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Evidence Of Vertical Coupling Between The Kuroshio Extension And Topographically Controlled Deep Eddies, Andrew D. Greene, D. Randolph Watts, Georgi G. Sutyrin, Hideharu Sasaki Jan 2012

Evidence Of Vertical Coupling Between The Kuroshio Extension And Topographically Controlled Deep Eddies, Andrew D. Greene, D. Randolph Watts, Georgi G. Sutyrin, Hideharu Sasaki

Journal of Marine Research

Strong energy in the 30–60 day band was observed using 39 deep pressure and current records from the Kuroshio Extension System Study (KESS). Energy in this band accounted for 25–50% of the total deep-pressure variance and was strongest under the Kuroshio Extension jet axis. Often, deep-pressure anomalies propagated into the region from the north-northeast and locally intensified as they passed under and interacted with the Kuroshio Extension. The topographically controlled deep-pressure anomalies translate nearly along lines of constant f/H. Statistically significant coherence between 30–60 day upper- and deep-ocean streamfunction anomalies demonstrated that there was strong vertical coupling in that …

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Adjustment Of A Wind-Driven Two-Layer System With Mid-Basin Topography, Magdalena Andres, Jiayan Yang, Young-Oh Kwon Jan 2012

Adjustment Of A Wind-Driven Two-Layer System With Mid-Basin Topography, Magdalena Andres, Jiayan Yang, Young-Oh Kwon

Journal of Marine Research

A linear primitive equations model is used to simulate spin-up of a two-layer ocean bisected by a meridional ridge. The ocean is forced with steady zonal winds east of the ridge. When wind-driven barotropic planetary Rossby waves propagate across the ridge, barotropic and baroclinic anomalies are generated as the barotropic flow adjusts. These ridge-generated anomalies propagate westward from the ridge as planetary Rossby waves and their arrival along the basin's western boundary modulates the western boundary current (WBC) transport and vertical structure. Model results suggest that at short (<1 year) and long (>10 years) delay relative to a …

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The Legacy Of Gordon Arthur Riley (1911–1985) And The Development Of Mathematical Models In Biological Oceanography, Thomas R. Anderson, Wendy C. Gentleman Jan 2012

The Legacy Of Gordon Arthur Riley (1911–1985) And The Development Of Mathematical Models In Biological Oceanography, Thomas R. Anderson, Wendy C. Gentleman

Journal of Marine Research

Gordon Arthur Riley (1911–1985) is remembered for his pioneering work in the development of marine ecosystem models during the mid-20th century. Using models that were necessarily simple because of the limited understanding of plankton physiology at the time, as well as the fact that calculations had to be done by hand, Riley studied the processes that control plankton stocks, production, and nutrient cycling, notably at Georges Bank. His great achievement lay not so much in the simulation of plankton dynamics per se, but rather in bringing to the fore the concept of using modeling as a means of explaining …

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Detailed Internal Wave Mixing Above A Deep-Ocean Slope, Hans Van Haren, Louis Gostiaux Jan 2012

Detailed Internal Wave Mixing Above A Deep-Ocean Slope, Hans Van Haren, Louis Gostiaux

Journal of Marine Research

Turbulent vertical eddy diffusivity (Kz) and dissipation rate (ε) are estimated between 0.5 and 50 m above the sloping side of Great Meteor Seamount, Canary Basin, using 101 moored temperature sensors, 1-mK precision, sampling at 1 Hz. Effectively, detailed observed time-depth temperature images are split in two: a statically stable and a turbulence image. Tides dominate the temperature variations, but the local bottom slope is supercritical to motions at semidiurnal frequencies. Averaged over a fortnight, the observed overall time-depth mean Kz = 3±1 × 10–3 m2 s–1 and ε = 1.5±0.7 × 10–7 W …

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A Tribute To Doreen Orciari, George Veronis Jan 2012

A Tribute To Doreen Orciari, George Veronis

Journal of Marine Research

With her retirement this year Doreen Orciari will end her 36th year at Yale, 32 of them as editorial assistant at the Journal of Marine Research. She came to work for me as my secretary in December, 1976, when I was chairman of the Department of Geology and Geophysics. It turns out that she was the best Christmas present that I have ever had. Doreen was born and raised as an Irish Catholic in New Haven and spent her youth in somewhat of a dysfunctional family. She spent 12 years amid Catholic nuns who served to add structure to her …

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The Rise And Fall Of Crassostrea Virginica Oyster Reefs: The Role Of Disease And Fishing In Their Demise And A Vignette On Their Management, Eric N. Powell, John M. Klinck, Kathryn Ashton-Alcox, Eileen E. Hofmann, Jason Morson Jan 2012

The Rise And Fall Of Crassostrea Virginica Oyster Reefs: The Role Of Disease And Fishing In Their Demise And A Vignette On Their Management, Eric N. Powell, John M. Klinck, Kathryn Ashton-Alcox, Eileen E. Hofmann, Jason Morson

Journal of Marine Research

We describe a model designed to simulate the shell carbonate budget of an oyster reef. We identify five parameters descriptive of basic characteristics of the shell carbonate budget of a reef that limit simulation accuracy. Two describe the TAZ (taphonomically-active zone) and the distribution of shell carbonate within it. One is the taphonomic rate in the TAZ. Two determine the volume contribution of shell carbonate and the taphonomic loss rate within the reef framework. For Mid-Atlantic estuaries, model simulations suggest that reef accretion only occurs if oyster abundance is near carrying capacity. Simulations further suggest that reef accretion is infeasible …

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Baroclinic Instability Of An Idealized Tidal Mixing Front, K. H. Brink Jan 2012

Baroclinic Instability Of An Idealized Tidal Mixing Front, K. H. Brink

Journal of Marine Research

Tidal mixing fronts separate vertically homogenized waters from stratified ambient waters. The linear and nonlinear baroclinic stability of an idealized tidal mixing front is treated here in the parameter range that is stable with regard to symmetric instabilities and that has no bottom friction. All model configurations considered are unstable, and the dependence on bottom slope, stratification and other parameters is similar to that suggested by models (such as that of Blumsack and Gierasch, 1972) with much simpler configurations. The finite-amplitude evolution of the instabilities is treated using a primitive equation numerical model. The initial length scale and growth rate …

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Hurricane Wake Restratification Rates Of One-, Two- And Three-Dimensional Processes, S. Haney, S. Bachman, B. Cooper, S. Kupper, K. Mccaffrey, L. Van Roekel, S. Stevenson, B. Fox-Kemper Jan 2012

Hurricane Wake Restratification Rates Of One-, Two- And Three-Dimensional Processes, S. Haney, S. Bachman, B. Cooper, S. Kupper, K. Mccaffrey, L. Van Roekel, S. Stevenson, B. Fox-Kemper

Journal of Marine Research

The restratification of the cold wakes of Tropical Cyclones Fanapi, Frances, Igor and Katrina are examined based on derived scalings for processes that can restore the hurricane wake toward the precyclone conditions. The different restoration processes depend on the parameters of the wake: depth, width, buoyancy anomaly and wind stress. The parameters needed are derived for each wake from satellite and climatological data. The scalings are based on model results and existing parameterizations, including air-sea heat fluxes (one-dimensional) Ekman buoyancy fluxes (two-dimensional) and mixed layer eddies (three-dimensional). The dominant surface restoration occurs by a combination of surface fluxes and Ekman …

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Circulation And Behavior Controls On Dispersal Of Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea Virginica) Larvae In Delaware Bay, Diego A. Narváez, John N. Klinck, Eric N. Powell, Eileen E. Hofmann, John Wilkin, Dale B. Haidvogel Jan 2012

Circulation And Behavior Controls On Dispersal Of Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea Virginica) Larvae In Delaware Bay, Diego A. Narváez, John N. Klinck, Eric N. Powell, Eileen E. Hofmann, John Wilkin, Dale B. Haidvogel

Journal of Marine Research

The relative contributions of the spring-neap tides, river discharge and vertical behavior to the dispersal of eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) larvae in Delaware Bay is investigated with a coupled circulation-individual-based larvae model. The coupled model simulates larval growth and behavior along particle trajectories using temperature and salinity conditions obtained from an implementation of the Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS) for Delaware Bay. Particles, representing oyster larvae, are released at five-day intervals during the spawning seasons (mid-June to mid-September) of 1984, 1985, 1986, 2000 and 2001 from areas that correspond to natural oyster reefs in Delaware Bay. Successful larvae …

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Climate And Teleology In Aristotle's Physics Ii.8, Yancy Hughes Dominick Apr 2011

Climate And Teleology In Aristotle's Physics Ii.8, Yancy Hughes Dominick

The Society for Ancient Greek Philosophy Newsletter

Weather, including rain, happens as a result of natural and teleological processes, but that is compatible with the claim that rain falls not for the sake of something, but of necessity, and any benefit from the rain comes by chance. Aristotle need not embrace the conclusion, therefore, that it rains for the sake of the crops. Climate, on the other hand, is regular and beneficial. If the disjunct from Physics II.8 holds, climate ought to be for the sake of something even while rain is not.

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Secondary Instability Of Salt Sheets, Satoshi Kimura, William Smyth Jan 2011

Secondary Instability Of Salt Sheets, Satoshi Kimura, William Smyth

Journal of Marine Research

In the presence of a vertically varying horizontal current (background shear), the salt-fingering instability is supplanted by the salt-sheet instability. Previous direct numerical simulation (DNS) experiments on salt sheets revealed that flow becomes turbulent via secondary instabilities. We call these instabilities zig-zag and tip modes. Here, we investigate the physics of these modes using linear normal mode stability analysis. As the primary instability (salt-sheet instability) grows, the zig-zag mode emerges, which denotes undulation of growing salt sheets at the center of fingering regions. This mode is shown to be an extension of secondary instability of unsheared two-dimensional salt-fingering. The zig-zag …

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Spin-Up And Adjustment Of The Antarctic Circumpolar Current And Global Pycnocline, Lesley C. Allison, Helen L. Johnson, David P. Marshall Jan 2011

Spin-Up And Adjustment Of The Antarctic Circumpolar Current And Global Pycnocline, Lesley C. Allison, Helen L. Johnson, David P. Marshall

Journal of Marine Research

A theory is presented for the adjustment of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and global pycnocline to a sudden and sustained change in wind forcing. The adjustment timescale is controlled by the mesoscale eddy diffusivity across the ACC, the mean width of the ACC, the surface area of the ocean basins to the north, and deep water formation in the North Atlantic. In particular, northern sinking may have the potential to shorten the timescale and reduce its sensitivity to Southern Ocean eddies, but the relative importance of northern sinking and Southern Ocean eddies cannot be determined precisely, largely due to …

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Dispersion And Connectivity Estimates Along The U.S. West Coast From A Realistic Numerical Model, Patrick T. Drake, Christopher A. Edwards, John A. Barth Jan 2011

Dispersion And Connectivity Estimates Along The U.S. West Coast From A Realistic Numerical Model, Patrick T. Drake, Christopher A. Edwards, John A. Barth

Journal of Marine Research

Near-surface particle dispersion, larval dispersal and connectivity along the U.S west coast were explored using a realistic numerical model of the California Current System. Seasonal model velocities were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated using Global Drifter Program data. The model displayed a clear seasonal cycle of eddy energy near the coast with energy maxima southwest of major headlands. Eddy speeds were correlated with drifter-based estimates during summer and fall when compared spatially. Over six million passive, Lagrangian particles were released in the upper 20 m of the water column within 10 km of the California and Oregon coasts and tracked for …

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Transport And Retention Of The Mitten Crab (Eriocheir Sinensis) In A Mid-Atlantic Estuary: Predictions From A Larval Transport Model, Charles E. Tilburg, Ana I. Dittel, Douglas C. Miller, Charles E. Epifanio Jan 2011

Transport And Retention Of The Mitten Crab (Eriocheir Sinensis) In A Mid-Atlantic Estuary: Predictions From A Larval Transport Model, Charles E. Tilburg, Ana I. Dittel, Douglas C. Miller, Charles E. Epifanio

Journal of Marine Research

Invasive species cause extensive ecological damage in freshwater and marine habitats and are a threat to biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems world-wide. One such species, the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, has invasive populations in northern Europe and San Francisco Bay, and there are confirmed reports of breeding female crabs in both the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. Despite their threat to these ecosystems, there are still large gaps in the current understanding of this species' larval biology that are critical to predicting the potential for large populations to establish in East Coast bays and estuaries. We addressed these issues by using …

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Vladimir Kamenkovich – Scientist And Teacher, V. O. Ivchenko, G. M. Reznik Jan 2011

Vladimir Kamenkovich – Scientist And Teacher, V. O. Ivchenko, G. M. Reznik

Journal of Marine Research

This special collection of articles is dedicated to Vladimir Kamenkovich, on the occasion of his 80th birthday. We take this opportunity to celebrate his extraordinary career in science and education. Through his pioneering work, Vladimir Kamenkovich has made important contributions to the development of modern physical oceanography, being, in the words of Peter Rhines, “a great force in ocean dynamics,” and he has inspired many scientists worldwide. It is fair to say that the field of ocean dynamics would have been very different if Vladimir had chosen a different career path.

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The Two-Layer Skirted Island, Joseph Pedlosky, Roberto Iacono, Ernesto Napolitano, Michael A. Spall Jan 2011

The Two-Layer Skirted Island, Joseph Pedlosky, Roberto Iacono, Ernesto Napolitano, Michael A. Spall

Journal of Marine Research

The flow around a planetary scale island in a baroclinic ocean is examined when the island possesses a topographic skirt representing a steep continental slope and the ocean is modeled as a two-layer system in order to examine the role of stratification in the circulation. The study extends an earlier barotropic model of similar geometry and forcing to focus on the degree to which the topography, limited here to the lower of the two layers, affects the circulation and to what degree the circulation is shielded by stratification from the topographic effects noted in the simpler barotropic model. As in …

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Numerical Simulations Of Dense Water Cascading On A Steep Slope, Fred Wobus, Georgy I. Shapiro, Miguel A. M. Maqueda, John M. Huthnance Jan 2011

Numerical Simulations Of Dense Water Cascading On A Steep Slope, Fred Wobus, Georgy I. Shapiro, Miguel A. M. Maqueda, John M. Huthnance

Journal of Marine Research

The sinking of dense shelf waters down the continental slope (or "cascading") contributes to oceanic water mass formation and carbon cycling. Cascading over steep bottom topography is studied here in numerical experiments using POLCOMS, a 3-D ocean circulation model using a terrain-following s-coordinate system. The model setup is based on a laboratory experiment of a continuous dense water flow from a central source on a conical slope in a rotating tank. The governing parameters of the experiments are the density difference between plume and ambient water, the flow rate, the speed of rotation and (in the model) diffusivity and …

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Impacts On The Global Ocean Circulation From Vertical Mixing And A Collapsing Ice Sheet, J. A. M. Green, G. R. Bigg Jan 2011

Impacts On The Global Ocean Circulation From Vertical Mixing And A Collapsing Ice Sheet, J. A. M. Green, G. R. Bigg

Journal of Marine Research

The current view of the global meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is one where the Atlantic is a dominant basin for deep water formation, but with the potential for bipolar seesaws between the Southern Ocean and the North Atlantic during catastrophic freshening events in either hemisphere. Here we investigate the stability of this paradigm through the response of an intermediate complexity coupled climate model, set in an oceanically more sensitive glacial configuration, to variation in the vertical mixing rates. It is found that the convective basin is set by the upper ocean diffusivity, with higher such diffusivities leading to a Pacific-dominated …

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The Decadal Mean Ocean Circulation And Sverdrup Balance, Carl Wunsch Jan 2011

The Decadal Mean Ocean Circulation And Sverdrup Balance, Carl Wunsch

Journal of Marine Research

Elementary Sverdrup balance is tested in the context of the time-average of a 16-year duration time-varying ocean circulation estimate employing the great majority of global-scale data available between 1992 and 2007. The time-average circulation exhibits all of the conventional major features as depicted both through its absolute surface topography and vertically integrated transport stream function. Important small-scale features of the time average only become apparent, however, in the time-average vertical velocity, whether near the surface or in the abyss. In testing Sverdrup balance, the requirement is made that there should be a mid-water column depth where the magnitude of the …

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Ocean Stratification Under Oscillatory Surface Buoyancy Forcing, Ross W. Griffiths, Nicola Maher, Graham O. Hughes Jan 2011

Ocean Stratification Under Oscillatory Surface Buoyancy Forcing, Ross W. Griffiths, Nicola Maher, Graham O. Hughes

Journal of Marine Research

Laboratory experiments with overturning circulation driven by oscillatory heat fluxes at one boundary are used to explore implications, for the ocean stratification, of a cyclic fluctuation in sea-surface buoyancy forcing. Fluctuations having a range of periods spanning the timescale for global recycling of the ocean volume through the thermocline are considered, with emphasis on inter-hemispheric 'see-saw' oscillations. Episodic sinking of dense water in the oceans is represented by convection in a channel with a base that is cooled over a central region and subjected to oscillatory heating near both ends, while providing a constant total heat input. For this simplified …

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Submesoscale Generation By Boundaries, W. K. Dewar, Pavel Berloff, Andrew Mcc. Hogg Jan 2011

Submesoscale Generation By Boundaries, W. K. Dewar, Pavel Berloff, Andrew Mcc. Hogg

Journal of Marine Research

An important dynamical question involves how oceanic balanced flows lose energy. Recent numerical and analytical studies suggest topography catalyzes energy exchanges between balanced flows and a variety of unbalanced phenomena, which presumably leads to dissipation. We here develop a general theory of inviscid balanced flow interactions with walls that predicts submesoscale and unbalanced flow generation. Comparison with primitive equation-based numerical experiments supports the basic tenets of the theory.

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A Pedagogical Example Of Eulerian And Lagrangian Flows Induced By Rossby Wave Rectification In An Ocean Basin, John Marshall Jan 2011

A Pedagogical Example Of Eulerian And Lagrangian Flows Induced By Rossby Wave Rectification In An Ocean Basin, John Marshall

Journal of Marine Research

The time-mean flow of eddying wind-driven gyres is used as a tutorial example of the relationship between Eulerian and Lagrangian mean flow. The Eulerian mean in the far field of the baroclinically unstable jet is shown to be well represented as the rectified flow of Rossby basin modes. The Stokes drift of particles released in the wave field all but cancel out the Eulerian mean, resulting in vanishingly small Lagrangian mean flow. By reformulating the interaction between eddies and mean flow in terms of, so-called, residual mean velocities and residual eddy fluxes, it becomes clear that only the component of …

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Defining The Spicity, Rui Xin Huang Jan 2011

Defining The Spicity, Rui Xin Huang

Journal of Marine Research

Spicity is defined as a thermodynamic variable whose isopleths are 'perpendicular” to those of density in the (T, S) diagram. A new set of Matlab codes are defined based on the following criteria: First, the isopleths of spicity should be orthogonal to those of density. Second, the ocean is vertically separated into many pressure levels, and the zero point of spicity is set for the water mass with the mean salinity and temperature at each pressure level. This new definition of spicity can provide more accurate information of the water mass properties for the study of thermohaline perturbations.

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Penetration Of A Salinity Front Into A Rotating Basin: Laboratory Experiments And A Simple Theory, O. Marchal, J. A. Whitehead, A. Jensen Jan 2011

Penetration Of A Salinity Front Into A Rotating Basin: Laboratory Experiments And A Simple Theory, O. Marchal, J. A. Whitehead, A. Jensen

Journal of Marine Research

Freshwater is released along a wall of a basin containing salt water and rotating anticlockwise. The freshwater source is located near the surface between the center of the cylindrical basin and a corner along the wall. Experiments are performed with different discharge rates and the same rotation rate. The freshwater initially forms a bulge near the source, and then a buoyant gravity current bends to the right and flows along the wall toward the periphery of the basin. Separation of the current at the corner is never observed. The salinity front along the wall moves persistently away from the wall …

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Salt Flux In A Laboratory Model Estuary, R. Krishnamurti, T. N. Krishnamurti Jan 2011

Salt Flux In A Laboratory Model Estuary, R. Krishnamurti, T. N. Krishnamurti

Journal of Marine Research

Motivated by recent field observations, a laboratory model estuary experiment was conducted for the study of its flow and stratification. We find that a small inflow of cold freshwater, on top of warm saline water can lead to a large counter flow in the lower layer. This counter flow is part of a large aspect ratio convective cell driven by the horizontally varying diffusive cooling from above. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurement of the Reynolds stresses associated with transient tilted plumes embedded in this convective cell show that the viscous dissipation of the large-scale cellular flow is largely balanced by …

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Thermohaline Convection At Density Ratios Below One: A New Regime For Salt Fingers, Raymond W. Schmitt Jan 2011

Thermohaline Convection At Density Ratios Below One: A New Regime For Salt Fingers, Raymond W. Schmitt

Journal of Marine Research

New experimental results on haline convection show a surprising preference for narrow fingers over large-scale convection when even a small stabilizing temperature gradient is present (Hage and Tilgner, 2010). This regime has heat/salt density ratios below one, a parameter range that has not been explored in traditional salt finger theory. Here the properties of the exact (long finger) solutions of Schmitt (1979, 1983) are explored at low density ratios. It is found that narrow finger solutions are indeed obtained and remain the fastest growing in some circumstances, though the selective advantage of the “Stern scale” can disappear as the density …

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Mean-Flow And Topographic Control On Surface Eddy-Mixing In The Southern Ocean, J. B. Sallée, K. Speer, S. R. Rintoul Jan 2011

Mean-Flow And Topographic Control On Surface Eddy-Mixing In The Southern Ocean, J. B. Sallée, K. Speer, S. R. Rintoul

Journal of Marine Research

Surface cross-stream eddy diffusion in the Southern Ocean is estimated by monitoring dispersion of particles numerically advected with observed satellite altimetry velocity fields. To gain statistical significance and accuracy in the resolution of the jets, more than 1,5 million particles are released every 6 months over 16 years and advected for one year. Results are analyzed in a dynamic height coordinate system. Cross-stream eddy diffusion is highly inhomogenous. Diffusivity is larger on the equatorward flank of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) along eddy stagnation bands, where eddy displacement speed approaches zero. Along such bands, diffusivities reach typical values of 3500 …

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Foam Patches Behind Spilling Breakers, J. Stewart Turner, Ian L. Turner Jan 2011

Foam Patches Behind Spilling Breakers, J. Stewart Turner, Ian L. Turner

Journal of Marine Research

Previous theoretical and laboratory studies of spilling breakers on a beach are described and discussed, paying particular attention to models that emphasize the importance of air bubbles in the spill. At first such a spill forms at a sharp crest, and accelerates down the front of the wave as it propagates towards the shore. Then the crest becomes more rounded and this allows part of the aerated water to flow backwards over or under the crest, leaving a foam patch behind. Laboratory experiments in channels of constant width have documented many features of these flows. But recent new observations on …

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South Atlantic Overturning Circulation At 24°S, Harry L. Bryden, Brian A. King, Gerard D. Mccarthy Jan 2011

South Atlantic Overturning Circulation At 24°S, Harry L. Bryden, Brian A. King, Gerard D. Mccarthy

Journal of Marine Research

To estimate the size of the meridional overturning circulation and the meridional heat and freshwater transports in the South Atlantic, we made a new transatlantic hydrographic section along 24°S in 2009 and we compare the resulting transports with those estimated for a historical section made in 1983. For the two sections, the overturning is estimated to be 21.5 Sv (2009) or 16.5 Sv (1983), the heat transport is northward at 0.7 PW (2009) or 0.4 PW (1983), and the freshwater transport is small but northward at 0.04 Sv (2009) or 0.17 Sv (1983). The differences in transports are primarily due …

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Role Of The Southern Ocean In Setting The Atlantic Stratification And Meridional Overturning Circulation, Igor Kamenkovich, Timour Radko Jan 2011

Role Of The Southern Ocean In Setting The Atlantic Stratification And Meridional Overturning Circulation, Igor Kamenkovich, Timour Radko

Journal of Marine Research

This study examines the importance of the Southern Ocean (SO) stratification in determining the upper cell of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) and stratification. Main results are based on a suite of idealized numerical simulations of the Atlantic with the prescribed density structure at the Atlantic southern boundary, intended to explore the importance of various factors. The results demonstrate that the density distribution at the SO-Atlantic boundary is the key factor controlling the Atlantic stratification and MOC, whereas the main importance of the Ekman and eddy (parameterized) exchanges is in setting the SO stratification. Among all aspects of the …

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