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Quantifying Seasonal Air-Sea Gas Exchange Processes Using Noble Gas Time-Series: A Design Experiment, Rachel H. R. Stanley, William J. Jenkins, Scott C. Doney Jan 2006

Quantifying Seasonal Air-Sea Gas Exchange Processes Using Noble Gas Time-Series: A Design Experiment, Rachel H. R. Stanley, William J. Jenkins, Scott C. Doney

Journal of Marine Research

A multi-year time-series of measurements of five noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe) at a subtropical ocean location may allow quantification of air-sea gas exchange parameters with tighter constraints than is currently available by other methods. We have demonstrated this using a one-dimensional upper ocean model forced by 6-hourly NCEP reanalysis winds and heat flux for the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda. We performed ensemble model runs to characterize the response of the modeled noble gas saturation anomalies to a range of air-sea gas exchange parameters. We then used inverse calculations to quantify the sensitivity of the parameters to …

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Synoptic Lagrangian Maps: Application To Surface Transport In Monterey Bay, B. L. Lipphardt Jr., D. Small, A. D. Kirwan Jr., S. Wiggins, K. Ide, C. E. Grosch, J. D. Paduan Jan 2006

Synoptic Lagrangian Maps: Application To Surface Transport In Monterey Bay, B. L. Lipphardt Jr., D. Small, A. D. Kirwan Jr., S. Wiggins, K. Ide, C. E. Grosch, J. D. Paduan

Journal of Marine Research

Here we report on an effort to describe in detail the evolution of surface water particles in Monterey Bay from the time they first enter until the time they leave. The data used for this study are objective mappings from hourly surface currents obtained from high frequency (HF) radar measurements in Monterey Bay for the period 2 June through 4 August 1999. The basic concept is simple: compute the origin and fate of a large number of particles for every hour during the analysis period. However, analyzing and displaying the enormous amount of computed trajectory information required a new data …

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Beam Attenuation And Chlorophyll Concentration As Alternative Optical Indices Of Phytoplankton Biomass, Michael J. Behrenfeld, Emmanual Boss Jan 2006

Beam Attenuation And Chlorophyll Concentration As Alternative Optical Indices Of Phytoplankton Biomass, Michael J. Behrenfeld, Emmanual Boss

Journal of Marine Research

Chlorophyll has long functioned as the prominent field metric for phytoplankton biomass, but its variability can be strongly influenced by (even dominated by) physiological shifts in intracellular pigmentation in response to changing growth conditions (light, nutrients, temperature). The particulate beam attenuation coefficient (cp) may offer an alternative optical measure of phytoplankton biomass that is readily assessed in situ and relatively insensitive to changes in intracellular pigment content. Unlike chlorophyll, however, cp is not uniquely associated with phytoplankton and varies as well with changes in inorganic, detrital, and heterotrophic particles. In open ocean environments, particles in the …

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Does The Marine Biosphere Mix The Ocean?, W. K. Dewar, R. J. Bingham, R. L. Iverson, D. P. Nowacek, L. C. St. Laurent, P. H. Wiebe Jan 2006

Does The Marine Biosphere Mix The Ocean?, W. K. Dewar, R. J. Bingham, R. L. Iverson, D. P. Nowacek, L. C. St. Laurent, P. H. Wiebe

Journal of Marine Research

Ocean mixing is thought to control the climatically important oceanic overturning circulation. Here we argue the marine biosphere, by a mechanism like the bioturbation occurring in marine sediments, mixes the oceans as effectively as the winds and tides. This statement is derived ultimately from an estimated 62.7 TeraWatts of chemical power provided to the marine environment in net primary production. Various approaches argue something like 1% (.63 TeraWatts) of this power is invested in aphotic ocean mechanical energy, a rate comparable to wind and tidal inputs.

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Acoustic Observations Of Vertical And Horizontal Swimming Velocities Of A Diel Migrator, C. Smyth, A. E. Hay, P. S. Hill, D. Schillinger Jan 2006

Acoustic Observations Of Vertical And Horizontal Swimming Velocities Of A Diel Migrator, C. Smyth, A. E. Hay, P. S. Hill, D. Schillinger

Journal of Marine Research

A strong sound scattering layer which underwent diel vertical migration was observed over 176 days using a bottom-mounted 600 kHz ADCP at a depth of approximately 285 m on the upper continental slope. Average observed descent times of the scatterers were within 12 minutes of sunrise and average ascent times were within 13 minutes of sunset. Average ascent speeds progressively increased away from the bed and approached 6 cm/s. Average descent speeds similarly reached a maximum of ∼6 cm/s. Horizontal velocities of the scatterers during vertical migration were found to be smaller than ambient velocities (by up to 3 cm/s), …

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Estimation Of Mixed-Layer Depth From Surface Parameters, D. Swain, M. M. Ali, R. A. Weller Jan 2006

Estimation Of Mixed-Layer Depth From Surface Parameters, D. Swain, M. M. Ali, R. A. Weller

Journal of Marine Research

Mixed layer depth (MLD) is an important oceanographic parameter. However, the lack of direct observations of MLD hampers both specification and investigation of its spatial and temporal variability. An important alternative to direct observation would be the ability to estimate MLD from surface parameters easily available from satellites. In this study, we demonstrate estimation of MLD using Artificial Neural Network methods and surface meteorology from a surface mooring in the Arabian Sea. The estimated MLD had a root mean square error of 7.36 m and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.94. About 67% (91%) of the …

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Understanding The Influence Of Rossby Waves On Surface Chlorophyll Concentrations In The North Atlantic Ocean, G. Charria, I. Dadou, P. Cipollini, M. Drévillon, P. De Mey, V. Garçon Jan 2006

Understanding The Influence Of Rossby Waves On Surface Chlorophyll Concentrations In The North Atlantic Ocean, G. Charria, I. Dadou, P. Cipollini, M. Drévillon, P. De Mey, V. Garçon

Journal of Marine Research

The variability (in space and time) of westward propagating Rossby waves is analyzed with a wavelet method between 10N and 40N in the North Atlantic Ocean using two remotely sensed data sets (Sea Level Anomalies – SLA and surface chlorophyll-a concentrations) in order to better understand the waves' characteristics and their impacts on the chlorophyll distribution. Signals with wavelengths between ∼ 500 km and ∼ 1000 km with ∼ 4- to ∼ 24-month periods were detected and identified as the first baroclinic mode of Rossby waves. The spatial and temporal information has also highlighted a particular situation in 1998 …

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Simulation And Energy Partition Of The Flow Through Paso Galvarino, Chile, Michael W. Stacey, Arnoldo Valle-Levinson Jan 2006

Simulation And Energy Partition Of The Flow Through Paso Galvarino, Chile, Michael W. Stacey, Arnoldo Valle-Levinson

Journal of Marine Research

Paso Galvarino is a constriction in Seno Ventisquero, a tidally-energetic Chilean fjord. The pass is about 1500 m long and constricts in width by about 90 % near its sill, which has a depth of about 8 m. A laterally-averaged numerical model is compared to ADCP and backscatter observations of the hydraulic flow near the sill, during maximum flood, the slack tide after the flood, maximum ebb, and the slack tide after the ebb. The model is also used to examine how the energy flux into the fjord is partitioned in the region of the constriction. Energy is removed from …

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The Evolution Of Density Currents And Nepheloid Bottom Layers In The Ross Sea (Antarctica), Giorgio Budillon, Ettore Salusti, Sergio Tucci Jan 2006

The Evolution Of Density Currents And Nepheloid Bottom Layers In The Ross Sea (Antarctica), Giorgio Budillon, Ettore Salusti, Sergio Tucci

Journal of Marine Research

In this study we have analyzed the thermohaline, light transmission and particulate matter data, obtained in the western sector of the Ross Sea during the X Italian Expedition, for the purpose of investigating the evolution of the High Salinity Shelf Water in this area. In particular CTD data were used to estimate the baroclinic velocity field. Light transmission and total particulate matter data (from Niskin bottles mounted on a Carousel water sampler) were used to analyze the nepheloid layers and the evolution of the suspended sediments. This basin is characterized by a northward flow of very dense High Salinity Shelf …

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Sensitivity Of The Meridional Transport In A 1.5-Layer Ocean Model To Localized Mass Sources, C. Herbaut, J. Sirven, J. Deshayes Jan 2006

Sensitivity Of The Meridional Transport In A 1.5-Layer Ocean Model To Localized Mass Sources, C. Herbaut, J. Sirven, J. Deshayes

Journal of Marine Research

The response of a 1.5-layer ocean model forced by localized stochastic mass sources is studied. The focus is on the sensitivity of the spectral characteristics of the meridional transport to the location and the extent of the source region. In all the experiments, performed in hemispheric and interhemispheric basins, the spectra show a peak at interannual time scale revealing the existence of an oscillation. The period of the oscillation is defined by the zonal extent of the forcing, whereas its amplitude is affected by its location. When the source region is located in the northwestern corner of the basin, the …

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Variability In The Indian Ocean Circulation And Salinity And Its Impact On Sst Anomalies During Dipole Events, Bijoy Thompson, C. Gnanaseelan, P. S. Salvekar Jan 2006

Variability In The Indian Ocean Circulation And Salinity And Its Impact On Sst Anomalies During Dipole Events, Bijoy Thompson, C. Gnanaseelan, P. S. Salvekar

Journal of Marine Research

The GFDL Modular Ocean Model (MOM4) has been used to understand the variability of the Indian Ocean circulation and salinity during Indian Ocean Dipole events. The model simulations are compared with HadISST, SODA and ECCO data sets. During the positive dipole years, the climatological cyclonic circulation in the Bay of Bengal weakens or is replaced by an anticyclonic circulation. The interannual variability in the Wyrtki Jet and Bay of Bengal circulation has significant influence on fresh water transport between the equatorial Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal. The salinity anomalies in the equatorial Indian Ocean are significant during the positive …

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Critical Effects Of A Tall Seamount On A Drifting Vortex, Georgi G. Sutyrin Jan 2006

Critical Effects Of A Tall Seamount On A Drifting Vortex, Georgi G. Sutyrin

Journal of Marine Research

The initial-value problem for the evolution of an isolated vortex encountering a tall seamount during its westward beta-drift is studied within an equivalent-barotropic model, that is generalized to allow for the intersection of the layer interface with a sloping bottom. Given the Rossby radius and linear wave speed in the model, the parabolic shape of a seamount top and initial potential vorticity profile in the vortex core, the outcome is controlled by the vortex sign and a number of parameters: the seamount radius and height of penetration into the active layer, the radius and intensity of the vortex, the initial …

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Identifiability And Uncertainty Analysis Of Bio-Irrigation Rates, Johan H. Andersson, Jack J. Middelburg, Karline Soetaert Jan 2006

Identifiability And Uncertainty Analysis Of Bio-Irrigation Rates, Johan H. Andersson, Jack J. Middelburg, Karline Soetaert

Journal of Marine Research

Bio-irrigation is often quantified through incubations where an inert tracer is added to the overlying water of a core or a benthic chamber, and subsequently following the tracer distribution in either the overlying water or the porewater. The interpretation is based on fitting data with a model containing several unknown parameters such as the enhancement over molecular diffusion or non-local exchange. In this paper, we test under what conditions the results obtained through this fitting are robust. We first use identifiability analysis to investigate the minimum data requirements for two types of sediments, representative for deep-sea and shallow-water settings. We …

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Cluster Analysis For Physical Oceanographic Data And Oceanographic Surveys In Turkish Seas, Derya Birant, Alp Kut Jan 2006

Cluster Analysis For Physical Oceanographic Data And Oceanographic Surveys In Turkish Seas, Derya Birant, Alp Kut

Journal of Marine Research

Cluster analysis is a useful data mining method to obtain detailed information on the physical state of the ocean. The primary objective of this study is the development of a new spatio-temporal density-based algorithm for clustering physical oceanographic data. This study extends the regular spatial cluster analysis to deal with spatial data at different epochs. It also presents the sensitivity of the new algorithm to different parameter settings. The purpose of the sensitivity analysis presented in this paper is to identify the response of the algorithm to variations in input parameter values and boundary conditions. In order to demonstrate the …

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Variability Of The Subantarctic And Polar Fronts In The Drake Passage As Deduced From Altimetry, Nadine Chouaib, Felix Stoehr, Christine Provost Jan 2006

Variability Of The Subantarctic And Polar Fronts In The Drake Passage As Deduced From Altimetry, Nadine Chouaib, Felix Stoehr, Christine Provost

Journal of Marine Research

The magnitude and time variability of the total volume transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current through Drake Passage is a key climatic index, yet still uncertain. We processed ten years of TOPEX/Poseïdon data along two adjacent descending tracks in Drake Passage assuming (following Gille, 1994) that the surface current velocity has a profile structure of double Gaussian jets corresponding respectively to the Subantarctic Front (SAF) and the Polar Front (PF). We seek the location, width and intensity of each jet as a function of time. Results from the two tracks are coherent and show that the time evolution of the …

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A Study Of Relationships Between Tropical Thunderstorm Properties And Corresponding Anvil Cloud Characteristics, Christopher J. Theisen Jan 2006

A Study Of Relationships Between Tropical Thunderstorm Properties And Corresponding Anvil Cloud Characteristics, Christopher J. Theisen

Theses and Dissertations

No abstract provided.

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A Tribute To Nick Fofonoff, Sears Foundation Of Marine Research Yale University Jan 2005

A Tribute To Nick Fofonoff, Sears Foundation Of Marine Research Yale University

Journal of Marine Research

Biographical Notes: Nick Fofonoff

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Bibliography: Nicholas Paul Fofonoff, Sears Foundation Of Marine Research Yale University Jan 2005

Bibliography: Nicholas Paul Fofonoff, Sears Foundation Of Marine Research Yale University

Journal of Marine Research

1953 Fofonoff, N. P. A theoretical example of wind-induced circulation in a semi-circular canal. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 34, 725-728.

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Deep Ocean Experiments With Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide: Creation And Sensing Of A Controlled Plume At 4 Km Depth, Peter G. Brewer, Edward T. Peltzer, Peter Walz, Izuo Aya, Kenji Yamane, Ryuji Kojima, Yasuharu Nakajima, Noriko Nakayama, Peter Haugan, Truls Johannessen Jan 2005

Deep Ocean Experiments With Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide: Creation And Sensing Of A Controlled Plume At 4 Km Depth, Peter G. Brewer, Edward T. Peltzer, Peter Walz, Izuo Aya, Kenji Yamane, Ryuji Kojima, Yasuharu Nakajima, Noriko Nakayama, Peter Haugan, Truls Johannessen

Journal of Marine Research

The rapidly rising levels of atmospheric and oceanic CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels has lead to well-established international concerns over dangerous anthropogenic interference with climate. Disposal of captured fossil fuel CO2 either underground, or in the deep ocean, has been suggested as one means of ameliorating this problem. While the basic thermoladynamic properties of both CO2 and seawater are well known, the problem of interaction of the two fluids in motion to create a plume of high CO2/low pH seawater has been modeled, but not tested. We describe here a novel experiment designed …

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On The World-Wide Circulation Of The Deep Water From The North Atlantic Ocean, Joseph L. Reid Jan 2005

On The World-Wide Circulation Of The Deep Water From The North Atlantic Ocean, Joseph L. Reid

Journal of Marine Research

Above the deeper waters of the North Atlantic that have entered from the circumpolar flow, convection in the Labrador Sea and overflow from the Mediterranean, Norwegian, and Greenland seas combine at mid-depth and circulate in the subarctic cyclonic gyre, and flow southward along the western boundary into the South Atlantic. Because of the nature of these sources the mid-depth waters of the North Atlantic are the warmest, most saline, highest in oxygen and lowest in silica of any of the mid-depth waters of the World Ocean. They have been called the North Atlantic Deep Water.In the Atlantic these characteristics have …

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Available Potential Energy In The World’S Oceans, Rui Xin Huang Jan 2005

Available Potential Energy In The World’S Oceans, Rui Xin Huang

Journal of Marine Research

It is shown that in the case with bottom topography, the available gravitational potential energy cannot be represented by the available pressure potential energy. Thus, a suitable quantity for the study of large-scale circulation is the total available potential energy which is defined as the sum of available gravitational potential energy and available internal energy. A simple computational algorithm for calculating the available potential energy in the world's oceans is proposed and tested. This program includes the compressibility of seawater and realistic topography. It is estimated that the world's oceans available gravitational potential energy density is about 1474 J/m3 …

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A Double-Diffusive Interface Tank For Dynamic-Response Studies, Raymond W. Schmitt, Robert C. Millard, John M. Toole, W. David Wellwood Jan 2005

A Double-Diffusive Interface Tank For Dynamic-Response Studies, Raymond W. Schmitt, Robert C. Millard, John M. Toole, W. David Wellwood

Journal of Marine Research

A large tank capable of long-term maintenance of a sharp temperature-salinity interface has been developed and applied to measurements of the dynamical response of oceanographic sensors. A two-layer salt-stratified system is heated from below and cooled from above to provide two convectively mixed layers with a thin double-diffusive interface separating them. A temperature jump exceeding 10°C can be maintained over 1–2 cm (a vertical temperature gradient of order 103°C/m) for several weeks. A variable speed-lowering system allows testing of the dynamic response of conductivity and temperature sensors in full-size oceanographic instruments. An acoustic echo sounder and shadowgraph system …

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High-Pressure Thermodynamic Gibbs Functions Of Ice And Sea Ice, Rainer Fiestel, Wolfgang Wagner Jan 2005

High-Pressure Thermodynamic Gibbs Functions Of Ice And Sea Ice, Rainer Fiestel, Wolfgang Wagner

Journal of Marine Research

A new Gibbs thermodynamic potential function of ice Ih is proposed to extend and improve already existing ones and to unify various data and formulas for thermodynamic equilibrium properties of natural ice in a consistent manner. It is valid for absolute pressures from 0 to 211 MPa and for temperatures from 0 to 273.16 K. It is consistent with the current 1995 international scientific pure water standard, IAPWS-95, and with the latest 2003 Gibbs potential of seawater. In conjunction with the latter, it provides freezing temperatures of seawater for pressures up to 100 MPa (10,000 dbar). The potential functions of …

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Basin-Scale Performance Of A Locally Optimized Marine Ecosystem Model, A. Oschlies, M. Schartau Jan 2005

Basin-Scale Performance Of A Locally Optimized Marine Ecosystem Model, A. Oschlies, M. Schartau

Journal of Marine Research

A marine ecosystem model, that had previously been calibrated in a one-dimensional (1D) mode against observations at three time-series and process-study sites simultaneously, is coupled to a three-dimensional (3D) circulation model of the North and Equatorial Atlantic. Compared to an experiment with a previously employed subjectively tuned ecosystem model, the new 3D-model does not only reduce the model-data misfit at those locations at which observations entered the 1D optimization procedure, but also at an oligotrophic site in the subtropics that had not been considered in the 1D calibration. Basin-scale gridded climatological data sets of nitrate, surface chlorophyll, and satellite-derived primary …

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The Nonlocal Model Of Porewater Irrigation: Limits To Its Equivalence With A Cylinder Diffusion Model, Nicola J. Grigg, Bernard P. Boudreau, Ian T. Webster, Phillip W. Ford Jan 2005

The Nonlocal Model Of Porewater Irrigation: Limits To Its Equivalence With A Cylinder Diffusion Model, Nicola J. Grigg, Bernard P. Boudreau, Ian T. Webster, Phillip W. Ford

Journal of Marine Research

Burrows maintained by animals in aquatic sediments ventilate the sediment and can substantially alter the rates and pathways of biologically-mediated decomposition reactions. A well known and effective way of modeling the impact of such bioirrigation in sediment diagenetic models is to assume that solutes diffuse into an annulus of sediment surrounding the burrow; the reaction diffusion equations are represented in cylindrical polar co-ordinates. More commonly, bioirrigation of sediments is represented by one-dimensional "nonlocal" irrigation models. Their use is typically justified by the assertion that a nonlocal model is equivalent to a radially-integrated two-dimensional diffusion model in cylindrical-polar co-ordinates. In this …

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Similar Rapid Response To Phytodetritus Deposition In Shallow And Deep-Sea Sediments, L. Moodley, J. J. Middelburg, K. Soetaert, H. T. S. Boschker, P. M. J. Herman, C. H. R. Heip Jan 2005

Similar Rapid Response To Phytodetritus Deposition In Shallow And Deep-Sea Sediments, L. Moodley, J. J. Middelburg, K. Soetaert, H. T. S. Boschker, P. M. J. Herman, C. H. R. Heip

Journal of Marine Research

The short-term benthic response to an input of fresh organic matter was examined in vastly contrasting benthic environments (estuarine intertidal to deep-sea) using 13C-labeled diatoms as a tracer of labile carbon. Benthic processing was assessed in major compartments through 13C-enrichment in σCO2, in bacteria-specific phospholipids and in fauna tissue. A rapid response was evident in all environments. Under warm bottom water (14–18°C), similar quantities of the added carbon were respired within 24 hours in shallow and deep-sea sediments. However, the speed and magnitude of respiration were strongly reduced under low bottom water temperature (4–6°C), both in …

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On Rectification Of Randomly Forced Flows, Pavel S. Berloff Jan 2005

On Rectification Of Randomly Forced Flows, Pavel S. Berloff

Journal of Marine Research

Nonlinear rectification of the ocean circulation driven by random forcing, which simulates the effect of unresolved eddies, is studied in an idealized closed basin. The results are based on the analysis of randomly forced solutions and linear eigenmodes. Depending on the forcing strength, two rectification regimes are found: zonal jets and isolated gyres. It is shown that both regimes are due to nonlinear interactions of resonant basin modes. In the zonal-jet regime, these interactions involve complex interplay between resonant baroclinic modes and some secondary modes. Both Rhines' scaling for zonal jets and prediction of gyres based on the maximum entropy …

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Dynamics Of A Co2-Seawater Interface In The Deep Ocean, Joakim Hove, Peter M. Haugan Jan 2005

Dynamics Of A Co2-Seawater Interface In The Deep Ocean, Joakim Hove, Peter M. Haugan

Journal of Marine Research

A trough filled with liquid CO2 located at 3940 m depth has been used as a model system for CO2 deposition on the seafloor. To study the intrinsic properties of the interface between CO2 and seawater a wave maker was used to excite regular plane waves. The frequency (≲2.5 rad/s) and wavelength (20 cm–40 cm) of the waves have been measured, and compare reasonably well with the dispersion relation for deep fluid gravity waves. The shear stability of the interface was investigated by setting the water above the CO2 in motion with a thruster. For shear …

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Solute-Specific Pore Water Irrigation: Implications For Chemical Cycling In Early Diagenesis, Christof Meile, Peter Berg, Philippe Van Cappellen, Kagan Tuncay Jan 2005

Solute-Specific Pore Water Irrigation: Implications For Chemical Cycling In Early Diagenesis, Christof Meile, Peter Berg, Philippe Van Cappellen, Kagan Tuncay

Journal of Marine Research

In one-dimensional (1D) early diagenetic models, bioirrigation is typically represented by a nonlocal mass transfer or bioirrigation coefficient, α. Usually, all pore water species are assigned the same α. Here, we show that this assumption can lead to significant errors in estimates of bioirrigation intensities. Using a simplified early diagenetic reaction network, we compute the 3D concentration fields of major pore water species around a vertical burrow, as well as the solute fluxes across the burrow wall. From these results, corresponding 1D vertical α profiles are derived. The α profiles show pronounced differences from one solute to another. Dissolved O …

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Effect Of Air-Sea Heat Exchange On Seasonal Transport Variation Of The Kuroshio, Toshihiro Sakamoto Jan 2005

Effect Of Air-Sea Heat Exchange On Seasonal Transport Variation Of The Kuroshio, Toshihiro Sakamoto

Journal of Marine Research

Observations up to the present indicate that the climatological volume transports of the Kuroshio have an annual range of at most 10 Sv and a maximum in summer, both of which are inconsistent with the nontopographic Sverdrup relation. We show that these observed properties may be reproduced using a two-layer planetary geostrophic model with variable bottom topography if we take into account sea-surface heat flux, as well as large interface displacements associated with layer outcropping. The thermal forcing is represented by seasonally changing the reduced gravity so that the available potential energy of the model ocean is decreased in winter …

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