Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (1562)
- Education (1202)
- Business (1001)
- Leadership Studies (778)
- Educational Leadership (530)
-
- Psychology (502)
- Arts and Humanities (452)
- Business Administration, Management, and Operations (386)
- Higher Education (323)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (310)
- Organizational Behavior and Theory (297)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (235)
- Religion (210)
- Sociology (208)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (166)
- Industrial and Organizational Psychology (164)
- Teacher Education and Professional Development (163)
- Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods (150)
- Communication (148)
- Human Resources Management (115)
- Christianity (106)
- Organization Development (106)
- Curriculum and Instruction (98)
- Higher Education Administration (97)
- Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies (90)
- Social Psychology (77)
- Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research (74)
- Law (71)
- Other Education (70)
- Nursing (67)
- Institution
-
- Walden University (417)
- Liberty University (202)
- Pepperdine University (200)
- Antioch University (147)
- Nova Southeastern University (126)
-
- University of Richmond (89)
- Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing (88)
- UMass Global (75)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (73)
- Asbury Theological Seminary (68)
- Fort Hays State University (61)
- Andrews University (53)
- University of San Diego (51)
- Edith Cowan University (38)
- Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (38)
- Old Dominion University (38)
- Utah State University (36)
- Abilene Christian University (34)
- Case Western Reserve University (34)
- Singapore Management University (34)
- Western Kentucky University (33)
- Valparaiso University (32)
- Claremont Colleges (30)
- Clemson University (30)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (30)
- Brigham Young University (29)
- George Fox University (29)
- Georgia Southern University (28)
- Seton Hall University (28)
- University of South Florida (28)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (402)
- Theses and Dissertations (303)
- Dissertations (210)
- Doctoral Dissertations and Projects (184)
- Antioch University Dissertations & Theses (147)
-
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (97)
- Academic Leadership: The Online Journal (2003-2012) (50)
- ATS Dissertations (46)
- Honors Theses (40)
- Student Scholarship (32)
- The Journal of Values-Based Leadership (32)
- Faculty Publications (28)
- Abraham S. Fischler College of Education and School of Criminal Justice College Archive (27)
- Doctoral Dissertations (26)
- Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters and other publications (25)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (23)
- All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations (22)
- Biennial Convention (CONV) (22)
- International Bulletin of Political Psychology (21)
- Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business (20)
- Syllabi (20)
- C. William Pollard Papers (19)
- Journal of Applied Christian Leadership (19)
- Master's Theses (19)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (18)
- Organization Management Journal (18)
- CMC Senior Theses (17)
- Department of Agricultural Leadership, Education, and Communication: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research (17)
- Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations (17)
- All Student Scholarship (16)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 3001 - 3030 of 3928
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
2012-2013 Farquhar Forum, Farquhar College Of Arts And Sciences
2012-2013 Farquhar Forum, Farquhar College Of Arts And Sciences
The Farquhar Forum College Magazine
No abstract provided.
Factors Influencing Nonprofit Leaders' Intention To Build Capacity, Kimberley Brown
Factors Influencing Nonprofit Leaders' Intention To Build Capacity, Kimberley Brown
All Dissertations
ABSTRACT
Examining attitudes, norms and behavioral control perceptions can aid in predicting the strength of a person's intentions to engage in any kind of major effort, including nonprofit capacity building, according to Aizen's Theory of Planned Behavior (Aizen, 1991, 2002a, 2006). The purpose of this research was to determine whether the attitudes, norms, and perceived behavioral control beliefs of 470 nonprofit leaders' past and future organizational capacity building had significance in explaining their stated intentions to build capacity. It also sought to determine what respondent and organization characteristics, the presence or absence of trust relationships, board governance practices, and organizational …
Entrepreneurship, Professionalism, Leadership: A Framework And Measure For Understanding Boundaryless Careers, Kim-Yin Chan, Moon-Ho R. Ho, Oleksandr S. Chernyshenko, Olwen Bedford, Marilyn A. Uy, David M. Gomulya, Y. L. Sam, Wei Ming J. Phan
Entrepreneurship, Professionalism, Leadership: A Framework And Measure For Understanding Boundaryless Careers, Kim-Yin Chan, Moon-Ho R. Ho, Oleksandr S. Chernyshenko, Olwen Bedford, Marilyn A. Uy, David M. Gomulya, Y. L. Sam, Wei Ming J. Phan
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
We propose a person-centered framework for conceptualizing subjective careers in an increasingly boundaryless work context. Specifically, we argue that entrepreneurship, professionalism, and leadership (EPL) can serve as three key dimensions of subjective career space. We relate this framework to earlier macro-level national and organizational career models proposed by Kanter (1989) and Schein (1978). Our empirical study involving 10,326 Singaporean university students demonstrated that entrepreneurial, professional, and leadership career aspirations (including motivations, efficacies, and intentions) can be measured independently, that these career dimensions are independent of vocational interests, and that they are to some degree viewed as competing career alternatives. We …
The Leadership Of Sustainable Cities: A Multiple-Case Study Of Two Oregon Cities, Kenneth L. Weaver
The Leadership Of Sustainable Cities: A Multiple-Case Study Of Two Oregon Cities, Kenneth L. Weaver
Department of Agricultural Leadership, Education, and Communication: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research
In order for cities to become more sustainable it is necessary for the leaders of the efforts to change the organizations and governments so that they understand and embrace what it means to be more sustainable. This study examined the change processes of two Oregon Cities, Corvallis and Eugene, that had made the choice to become more sustainable as a community. The approaches that the participant leaders used demonstrated the use of different ways of thinking about the leadership of change. The ways of thinking of the community leaders were formed by their unique personal backgrounds, knowledge, skills, and abilities. …
Regional Differences In Preferences For Managerial Leader Behavior In China, Romie F. Littrell, Ilan Alon, Ka Wai Chan
Regional Differences In Preferences For Managerial Leader Behavior In China, Romie F. Littrell, Ilan Alon, Ka Wai Chan
Faculty Publications
This study demonstrates the complexities of analyzing determinants of cultural differences between and within national cultures. Ralston, Yu, Wang, Terpstra, and He (1996) investigated geographic regional differences in values in China, finding significant differences among the regions. This study investigates geographic regional differences in preferred managerial leader behavior in four provinces. In 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 the Leadership Behavior Description Questionnaire XII (LBDQ XII) was administered to people working in business organization in Zhengzhou City, Henan Province; Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province; Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province; and in the Macau Special Administrative Region, in the Peoples’ Republic of China. Significant …
Invisible Ink: An Analysis Of Meaning Contained In Gender, Race, Performance, And Power Discourses, Susan A. Griggs
Invisible Ink: An Analysis Of Meaning Contained In Gender, Race, Performance, And Power Discourses, Susan A. Griggs
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The number of females in senior level leadership positions in higher education is substantially fewer than males. Yet female students in these same institutions represent over half the population (National Center for Educational Statistics, 2010). The leadership gender gap is a phenomenon that has undergone numerous studies in search of reasons and solutions. Yet the gap remains. One cause of the underrepresentation of women in higher education leadership is ideological views regarding gender and leadership that result in stereotypes regarding who qualifies for leadership, what leadership behaviors are deemed best, who exhibits those behaviors, and what happens when those stereotypes …
Leading Schools Through A Generational Lens: Perceptions Of Principals' Change Leadership Disaggregated By Principal Generation, Matthew Scott Kuhn
Leading Schools Through A Generational Lens: Perceptions Of Principals' Change Leadership Disaggregated By Principal Generation, Matthew Scott Kuhn
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this descriptive quantitative study was to investigate possible differences in school leadership within a change process, as perceived by teachers. Grouped by generation, this study investigated principals’ perceptions of change order and that of their teachers, as well as how their teachers perceived their principal’s leadership capacity when leading 1st and 2nd order change. This was done by analyzing data from Mid-continent for Education and Learning’s Balanced Leadership Profile®. McREL surveyed principals about the order of school change initiatives and their capacity to lead change. McREL also surveyed teachers about the 1st and 2 …
Promoting Students’ Creativity At Research Universities In Malaysia, M. Afshari, S. Ghavifekr, W. Ayoufu
Promoting Students’ Creativity At Research Universities In Malaysia, M. Afshari, S. Ghavifekr, W. Ayoufu
Research Publications (2011 to 2015)
Creativity is an important element in the development of educational organizations. Although many variables influence students’ creativity in universities, there is reason to suspect that leadership behaviours’ of lecturers represent a particularly powerful influence. In this study, we examined leadership behaviours contributing to enhancing students’ creativity. Findings of this study indicated that leadership behaviours of lectures such as idealized influence, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, technical skills, and involvement may influence students’ creativity both directly and indirectly. Their leadership behaviours may nurture or stifle students’ creative potential. The implications of these findings for theory and practice are discussed.
The Effects Of Organizational Leadership On Strategic Internal Communication And Employee Outcomes, Linjuan Men
The Effects Of Organizational Leadership On Strategic Internal Communication And Employee Outcomes, Linjuan Men
Open Access Dissertations
This dissertation aimed to establish the linkage between strategic leadership, internal communication practice and employee outcomes. In particular, it examined the effect of organizational transformational and authentic leadership on internal symmetrical and transparent communication as well as employee outcomes, indicated by organization-employee relationship, perceived organizational reputation and employee engagement. Engagement, believed to be a new paradigm of public relations practice in the new age of social media, was examined as an ultimate outcome of strategic communication associated with relationships and reputation. Through an on-line survey of 402 employees working in large and medium corporations in the United States and the …
Sassin' Through Sadhana': Learned Leadership Journeys Of Black Women In Holistic Practices, Rachel Panton
Sassin' Through Sadhana': Learned Leadership Journeys Of Black Women In Holistic Practices, Rachel Panton
Communication, Media, and Arts Faculty Book and Book Chapters
Women of color, especially Black women, are underrepresented in the extant literature and research of adult development and mind, body, spirit leadership. This in-depth qualitative portraiture study explored the lives of three Black women who have been leading their communities as adult educators of mind, body, spirit practices. This examination seeks to extend the research on Black female adult development and learning to include those who are guiding their respective communities through Yoruba, Yoga, and Christian-based holistic practices by addressing these questions: How have their spiritual/religious practices changed from childhood? What was their preparation for their current teaching practice like? …
How Far Can I Trust You? The Impact Of Distance And Cultural Values On Leaders’ Trustworthiness, Michelle C. Bligh
How Far Can I Trust You? The Impact Of Distance And Cultural Values On Leaders’ Trustworthiness, Michelle C. Bligh
CGU Faculty Publications and Research
Employees' level of trust in leaders has long been deemed an important key to successful organizational dynamics and performance. Utilizing survey data, the current study investigates differences in levels of trust between one's immediate manager and the organization's top leadership, the impact of individualism/collectivism on these levels of trust, and the influence of leader-follower distance on leadership trust. Results revealed higher levels of trust for direct leaders than organizational leaders among the U.S. sample. While individualism/collectivism was not found to significantly affect levels of leadership trust, perceptions of less leadership distance had a positive impact on levels of leadership trust.
The Effect Of General Versus Specific Coworker In Directions On Fiedler's Least Preferred Coworker Scale, Derrick Lottes
The Effect Of General Versus Specific Coworker In Directions On Fiedler's Least Preferred Coworker Scale, Derrick Lottes
Masters Theses & Specialist Projects
This study explored the effect of directions on the Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) scale; specifically, this study tested whether thinking of a generalized least preferred coworker (General LPC) would yield lower scores compared to thinking of a specific least preferred coworker (Specific LPC). The data supported this hypothesis as responses to the General LPC yielded more critical LPC scores than did responses to the Specific LPC. The hypothesis that thinking of a generalized least preferred coworker would yield more stable result than would thinking of a specific least preferred coworker was not supported. Finally, the hypothesis that LPC scores would …
Eat More Chicken And Lead More People: Perceived Measures Of Servant Leadership At Chick-Fil-A, Michael Mishler
Eat More Chicken And Lead More People: Perceived Measures Of Servant Leadership At Chick-Fil-A, Michael Mishler
Masters Theses
This present study used survey data from 31 employees working at 2 Chick-fil-A locations to assess the supervisor's perceived level of supervisor's level of servant leadership and how the level (a) affects coworker's perceptions of performance, (b) job satisfaction, and (c) relational trust amongst coworkers. The participants ranged in ages from 18-50. The average age for the participants was 26. The data for the study was collected through the distribution of surveys to individuals who currently work at Chick-fil-A. The two selected locations were approximately 300 miles apart in Virginia. The study employed quantitative research methods in order to collect …
Leadership Styles And School Performance: Is There A Gender Difference In Expectations For Teachers, Iris Denise Magee
Leadership Styles And School Performance: Is There A Gender Difference In Expectations For Teachers, Iris Denise Magee
Dissertations
In this paper, the research on the perceptions of gender differences in leadership styles is explored. The study also attempts to determine whether there are differences in overall school performance for male versus female school principals. The methodology involved a mixed-model ANOVA analysis of findings from 31 principals and 236 teachers across elementary, middle, and high school. This study revealed no significant differences in overall school performance or in the relationship between gender and leadership style for male versus female principals. The paper culminates in a series of recommendations for future research and policies and procedures.
Leadership And Innovative Environment In Organizations, Xiaojuan Xia
Leadership And Innovative Environment In Organizations, Xiaojuan Xia
Master's Theses or Doctor of Nursing Practice
This article examines the relationship between leader-follower friendships and the innovative environment in organizations. The results of the study reveal that leader-follower friendships are positively related to the measurements of innovative environment. Organizations with an innovative environment exhibit strong overall leader-follower friendships. Measures of leader-follower friendships are obtained from Boyd and Taylor's developmental approach to the examination of friendships between leaders and followers. In order to find out the determinations of an innovative environment, this paper reviews the work of Van der Sluis, Baldridge, Burnham, Bharadwaj, Menon, McLean, and others. The article synthesizes the literature, and lists the factors that …
Relationship Between Cultural Intelligence And Leadership, Lu Yang
Relationship Between Cultural Intelligence And Leadership, Lu Yang
Master's Theses or Doctor of Nursing Practice
The study investigates the prediction that the higher cultural intelligence competencies, the more effective leadership. Multiple regression analysis of data from 14 managers in the United States and 71 managers in China report several relationships between the cultural intelligence competencies and effective leadership. The study focused on the relationships of each dimension of the Cultural Intelligence Scale (CQS), Metacognitive (ME), Cognitive (C), Motivational (MO) and Behavioral (B), to each dimension of the Leadership Behavior Inventory: Visualizing Greatness (VG), Empowering the ―We‖ (WE), Communicating for Meaning (CM), Managing Oneself (MOS), and Care and Recognition (CR). Analysis indicated that there are significant …
The Effectiveness Of A Community College's Grow Your Own (Gyo) Leadership Development Program, Cynthia Seiss Rowan
The Effectiveness Of A Community College's Grow Your Own (Gyo) Leadership Development Program, Cynthia Seiss Rowan
Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs)
.
"It Was Beautiful, But It Wasn't Supposed To Be There": Spirituality In The Work Lives Of Higher Education Administrative Leaders, Laura Beer
Dissertations
No abstract provided.
Role Of Communication And Listening In Leadership, Kae Van Engen
Role Of Communication And Listening In Leadership, Kae Van Engen
Faculty Work Comprehensive List
In our world today, leadership is important in many organizations. Leaders create the opportunity to develop relationships based on listening. Listening is a multidimensional construct that requires further integration within leadership studies. This study aimed to seek the validity of focusing on listening within the study of leadership. The research promotes the understanding of the verbal and nonverbal characteristics of the listening process that have the greatest ability to influence a person’s leadership potential, as well as examining what leadership characteristics can influence a person’s listening. Understanding these characteristics presents evidence that listening deserves the recognition to be studied as …
The Construct Development Of Spiritual Leadership, Emily Rachael Lean
The Construct Development Of Spiritual Leadership, Emily Rachael Lean
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Although the past decade has shown a growing interest in workplace spirituality in the leadership and organizational literature, research in the area of spiritual leadership, is still in its infancy. The goal of this study was to delineate the construct of spiritual leadership and to provide theoretical guidelines for future research. A conceptual definition of spiritual leadership is offered in addition to a list of behaviors relevant to a spiritual leader. This study was the first of its kind to take into account the knowledge and opinions of both academic and practitioner subject matter experts. Furthermore, with regard to developing …
Generativity In Young Adults: Comparing And Explaining The Impact Of Mentoring, Lindsay J. Hastings
Generativity In Young Adults: Comparing And Explaining The Impact Of Mentoring, Lindsay J. Hastings
Department of Educational Administration: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research
The purpose of this embedded explanatory sequential mixed methods study was to examine the impact of mentoring relationships on generativity in college students. Generativity refers to concern for establishing and guiding the next generation The first, quantitative phase compared generatvity levels among general college students, college student leaders who do not mentor, and college student leaders who mentor through a program called Nebraska Human Resources Institute (NHRI) at the University of Nebraska – Lincoln. Data were collected via surveys (N = 273) using the Loyola Generativity Scale (LGS), the Generativity Behavior Checklist (GBC), and the Personal Strivings measure. A multivariate …
How Leadership Can Influence Well-Being: The Roles Of Leader-Member Exchange And Social Support, Crystal Burnette
How Leadership Can Influence Well-Being: The Roles Of Leader-Member Exchange And Social Support, Crystal Burnette
All Theses
The present study examined how leadership can influence the impact of job demands on well-being by facilitating the development of known moderators of this relationship, such as social support. Direct and moderated relationships were proposed between job demands, leader-member exchange (LMX), supervisor social support, psychological well-being and emotional exhaustion. Data were collected from high-skilled employees and managers in a manufacturing plant in the People's Republic of China. Surveys were administered in two waves, allowing longitudinal relationships to be tested. As hypothesized, high-quality LMX relationships facilitated supervisor social support. Also as expected, supervisor social support had a direct positive relationship with …
Leadership, Complex Adaptive Systems, And Equivocality: The Role Of Managers In Emergent Change, Robert J. Blomme
Leadership, Complex Adaptive Systems, And Equivocality: The Role Of Managers In Emergent Change, Robert J. Blomme
Organization Management Journal
When managers are confronted with the necessity to change their organization owing to a turbulent and unpredictable environment, their change efforts are often not very successful. As managers are part of the change context itself, they have to act in a way that is different from the traditional role of the administrative leader to become successful change leaders. This article attempts to redefine organizational change using complexity theory and the work of Karl Weick and Ralph Stacey as a basis. Organizational change can be defined as emergent change in complex adaptive systems and is based on self-organizational principles. One important …
Leadership And The Psychology Of Awareness: Three Theoretical Approaches To Information Security Management, Robert Holmberg, Mikael Sundstrom
Leadership And The Psychology Of Awareness: Three Theoretical Approaches To Information Security Management, Robert Holmberg, Mikael Sundstrom
Organization Management Journal
The authors argue that information security management (ISM) would benefit from studies that examine the social and psychological mechanisms that, when in evidence, generate employee awareness of information security (IS)-related issues. Properly instilled, IS awareness has the power to engender a proactive wariness beyond mechanical guidelines, however detailed. To study how awareness travels in complex organizations, the authors devise a framework to catch mechanisms grounded in psychological and sociological theories. To illustrate the framework, the authors then turn to an empirical study of a medium-sized company where they sound out managers for definitions of IS and ISM; for initiatives intended …
Factors Contributing To Successful Transitions Into The Role Of A New Superintendency In Texas: A Mixed Methods Triangulation Convergence Inquiry, Nancy B. Jones
Administrative Issues Journal
The purpose of this study was to examine the factors contributing to a successful transition into the role of a new superintendency in Texas. A triangular designed mixed methodology with a convergence model was employed. The setting was urban, suburban, and rural school districts in Texas. The participants were superintendents of public school districts in Texas. Quantitative data were collected through the use of an electronic survey, while a focus group was conducted to collect the qualitative data. Participating superintendents indicated that the training and education they received had adequately prepared them for the role of a new superintendent and …
Magarpatta City: Farmers Direct Investment (Fdi), Amit Gupta, Sucheta Dalal, Debashis Basu, Amita Joseph
Magarpatta City: Farmers Direct Investment (Fdi), Amit Gupta, Sucheta Dalal, Debashis Basu, Amita Joseph
Working Papers
Magarpatta City covers 430 acres3 of land that was owned by about 120 farmer families with 800 individuals. These farmers joined together to form the Magarpatta Township Development and Construction Company Limited (MTDCCL) and developed the city, thereby realizing their dream of converting their land into a value-added finished product that gave them benefits and returns in perpetuity. Satish Magar is the de-facto leader of the group because of his educational accomplishments, political connections, largest land holding and the trust that the Magar community has in his leadership and ability to take them collectively to a point where all of …
Overcoming Obstacles: Women Entrepreneurs Taking The Lead In Nonprofit Businesses, Theresa Kedinger
Overcoming Obstacles: Women Entrepreneurs Taking The Lead In Nonprofit Businesses, Theresa Kedinger
Professional Projects
Few theoretical models clarify the ways in which a learning experience contributes to entrepreneurial behavior or directly pursuing entrepreneurism. The purpose of this research is to better recognize how women use values, motivations, and desires, through learning experiences, to start a nonprofit organization. Results reveal that, in order to increase the likelihood of females becoming entrepreneurs, they must put themselves in positions where they can have many different experiences. They must be willing to establish networks, overcome societal barriers as well as self-imposed barriers, and reflect upon the experiences they find themselves in, whether they are positive or negative. Such …
Identifying The Factors Influencing Professional Volunteer Leadership In The National Association Of Extension 4-H Agents, Alexa Lamm, Debbie Nistler, Nicole Stedman
Identifying The Factors Influencing Professional Volunteer Leadership In The National Association Of Extension 4-H Agents, Alexa Lamm, Debbie Nistler, Nicole Stedman
Journal of Extension
Many Extension professional associations have had trouble getting members to participate in national leadership opportunities. The study reported here examined the perception of members of a national Extension professional organization (NAE4-HA) regarding specific leadership actions. It found the single act of taking on a leadership position alters individuals' perceptions of leadership, directly driving their desires to be involved or not. Creating a sense of belonging and inclusiveness with the general membership can greatly improve the quality of the leadership experiences these individuals have, reinforcing their desire to affiliate and identify with being part of an association at the national level.
Extension Through A New Lens: Creativity And Innovation Now And For The Future, Karen Argabright, Jerry Mcguire, Jeff King
Extension Through A New Lens: Creativity And Innovation Now And For The Future, Karen Argabright, Jerry Mcguire, Jeff King
Journal of Extension
"How can Extension thrive, not just survive?" This question, posited by the 2010 Extension Committee on Organization and Policy (p.1), echoes the literature addressing change within Extension. In this literature, prominent themes emerge reflecting the need for an organizational cultural transformation, aligned with an opportunity for creativity and innovation. Today's rapidly changing social and economic environments oblige Extension to re-conceive the future through creative thinking and innovative action to reduce barriers to success. Embracing the process of creativity and innovation in our everyday organizational practice will unlock a vast number of new opportunities for Extension.
A Hermeneutical Phenomenological Study Of The Role Of New Secondary School Assistant Principals, David Stanton
A Hermeneutical Phenomenological Study Of The Role Of New Secondary School Assistant Principals, David Stanton
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This phenomenological study followed five secondary school assistant principals during the 2010-2011 school year. The participants range in age from their early 30s to early 50s, three of the participants serving as assistant principals in high schools; and two as assistant principals in middle schools. All five participants work in two school districts in Oakland County, Michigan, a suburban county northwest of Detroit and were promoted to administrative work within the past three years. The participants provided monthly calendars and journals along with discipline reports to demonstrate through their schedules, duties, and, most importantly, their own words, the experiences of …