R. Krishnamurti, Y. Zhu

Journal of Marine Research

Vertical advection and double-diffusive convection are both processes affecting the stratification of the oceans. The effect of vertical advection on double-diffusive convection is investigated by considering the situation in which a horizontal layer of fluid has imposed upon it a destabilizing vertical temperature gradient, a stabilizing vertical salinity gradient and a uniform vertical mass flux. The effect of the imposed vertical mass flux is to remove the stabilizing salt gradient, but not the destabilizing temperature gradient over most of the depth of the layer. This arises from the fact that heat diffuses much more quickly than does salt. The Peelet …

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Shell Growth Rates Of Pteropod And Heteropod Molluscs And Aragonite Production In The Open Ocean: Implications For The Marine Carbonate System, Victoria J. Fabry Jan 1990

Shell Growth Rates Of Pteropod And Heteropod Molluscs And Aragonite Production In The Open Ocean: Implications For The Marine Carbonate System, Victoria J. Fabry

Journal of Marine Research

Shell calcification rates of four species of euthecosomatous pteropods and two species of shelled heteropods were measured in short-term 45Ca uptake experiments. In subtropical, temperate, and subarctic waters of the North Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, animals were hand-collected by Scuba divers, captured with the use of a submersible and caught in plankton nets. Shell growth rates of pteropods ranged from 1.1 to 7.8 μg Ca deposited (mg Ca shell)−1 h−1. Heteropod growth rates ranged from 4.6 to 4.9 μg Ca deposited (mg Ca shell)−1 h−1. Aragonite production of shelled pteropods …

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Simulating The Time-Variable Coastal Upwelling During Code 2, Dake Chen, Dong-Ping Wang Jan 1990

Simulating The Time-Variable Coastal Upwelling During Code 2, Dake Chen, Dong-Ping Wang

Journal of Marine Research

The time-variable coastal upwelling during CODE 2 is simulated using a mixing-advection coupled model. The agreement between model results and observations is generally good. During periods of strong equatorward wind stress, shelf water is cold and weakly stratified, and a front moves offshore; during periods of wind relaxation, surface temperature rises markedly, but the subsurface front usually does not go back toward the coast. At the onset of each wind event, a quick cooling of the surface layer is first caused by wind mixing followed closely by offshore advection of upwelled cold water. Due to the combined effect of mixing …

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The Thermocline As An "Internal Boundary Layer", Rick Salmon Jan 1990

The Thermocline As An "Internal Boundary Layer", Rick Salmon

Journal of Marine Research

In this paper, we analyze one-, two- and three-dimensional numerical solutions of a simple, inertia-less ocean circulation model. The solutions, which all approach a steady state, demonstrate that, in the limit of vanishing thermal diffusivity κ, a front of thickness κ1/2, identifiable with the thermocline, spontaneously appears at a location anticipated by simple arguments that treat the front as an "internal boundary layer." The temperature and velocity are generally discontinuous across the front, but the velocity component normal to the front is zero. In the asymptotic limit of vanishing diffusivity, the temperature has no vertical variation within …

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Interaction Between Internal Tides And Energetic Fluxes Across The Atmosphere-Ocean Interface Over A Continental Shelf Break, R. Mazé, J. Y. Le Tareau Jan 1990

Interaction Between Internal Tides And Energetic Fluxes Across The Atmosphere-Ocean Interface Over A Continental Shelf Break, R. Mazé, J. Y. Le Tareau

Journal of Marine Research

Satellite infra-red images taken from April-May to September-October often show persistent ribbons of cool water along the European continental slope, from West Ireland to South-West Brittany (Pingree and Mardell, 1981; Le Tareau et al., 1983; Mazé, 1983; Mazé et al., 1986). The cooling increases northwestward and follows almost exactly the top of the shelf break. This effect appears to be connected with the increase in intensity of the baroclinic internal tide field. A global model is constructed to simulate the cooling process above the edge by interaction between internal tide waves and mixing. First, a three layer model …

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Nitrogen Recycling In Coastal Waters Of Southeastern U.S. During Summer 1986, R. B. Hanson, C. Y. Robertson, J. A. Yoder, P. G. Verity, S. S. Bishop Jan 1990

Nitrogen Recycling In Coastal Waters Of Southeastern U.S. During Summer 1986, R. B. Hanson, C. Y. Robertson, J. A. Yoder, P. G. Verity, S. S. Bishop

Journal of Marine Research

Summer-time pelagic nitrogen recycling using an 15NH4+ tracer technique was studied for important biological pathways, sinks, and residence times in the microbial food web of coastal Georgia, U.S.A. Results showed that estimated rates of NH4+ regeneration by a variety of microheterotrophs and microzooplankton balanced rates of NH4+ assimilation by the microbial community, i.e., phytoplankton, bacteria and other microheterotrophs, in surface waters. In bottom water below the 1% light level, NH4+ regeneration exceeded community NH4+ assimilation by 3.5 times. However, over a period of 2 weeks, high NH4+ …

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Retroflection And Leakage In The North Brazil Current: Critical Point Analysis, G. T. Csanady Jan 1990

Retroflection And Leakage In The North Brazil Current: Critical Point Analysis, G. T. Csanady

Journal of Marine Research

In an attempt to throw light on the complex flow pattern of the North Brazil Current near its point of separation from the coast, the flow in the neighborhood of boundary- and internal stagnation points ("critical points") has been analyzed. The underlying hypothesis is that fluid masses of widely different potential vorticity come in contact near such points. In a one-and-a-half layer idealization of inertial, frictionless flow the key control parameter is the ratio of potential vorticities of the converging fluids. This determines the angle of flow after separation, and, for given buoyancy and depth scale, the volume of each …

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Phytoplankton Growth At The Shelf-Break Front In The Middle Atlantic Bight, John Marra, R. W. Houghton, Christopher Garside Jan 1990

Phytoplankton Growth At The Shelf-Break Front In The Middle Atlantic Bight, John Marra, R. W. Houghton, Christopher Garside

Journal of Marine Research

The summertime front near the shelf break in the Middle Atlantic Bight is both thermohaline and baroclinic. Near the surface, large gradients of temperature (T) and salinity (S) exist with little cross-frontal variation in density. At depths >50 m, an isopycnal boundary separates Slope Water from colder, fresher shelf water. Higher concentrations of chlorophyll are found in the upper part of the front, between water types of shelf and Slope Water origin. Calculations show also that the front is a region of enhanced phytoplankton growth. It is proposed that the relative fertility of the front is …

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Streamfunctions For The Lateral Velocity Vector In A Compressible Ocean, Trevor J. Mcdougall Jan 1989

Streamfunctions For The Lateral Velocity Vector In A Compressible Ocean, Trevor J. Mcdougall

Journal of Marine Research

Streamfunctions are known in (i) geopotential surfaces, (ii) isobaric surfaces, (iii) surfaces of constant in situ density, ρ, and (iv) surfaces of constant steric anomaly, δ. lt is desirable to map a streamfunction in a surface in which most of the mixing and movement of water-masses occurs so that the streamlines obtained in two dimensions will approximate the flow paths of the full three-dimensional flow field. These surfaces are believed to be neutral surfaces, but while a streamfunction exists in a neutral surface, we do not as yet have a closed expression for it in terms of a …

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Variability Of The Coastal Current And Nutrient Pathways In The Eastern Gulf Of Maine, David A. Brooks, David W. Townsend Jan 1989

Variability Of The Coastal Current And Nutrient Pathways In The Eastern Gulf Of Maine, David A. Brooks, David W. Townsend

Journal of Marine Research

The eastern Maine coastal current flows southwestward, carrying cold and nutrient-rich waters along the coast from the tidally stirred eastern gulf toward the central and western gulf, where in summer the waters are warmer and more stratified. The current typically turns offshore before reaching Penobscot Bay, near the central coast, at a location determined largely by the distribution of dense slope water in Jordan Basin. The slope water, which enters the gulf as a deep inflow from the Atlantic Ocean, thus plays a major role in determining the intensity, direction and timing of the delivery of nutrients to the interior …

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Spectral Transform Simulations Of Finite Amplitude Double-Diffusive Instabilities In Two Dimensions, D. W. A. Whitfield, G. Holloway, J. Y. Holyer Jan 1989

Spectral Transform Simulations Of Finite Amplitude Double-Diffusive Instabilities In Two Dimensions, D. W. A. Whitfield, G. Holloway, J. Y. Holyer

Journal of Marine Research

Simulations of double-diffusion with a two-dimensional, vertical plane spectral transform model reveal details of finite amplitude behavior in salt finger, interleaving and diffusive instabilities. Within the range of fluid parameters studied (3 < σ < 10, .1 < r < .5), infinite, fastest-growing fingers are unstable to Holyer's (1984) nonoscillatory instability and are completely disrupted by it. Finite fingers localized on density steps are also disrupted. Initialized density steps are eroded (the gradients reduced). Fluxes and other diagnostic quantities were determined for salt finger fields at statistical stationarity. These fields contain transitory, irregular finger structures. Fluxes decline steeply as Rfp increases. A single point of comparison of buoyancy flux with ocean measurement yielded good agreement. The dependence of flux ratio on the stability parameter is similar to the linear theory prediction for fastest-growing, infinite fingers and does not increase as Rfp approaches 1, in contrast to laboratory measurements. Holyer's (1984) Floquet theory is extended to the case of nonzero, density compensating, …

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Rates Of Vertical Mixing, Gas Exchange And New Production: Estimates From Seasonal Gas Cycles In The Upper Ocean Near Bermuda, William S. Spitzer, William J. Jenkins Jan 1989

Rates Of Vertical Mixing, Gas Exchange And New Production: Estimates From Seasonal Gas Cycles In The Upper Ocean Near Bermuda, William S. Spitzer, William J. Jenkins

Journal of Marine Research

Argon measurements, obtained from one year of monthly detailed vertical profiles near Bermuda (32N 64W), show a maximum in argon supersaturation of about 4% in the seasonal thermocline in late summer. Since the argon supersaturation is 3–4 times smaller than that of oxygen, most of the oxygen supersaturation is not of physical origin and hence must result from biological production. In the winter mixed layer, air injection produces argon supersaturation in spite of high gas exchange rates. During spring and summer, radiative heating, air injection, and an upward argon flux create an even larger supersaturation in the mixed layer. In …

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Critical Control Of Zonal Jets By Bottom Topography, Larry J. Pratt Jan 1989

Critical Control Of Zonal Jets By Bottom Topography, Larry J. Pratt

Journal of Marine Research

The nonlinear influence of isolated topography on an equivalent barotropic, quasigeostrophic jet is considered. The flow depends on several dimensional parameters including the mass flux Q, the mean layer thickness H, the planetary potential vorticity gradient β the inertial boundary layer thickness (u0/β)½ and a parameter a – c measuring the north-south potential vorticity difference across the jet. Eastward jets can achieve one of two steady forms, the first supercritical and the second subcritical with respect to upstream propagation of a long potential vorticity wave. An isolated topographic feature such as a ridge …

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Resonance Of Internal Waves In Fjords: A Finite-Difference Model, Benoit Cushman-Roisin, Vigdis Tverberg, Edgar G. Pavia Jan 1989

Resonance Of Internal Waves In Fjords: A Finite-Difference Model, Benoit Cushman-Roisin, Vigdis Tverberg, Edgar G. Pavia

Journal of Marine Research

After the time periodicity is removed from the problem, the spatial distribution of internal waves in a stratified fluid is governed by a hyperbolic equation. With boundary conditions specified all along the perimeter of the domain, information is transmitted in both directions (forward and backward) along every characteristic, and, unlike the typical temporal hyperbolic equation, the internal-wave equation is not amenable to a simple forward integration. The problem is tackled here with a finite-difference, relaxation technique by constructing a time-dependent, dissipative problem, the final steady state of which yields the solution of the original problem. Attempts at solving the problem …

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O2 And Co2 Balances Approach For Estimating Biological Production In The Mixed Layer Of The Tropical Atlantic Ocean (Guinea Dome Area), C. Oudot Jan 1989

O2 And Co2 Balances Approach For Estimating Biological Production In The Mixed Layer Of The Tropical Atlantic Ocean (Guinea Dome Area), C. Oudot

Journal of Marine Research

The rates at which concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide change under the influence of the exchange with the atmosphere and biological production are derived from in situ measurements of O2 and CO2 in the mixed layer over a 10-day period in the Guinea Dome area. The rates of O2 production (10.3 mmol m–2 d–1) and CO2 consumption (13.0 mmol m–2 d–1) by photosynthetic activity exceed the evasion of O2 and CO2 into the atmosphere (respectively 2.4 and 1.2 mmol m–2 d–1). The net apparent …

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Red Sea Budgets Of Salinity, Nutrients And Carbon Calculated In The Strait Of Bab-Ei-Mandab During The Summer And Winter Seasons, E. Souvermezoglou, N. Metzl, A. Poisson Jan 1989

Red Sea Budgets Of Salinity, Nutrients And Carbon Calculated In The Strait Of Bab-Ei-Mandab During The Summer And Winter Seasons, E. Souvermezoglou, N. Metzl, A. Poisson

Journal of Marine Research

Annual budgets of salinity, total inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, nitrates, phosphates and silicates are estimated through the Strait of Bab-el-Mandab. Two different methods that decouple the summer and winter periods are used. A direct method uses the concentrations of these parameters, the velocity of currents, and the area of a cross section in the strait. The calculations for the fluxes and budgets during the summer period were based on data collected during two cruises made in July and September 1982 (MEROU 1 and 2). An indirect method, based upon matrix inversion and the assumption of a steady-state balance of several …

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