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Solving The Obesity Problem One Bite At A Time: A Review Of Interventions, Sally Catherine Davis

Honors Theses

Resource limitations contribute to obesity in southern rural populations. An examination of published research provides evidence related to factors that lead to obesity and to related health consequences. Resource limitations in southern rural areas include a lack of access to healthy foods, a lack of safe areas to exercise or fitness equipment, and a lack of funding to promote the hiring of adequate numbers of healthcare workers to implement prevention programs and treat obesity related diseases. An investigation of obesity rates in Mississippi and Louisiana demonstrate that high rates of obesity exist. Through an exploration of published interventions in both …

Factors Associated With Physical Activity In Kindergarten Children, Carol Hammonds

Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)

Background: Reversing obesity is an urgent public health need for children: worldwide, in 2011 more than 40 million children under the age of five were either overweight or obese. Increasing intensity and duration of physical activity is a strategy to aid in preventing and reducing obesity. A minimum of 60 minutes per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity is recommended for children. School settings, such as full-day kindergarten, where 74% of children in the United States are enrolled, provide opportunities for population-based interventions to increase physical activity, yet little objective data exist on current levels of physical activity in …

A Cost-Benefit Analysis Of Sugary Drink Regulation In New York City, Shi-Ling Hsu

Journal of Food Law & Policy

New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio spent much of his time during his successful 2013 campaign positioning himself as the populist candidate, pointedly contrasting himself with the outgoing mayor, billionaire Michael Bloomberg. There is one Bloomberg initiative, however, that de Blasio has committed to carry forward: the city-wide size restriction on sales of "sugary drinks," most commonly, carbonated sodas. On city public health issues such as the sugary drink policy, the populist de Blasio and the billionaire Bloomberg would appear to have much in common. "People are dying every day, this is not a joke," remarked Bloomberg in striking …

Lean Body Mass May Explain Apparent Racial Differences In Carotid Intima-Media Thickness In Obese Children., Shahryar M. Chowdhury, Melissa H. Henshaw, Brad Friedman, J Philip Saul, Girish S. Shirali, Janet Carter, Bryana M. Levitan, Tom Hulsey

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

Background: Racial differences in carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) have been suggested to be associated with the disproportionally high prevalence of cardiovascular disease in black adults. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of cardiovascular risk factors on the racial differences seen in cIMT in obese children.

Methods: Obese subjects aged 4 to 21 years were recruited prospectively. Height, weight, blood pressure, fasting insulin, glucose, lipid panel, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry were obtained. B-mode carotid imaging was analyzed by a single blinded physician.

Results: A total of 120 subjects (46 white, 74 …

Gestational Weight Gain Patterns, Hope R. Farquharson Phd

Dissertations

Background: Managing gestational weight gain (GWG) remains a global health priority as obesity among women of childbearing age and their children have been linked to excessive GWG. Excessive GWG has been linked to increased rates of cesarean sections, preterm births, hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes, large for gestational age newborns, postpartum weight retention, long-term obesity for the woman and her children. Conversely, adverse outcomes resulting from weight gain below recommendation could potentially include preterm births, increased rates of neonatal intensive care admission, and newborn morbidity and mortality. Previous studies indicate the need for healthcare providers to help women gain within the …

Portion Size Selection In Relation To Hemoglobin A1cs, Brian L. Dixon

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Obesity has been recognized as an increasing issue within our country. Obesity contributes to many health related issues, including type 2 diabetes mellitus. Portion size is a factor that has generated clinical research interest. The aim of this study was to determine if there was a relationship between management of diabetes measured by hemoglobin A1c and portion size selection for type 2 diabetics. In this study, subjects selected portion sizes of four different foods. Data were compared to recent A1c levels. Due to the small sample size, nonparametric statistical analysis was used. The relationship of grain portion weight selection and …

A Mixed Ecologic-Cohort Comparison Of Physical Activity & Weight Among Young Adults From Five Populations Of African Origin, Amy Luke, Pascal Bovet, Jacob Plange-Rhule, Terrence E. Forrester, Estelle V. Lambert, Dale A. Schoeller, Lara R. Dugas, Ramon A. Durazo-Arvizu, David A. Shoham, Guichan Cao, Soren Brage, Ulf Ekelund, Richard S. Cooper

Faculty Publications

Background: Examination of patterns and intensity of physical activity (PA) across cultures where obesity prevalence varies widely provides insight into one aspect of the ongoing epidemiologic transition. The primary hypothesis being addressed is whether low levels of PA are associated with excess weight and adiposity. Methods. We recruited young adults from five countries (500 per country, 2500 total, ages 25-45 years), spanning the range of obesity prevalence. Men and women were recruited from a suburb of Chicago, Illinois, USA; urban Jamaica; rural Ghana; peri-urban South Africa; and the Seychelles. PA was measured using accelerometry and expressed as minutes per day …

Women’S Understanding Of The Effects Of Obesity On Pregnancy, Rachel A. Daniel

Senior Honors Theses

Obesity is a serious issue and is becoming a significant problem around the world. Obesity in general causes and complicates many health problems. As obesity increases in the population at large, the incidence of obesity in pregnancy continues to increase. Obesity during pregnancy has been linked in numerous studies to multiple complications, and the issues and risks have been clearly established. Also becoming pregnant or having multiple pregnancies increases the likelihood of developing obesity. Obese women of childbearing age many times do not even know these risks exist. There is a need to educate these women before they become pregnant, …

Childhood Obesity And Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Genetic Diseases That Contribute To Cardiovascular Disease, Alyssa Caudle

Senior Honors Theses

Childhood obesity occurs as the result of an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure. Genetic risk factors for obesity have become an area of research due to its permanency. Mutated genes such as Fat Mass and Obesity Associated (FTO), Leptin (LEP), Leptin Receptor (LEPR), Melanocortin 4 Receptor (MC4R), Adiponectin C1Q and Collagen Domain Containing (ADIPOQ), Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 1 (PCSK1), and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARG) all contribute to the development of childhood obesity. In the presence of high cholesterol caused by obesity, the genetic condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia is exacerbated. Familial hypercholesterolemia is caused by a …

Socioeconomic Status And Weight Loss Behaviors, Hannah Seward

Theses and Dissertations

In the United States and many other countries, obesity is viewed as a public health crisis that must be handled. Many social and individual solutions to the problem are proposed in research and policy. On an individual level, many Americans try to get rid of their fat with a multitude of weight loss practices as part of a healthy lifestyle. Obesity rates, feelings towards fatness, and weight control behaviors are significantly affected by a number of sociocultural factors. In this project I explore the relationship between the desire to lose weight and weight control practices with income. Using data from …

Obesity And Dining Out: An Exploration Of Dietary Trends In Urban Malaysia, Sylvia S. Lim

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Economic growth has spurred rapid urbanization in Malaysia and triggered changes in diet, lifestyle, and disease trends. National studies show that a third of Malaysia's population is overweight/obese while household expenditures on dining out grow. In metropolitan Kuala Lumpur (KL), residents navigate concepts of nutrition, body weight, and health as they dine out. Using the biocultural framework, this study examined links between body weight, diet, income, street food consumption, and nutritional knowledge through the perspectives of consumers and vendors. Altogether, 77 participants were recruited for this three-phase research. In the first phase, a survey was administered to 60 participants recruited …

Evaluation Of The Interest In Development And Availability Of The Resting Metabolic Rate Test As A Routine Healthcare Standard, Seth Wayne Parrish

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Introduction: A growing worldwide pandemic exists today that has large implications for the future of healthcare among the nations. Obesity is a growing disease that has multiple

implications for morbidity and mortality including cardiovascular disease, stroke and diabetes. The obese and overweight population plagues nearly 46% of the world's population, and likely is

preventable. We wanted to examine what role metabolic testing could play in prevention.

Methods: A cross-sectional study composed of a 52-question Likert-based scale survey was constructed and distributed to healthcare providers. We hypothesized that there would be a

generally accepted interest in establishing routine metabolic rate testing …

Teeth And Heavyset Kids: Intervention Similarities Between Childhood Obesity And Oral Health Interventions Within Native American Societies, Rodney C. Haring, Warren Skye Jr., Brenda L. Battleson, Maxine Brings-Him-Back-Janis, Nicolette Teufel-Shone

Journal of Indigenous Research

A systematic literature review was conducted focusing on childhood obesity and oral health interventions which may have relevance to Native American children, their families, and their communities. Childhood obesity and oral health have become a significant problem across Indian Country. Subsequently, a number of oral health and obesity interventions are emerging developed for ethnic minority populations including Native Americans. The objective of this review was to determine best practices of various obesity and oral health interventions used with Native youth. The review found a number of prevalence related studies showing both health conditions were concerns within Native American societies (n=94). …

A Social Connection Approach To Corporate Responsibility: The Case Of The Fast-Food Industry And Obesity, Judith Schrempf-Stirling

Management Faculty Publications

Corporate responsibility for consumption-related issues has been on the business ethics agenda for several decades. However, some recent consumption-related issues, such as obesity, differ qualitatively from the traditional product liability cases. This study proposes an alternative responsibility concept, referred to as the social connection corporate responsibility (CR). A detailed conceptualization of a social connection CR is presented and subsequently contrasted with the liability approach to CR. Then, a social connection logic to the case of obesity is applied followed by an examination of how fast-food chains are socially connected to obesity, and of what kind of responsibilities such a …

Determinants Of Physical Activity In Arab American Children, Wearn Alkhatib Phd

Dissertations

Physical activity is an integral part of preventing and managing childhood and adolescent obesity. Lack of regular physical activity has negative impact on physical and psychosocial health. Arab Americans (AAs), one of the most rapidly growing minorities in United States, tend to have a high prevalence of obesity and low participation in physical activity. The purpose of this study was to describe determinants of physical activity, including self-efficacy, social support, physical environment, and selected demographics among AA children in Southern California. A descriptive correlational study using a cross sectional design was conducted. Self-administered questionnaires were completed by children (N=206) recruited …

Aktivitas Fisik, Stres, Dan Obesitas Pada Pegawai Negeri Sipil, Winne Widiantini, Zarfiel Tafal

Kesmas

Pada tahun 2008, sekitar 2,8 juta orang dewasa meninggal akibat obesitas, sekitar 300 juta orang yang secara klinis tergolong obesitas yang merupakan penyokong utama penyakit degeneratif seperti diabetes, penyakit jantung, dan kanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui prevalensi obesitas pada Pegawai Negeri Sipil (PNS) Sekretariat Jenderal Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia dan pengaruh aktivitas fisik dan stres terhadap obesitas. Penelitian potong lintang ini dilakukan pada bulan Mei - Juni 2013 di Jakarta pada 230 responden yang dipilih secara acak sistematik dari 1.119 PNS. Obesitas diukur dengan Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT) berupa rasio berat badan (kilogram) dibagi tinggi badan kuadrat (meter2), responden dinyatakan …

The Relationship Of Nd1 Mtdna Gene Polymorphisms To Energy Metabolism And Risk Of Obesity Among Peruvian Native Americans, Karen K. Thomas, Dr. Mark J. Rowe

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Mitochondria are involved in the conversion of energy in the cell. Metabolic energy from the food we eat is converted in mitochondria to ATP by the electron transport system (ETS) and oxidative phosphorylation. The enzyme complexes involved in the ETS contain thirteen subunits which are encoded by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Non-silent polymorphisms (sites in the DNA where the nucleotide differs between individuals) in mtDNA will affect these enzymes and may thereby alter metabolic efficiency and therefore metabolic rate. A lower metabolic rate is a risk factor for weight gain and a higher body mass index (BMI, a measure of obesity) …

Maternal Overweight And Obesity And Risk Of Congenital Heart Defects In Offspring, Jennifer Brite, Sarah Katherine Laughon, James Troendle, James Mills

Publications and Research

Objective Obesity is a risk factor for congenital heart defects (CHD), but whether risk is independent of abnormal glucose metabolism is unknown. Data on whether overweight status increases risk is also conflicting. Research Design and Methods We included 121815 deliveries from a cohort study, the Consortium on Safe Labor, after excluding women with pregestational diabetes as recorded in the electronic medical record. CHD were identified via medical record discharge summaries. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) for any CHD were calculated for prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) categories of overweight (25 to <30 kg/m2), obese (30 to <40 kg/m2), and morbidly obese (≥40 kg/m2) compared to normal weight (18.5 to <25 kg/m2) women, and for specific CHD with obese groups combined (≥30 kg/m2). A sub-analysis adjusting for oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results where available was performed as a proxy for potential abnormal glucose metabolism present at the time of organogenesis. Results There were 1388 (1%) infants with CHD. Overweight (OR=1.15 95% CI: 1.01–1.32), obese (OR=1.26 95% CI: 1.09, 1.44), and morbidly obese (OR=1.34 95% CI: 1.02–1.76) women had greater odds of having a neonate with CHD than normal weight women (P< 0.001 for trend). Obese women (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) had higher odds of having an infant with conotruncal defects (OR=1.34 95%CI: 1.04–1.72), atrial septal defects (OR =1.22 95% CI: 1.04–1.43), and ventricular septal defects (OR=1.38 95% CI: 1.06–1.79). Being obese remained a significant predictor of CHD risk after adjusting for OGTT. Conclusion Increasing maternal weight class was associated with increased risk for CHD. In obese women, abnormal glucose metabolism did not completely explain the increased risk for CHD; the possibility that other obesity-related factors are teratogenic requires further investigation.

Effects Of “Living High-Training Low” On Male/Female Obese Adolescent’S Morphological Indices And Glucose/Lipid Metabolism, Ru Wang, Hong-Xia Wang, Ya-Li Xu, P.R.Mabounda Kounga, Pei-Jie Chen

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Abstract

Objective:This study aims to investigate the effects of 4 weeks living high-training low (HiLo) on obese adolescent’s body composition, glucose/lipid metabolism and gender differences.

Method: 37 overweight and obese adolescents (13-16 old), volunteers participated in the fully closed weight-loss exercises. They were randomly divided into two groups as the normal oxygen group (n=19) and hypoxia group (n=18) and exercised an intervention for four-weeks. For the normal oxygen group, aerobic exercises and diet control intervention methods were used. Exercise intensity and individualized exercise prescription were based upon subject health condition and exercise tolerance test. Dieticians according to subject basal …

Farmers' Market Use Is Associated With Fruit And Vegetable Consumption In Diverse Southern Rural Communities, Stephanie B. Jilcott Pitts, Alison A. Gustafson, Qiang Wu, Mariel Leah Mayo, Rachel K. Ward, Jared T. Mcguirt, Ann P. Rafferty, Mandee F. Lancaster, Kelly R. Evenson, Thomas C. Keyserling, Alice S. Ammerman

Dietetics and Human Nutrition Faculty Publications

Background

While farmers’ markets are a potential strategy to increase access to fruits and vegetables in rural areas, more information is needed regarding use of farmers’ markets among rural residents. Thus, this study’s purpose was to examine (1) socio-demographic characteristics of participants; (2) barriers and facilitators to farmers’ market shopping in southern rural communities; and (3) associations between farmers’ market use with fruit and vegetable consumption and body mass index (BMI).

Methods

Cross-sectional surveys were conducted with a purposive sample of farmers’ market customers and a representative sample of primary household food shoppers in eastern North Carolina (NC) and the …

Farmers' Market Use Is Associated With Fruit And Vegetable Consumption In Diverse Southern Rural Communities, Stephanie B. Jilcott Pitts, Alison Gustafson, Qiang Wu, Mariel Leah Mayo, Rachel K. Ward, Jared T. Mcguirt, Ann P. Rafferty, Mandee F. Lancaster, Kelly R. Evenson, Thomas C. Keyserling, Alice S. Ammerman

ETSU Faculty Works

Background: While farmers' markets are a potential strategy to increase access to fruits and vegetables in rural areas, more information is needed regarding use of farmers' markets among rural residents. Thus, this study's purpose was to examine (1) socio-demographic characteristics of participants; (2) barriers and facilitators to farmers' market shopping in southern rural communities; and (3) associations between farmers' market use with fruit and vegetable consumption and body mass index (BMI). Methods. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted with a purposive sample of farmers' market customers and a representative sample of primary household food shoppers in eastern North Carolina (NC) and the …

Metabolic Factor: A New Clinical Tool In Obesity Diagnosis And Weight Management, Brandon Davis, Joseph Indelicato, Nicholas Kuiper

The School of Health Sciences Publications and Research

Obtaining resting metabolic rates (RMR) via indirect calorimetry is a critical component of weight management that is used to calculate a new concept, metabolic factor. This calculation allows for the standardized expression of RMR to make it possible to compare metabolism between people and over time. This study found an inverse relationship between weight and metabolic factor, statistically significant, r = -­‐.63, p < 0.001, effect size = .46, suggesting that people who weigh more tend to have lower metabolic factors. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were found in the metabolic factors between people who were normal weight, overweight, and obese, p < 0.001. There was also an inverse relationship between metabolic factor and age, r = -­‐0.21, p < .05, effect size = .03, suggesting that age has a small but significant effect of metabolic factor. This variable has the potential to play a key role in treatment planning as it can be used to set realistic weight goals, determine caloric needs for a given weight, and to make decisions as to surgical intervention. More importantly, metabolic factor can be a key instrument in clinical work used to educate people regarding unique differences in metabolism to lower prejudice against the obese and to reduce the devastating shame that often accompanies weight issues.

Head Start And Child Care Providers’ Motivators, Barriers And Facilitators To Practicing Family-Style Meal Service, Dipti A. Dev, Katherine E. Speirs, Brent A. Mcbride, Sharon M. Donovan, Karen Chapman-Novakofski

Department of Child, Youth, and Family Studies: Faculty Publications

This paper presents a qualitative investigation of the motivators, barriers, and facilitators for practicing family-style meal service (FSMS) from the perspective of 18 child care providers serving preschool children in Head Start (HS), Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) funded, and non-CACFP child-care centers. Providers were selected based on maximum variation purposive sampling and semi-structured interviews were conducted until saturation was reached. Provider responses were systematically coded using thematic analysis. HS and CACFP providers reported being motivated to practice FSMS because it created pleasant mealtimes, opportunities to role model healthy eating, and healthful child development. CACFP and non-CACFP providers …

The Effectiveness Of Telemedicine For Weight Management In The Move! Program, April D. Ahrendt, Kendra K. Kattelmann, Thomas S. Rector, David A Maddox

Health and Nutritional Sciences Faculty Publications

PURPOSE: To examine the effectiveness of videoconferencing technology for delivering comprehensive weight management treatment.
METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted by extraction of data from medical records for the years 2008-2010. The treatment included a series of 12 weekly MOVE!® classes delivered using videoconferencing. Data were extracted from the time of baseline weight to 1 year after baseline weight for the MOVE! participants (n = 60) and from a concurrent control group (n = 60) that did not participate in MOVE! treatment.
FINDINGS: Results indicated that the MOVE! group lost weight while the control group gained weight, resulting in …

Obesity-Related Hormones And Metabolic Risk Factors: A Randomized Trial Of Diet Plus Either Strength Or Aerobic Training Versus Diet Alone In Overweight Participants, Allan Geliebter, Christopher N. Ochner, Carl L. Dambkowski, Sami A. Hashim

Lander College of Arts and Sciences Publications and Research

There is debate about the additive effects of exercise in conjunction with diet to treat obesity, and not much is known about the differential effects of strength versus aerobic training. This randomized controlled trial examined the effects of diet plus strength training, diet plus aerobic training, or diet only on metabolic risk factors associated with obesity. Eighty-one overweight and obese participants completed the 8-week intervention. All participants received an energy-restrictive formula diet with an energy content based on 70% of measured resting metabolic rate (RMR). Participants assigned to an exercise group trained 3 days/week under supervision. Anthropometrics and fasting hormones …

Associations Between U.S. Adult Obesity And State And County Economic Conditions In The Recession, Qi Zhang, Rajan Lamichhane, Youfa Wang

Community & Environmental Health Faculty Publications

This study examines the association between state and county unemployment rates and individuals' body weight status during the latest recession in the U.S. We used the U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data in 2007, 2009 and 2011, which were collected from 722,692 American adults aged 18 or older. Overweight and obesity were defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥25, and ≥30, respectively. Multivariate linear and logistic regressions were applied to assess the association between BMI, risks of overweight and obesity, and state and county unemployment rates. State unemployment rates were negatively associated with individual BMI across years, while …

A Community-Based Exercise Intervention Transitions Metabolically Abnormal Obese Adults To A Metabolically Healthy Obese Phenotype, Lance C. Dalleck, Gary Van Guilder, Tara B. Richardson, Donald L. Bredle, Jeffery M. Janot

Health and Nutritional Sciences Faculty Publications

Background: Lower habitual physical activity and poor cardiorespiratory fitness are common features of the metabolically abnormal obese (MAO) phenotype that contribute to increased cardiovascular disease risk. The aims of the present study were to determine 1) whether community-based exercise training transitions MAO adults to metabolically healthy, and 2) whether the odds of transition to metabolically healthy were larger for obese individuals who performed higher volumes of exercise and/or experienced greater increases in fitness. Methods and results: Metabolic syndrome components were measured in 332 adults (190 women, 142 men) before and after a supervised 14-week community-based exercise program designed to reduce …

Influence Of Diet And Obesity On Copd Development And Outcomes, Corrine K. Hanson, Erica P. Rutten, Emiel F.M. Wouters, Stephen I. Rennard

Journal Articles: Pulmonary & Critical Care Med

The global increase in the prevalence and incidence of obesity has called serious attention to this issue as a major public health concern. Obesity is associated with many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and diabetes, and recently the role of overweight and obesity in lung disease has received new interest. Independently of obesity, diet also plays a role as a risk factor for many chronic diseases, and evidence is accumulating to support a role for diet in the prevention and management of several lung diseases. Chronic obstructive lung disease is the third-leading cause of death globally, and both obesity and …

Magnesium As A Regulator Of Hepatic Nadph In The Hepatocyte :;Prospective Roles Of Magnesium In Diabetes And Obesity Onset, Chesinta B. Voma

ETD Archive

No abstract provided.

Depressive Symptoms And Observed Eating In Youth, Mira Mooreville, Lauren B. Shomaker, Samantha A. Reina, Louise M. Hannallah, L. Adelyn Cohen, Amber B. Courville, Merel Kozlosky, Sheila M. Brady, Tania Condarco, Susan Z. Yanovski, Marian Tanofsky-Kraff, Jack A. Yanovski

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

Depressive symptoms in youth may be a risk factor for obesity, with altered eating behaviors as one possible mechanism. We tested whether depressive symptoms were associated with observed eating patterns expected to promote excessive weight gain in two separate samples. In Study 1, 228 nontreatment- seeking youth, ages 12–17 y (15.3 ± 1.4 y; 54.7% female), self-reported depressive symptoms using the Beck Depression Inventory. Energy intake was measured as consumption from a 10,934-kcal buffet meal served at 11:00 am after an overnight fast. In Study 2, 204 non-treatment-seeking youth, ages 8–17 y (13.0 ± 2.8 y; 49.5% female), self-reported depressive …