Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Business (385)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (375)
- Education (360)
- Leadership Studies (188)
- Business Administration, Management, and Operations (176)
-
- Educational Leadership (169)
- Organizational Behavior and Theory (127)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (115)
- Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods (86)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (82)
- Psychology (77)
- Arts and Humanities (75)
- Higher Education (73)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (54)
- Communication (48)
- Human Resources Management (44)
- Teacher Education and Professional Development (44)
- Higher Education Administration (39)
- Sociology (36)
- Health and Medical Administration (35)
- Organization Development (33)
- Religion (33)
- Organizational Communication (29)
- Leadership (28)
- Library and Information Science (28)
- Public Administration (28)
- Industrial and Organizational Psychology (27)
- Nursing (24)
- Other Education (24)
- Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research (20)
- Institution
-
- Walden University (221)
- Pepperdine University (65)
- Liberty University (61)
- Asbury Theological Seminary (49)
- Antioch University (48)
-
- UMass Global (34)
- Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing (20)
- Nova Southeastern University (18)
- Fort Hays State University (17)
- University of Kentucky (17)
- Andrews University (15)
- Seton Hall University (15)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (14)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (14)
- National Louis University (13)
- University of San Diego (13)
- Case Western Reserve University (12)
- Abilene Christian University (11)
- James Madison University (10)
- Old Dominion University (10)
- The University of San Francisco (10)
- Valparaiso University (10)
- Grand Valley State University (9)
- University of New Hampshire (9)
- University of South Florida (9)
- Western Kentucky University (9)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (8)
- Chapman University (7)
- Concordia University St. Paul (7)
- East Tennessee State University (7)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (216)
- Theses and Dissertations (92)
- Dissertations (75)
- Doctoral Dissertations and Projects (57)
- Antioch University Dissertations & Theses (48)
-
- Syllabi (38)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (31)
- Academic Leadership: The Online Journal (2003-2012) (14)
- ATS Dissertations (11)
- Doctoral Dissertations (11)
- Student Scholarship (11)
- The Journal of Values-Based Leadership (10)
- Faculty Publications (9)
- M.S. in Leadership (8)
- Organization Management Journal (8)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (8)
- Biennial Convention (CONV) (7)
- Journal of Extension (7)
- Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs) (7)
- Theses and Dissertations--Educational Leadership Studies (7)
- Educational Leadership & Workforce Development Theses & Dissertations (6)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (6)
- International Nursing Research Congress (INRC) (6)
- Publications (6)
- Theses & Dissertations (6)
- UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations (6)
- All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations (5)
- CUP Ed.D. Dissertations (5)
- Dissertations, 2014-2019 (5)
- Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024) (5)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 841 - 870 of 1163
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Developing T-Shaped Water Professionals: Building Capacity In Collaboration, Learning, And Leadership To Drive Innovation, Brian S. Mcintosh, Andre Taylor
Developing T-Shaped Water Professionals: Building Capacity In Collaboration, Learning, And Leadership To Drive Innovation, Brian S. Mcintosh, Andre Taylor
Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education
As we progress into the 21 st century, change is an increasingly central theme for water professionals and for professionals in sectors where water plays a central role. Building the capacity of professionals in water and closely related sectors to lead such change will be an essential component of the response to global water challenges this century. This paper provides a contribution by critically developing a concept, the T-shaped water professional, as a framework for the design of curricula for educational programs to build the capacity of water professionals to stimulate and drive processes of innovation and change. The T-shaped …
Developing T-Shaped Water Professionals: Building Capacity In Collaboration, Learning, And Leadership To Drive Innovation, Brian S. Mcintosh, Andre Taylor
Developing T-Shaped Water Professionals: Building Capacity In Collaboration, Learning, And Leadership To Drive Innovation, Brian S. Mcintosh, Andre Taylor
Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education
As we progress into the 21 st century, change is an increasingly central theme for water professionals and for professionals in sectors where water plays a central role. Building the capacity of professionals in water and closely related sectors to lead such change will be an essential component of the response to global water challenges this century. This paper provides a contribution by critically developing a concept, the T-shaped water professional, as a framework for the design of curricula for educational programs to build the capacity of water professionals to stimulate and drive processes of innovation and change. The T-shaped …
A Review Of Business Communication Under The Leadership Function, Clive Muir
A Review Of Business Communication Under The Leadership Function, Clive Muir
Faculty Publications
An effective way to perpetuate an academic discipline is to identify and to define its intellectual and historical roots, then to set such roots in the foundation textbooks and courses of the discipline. In that regard, Business Communication still struggles to establish its roots when compared to other disciplines in business schools, particularly Management. For this study, we undertook an extensive review of significant scholarly works on Business Communication as a discipline. We discovered there are prevalent themes in the broader context of rhetoric, technology, culture, dissemination, and impression; and this was confirmed by our examining the tables of contents …
Training, Development & Leadership: The Need For And Feasibility Of Establishing A Commercial Banking Development Program Inside A Mid-Size Bank Headquartered In The Upper Midwest, Jolene J. Wall
Theses and Graduate Projects
The purpose of this study was to explore the need for and feasibility of establishing a Commercial Banker development program inside a mid-size Bank located in the upper Midwest. Organizations could be facing a talent shortage in the coming years as the Baby Boomer generation begins to retire. Organizations are looking for ways to develop future employees to fill employment gaps. Many organizations today are utilizing internship programs as a tool for new employee development. Internship programs allow organizations to recruit top talent from local universities, while keeping traditional recruiting and onboarding costs contained. lnternship programs are currently being utilized …
Work Group Composition Effects On Leadership Styles In Aircraft Manufacturing Organizations., Monica Lynn Dunnagan
Work Group Composition Effects On Leadership Styles In Aircraft Manufacturing Organizations., Monica Lynn Dunnagan
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
leadership styles
homogeneous versus heterogeneous
manufacturing leaders
contractor workforce
A Framework Of Critical Success Factors For Business Organizations That Lead To Performance Excellence Based On A Financial And Quality Systems Assessment., Melissa Francisco
A Framework Of Critical Success Factors For Business Organizations That Lead To Performance Excellence Based On A Financial And Quality Systems Assessment., Melissa Francisco
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
One of the most important tasks that business leaders undertake in order to achieve a superior market position is strategic planning. Beyond this obligation, business owners desire to maximize profit and maintain steady growth. In order to do this, resources must be invested in the most efficient way possible in order to achieve performance excellence. Adjusting business operations quickly, however, especially in times of economic uncertainty, is extremely difficult. Business leaders therefore need insight into which elements of organizational improvement are most effective in order to strategically invest their resources to achieve superior performance in the most efficient way possible. …
Capacities Facilitating School Change Involving Project-Based Learning At The Middle School Level, Lee Shane Browder
Capacities Facilitating School Change Involving Project-Based Learning At The Middle School Level, Lee Shane Browder
All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations
With schools continuing to fall short of No Child Left Behind standards and with future challenges just around the corner, educators must identify and make positive changes in schools. Researchers must work to recognize and exhibit how student achievement is fostered and inform educators of options on how to move in a positive direction according to research. The purpose of this qualitative, multiple-site case study was to examine what capacity-building factors were in middle schools identified as successfully implementing project-based learning. This study focused on the capacities that are consistently implemented leading to successful school change with the Schools to …
Critical Competencies Needed For Successful Outside Sales Managers: A Delphi Study, Christie Cooper
Critical Competencies Needed For Successful Outside Sales Managers: A Delphi Study, Christie Cooper
Theses and Dissertations
As the world is rapidly advancing in technology and organizations are changing to become flatter, leaner, more efficient and more profitable it is critical for leaders and managers to keep their skills relevant to the world. In particular, outside sales managers once thought if they were outstanding performers as a sales person the next logical promotion would be to an outside sales manager. Therefore, it is vital to the success of an organization and the human capital in the organization, that leaders, in particular outside sales managers, have the necessary skills or competencies to be successful. The purpose of this …
Wheel Of Innovation : How Leaders' Attitudes And Behaviors Drive Disruptive Technology In The U.S. Navy, Eddy Wayne Witzel
Wheel Of Innovation : How Leaders' Attitudes And Behaviors Drive Disruptive Technology In The U.S. Navy, Eddy Wayne Witzel
Dissertations
Problem and Purpose
Innovative solutions in national defense are needed to respond to national security threats in our uncertain environment. Leader attitudes and behaviors have a substantial impact on innovation. Unfortunately we did not completely understand the effect of leader attitudes and behaviors on innovation and the team dynamics that lead to innovation, especially in the military. The purpose of this study was to determine how leadership attitudes and behaviors contribute to product innovation within the U.S. Navy and how leadership emerges within this complex adaptive system of innovation.
Method
The research was a qualitative design based on a multiple …
Exploring The Influence Of Academic Technology Professionals In Higher Education, Stephanie Glick
Exploring The Influence Of Academic Technology Professionals In Higher Education, Stephanie Glick
Theses and Dissertations
Academic Technology (AT) is a fast growing field that deserves attention given its dynamic nature and impact on educational practices. The field has evolved from information technology to concentrate on advancing technology to enhance teaching and learning. Yet, the field appears to be insufficiently mature or defined making it difficult for AT professionals to be categorized and characterized or to fully understand their changing roles. There is uncertainty as to the roles, responsibilities and positions of AT professionals both within and outside of the field. Research in this area is minimal and highlights the need for strategic action to support …
Perceived Barriers To Technology Integration, Adam J. Hartley
Perceived Barriers To Technology Integration, Adam J. Hartley
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
This mixed-methods study explores the potential barriers to change related to the integration of technology among elementary teachers. Data were collected through the use of a survey, interviews, and focus groups. The Concerns-Based Adoption Model (CBAM) developed by Hall and Hord (2001) was used to capture teacher perceptions of the technology integration. Additional qualitative data were gathered through an open-ended questionnaire, and followed up with interviews and a focus group with eight teachers from the district studied. Two teachers, from each of the four elementary buildings within the school district, were chosen. The population of this study consisted of approximately …
Leadership Characteristics And Practices Of American Association Of School Administrators (Aasa) Superintendents Of The Year And Finalists, Doris Lynette Crawford
Leadership Characteristics And Practices Of American Association Of School Administrators (Aasa) Superintendents Of The Year And Finalists, Doris Lynette Crawford
Online Theses and Dissertations
Houston (2007) concluded, "To preserve the possibilities for our children requires leadership, and that leadership is also a critical condition for success. While the educational journey takes place in the classroom and school, the trip is planned, the fuel is acquired, and the steering is done in the superintendent's office" (p. 432). The purpose of this study was to determine the key characteristics and practices needed by school district superintendents to meet the demands of this position in the twenty-first century. The key characteristics were identified by exemplary superintendents who had been recognized for their effectiveness. 55% of the population …
A Curricular Reform Viewed Through Bolman And Deal’S Organizational Frames, Lucinda J. Lyon, Nader A. Nadershahi, A. Nattestad, P. Kachalia, Daniel A. Hammer
A Curricular Reform Viewed Through Bolman And Deal’S Organizational Frames, Lucinda J. Lyon, Nader A. Nadershahi, A. Nattestad, P. Kachalia, Daniel A. Hammer
All Dugoni School of Dentistry Faculty Articles
Professions exist to serve the needs of society, communities and, in the case of the dental profession, patients. Academic dental institutions strive to help meet these needs by educating and developing future practitioners, educators, researchers, and citizen leaders who serve the community and shape the changing environment in which they practice and provide care. The American Dental Association Commission on Change and Innovation affirms, “If dental educators are to meet these purposes, change and innovation in dental education must be responsive to evolving societal needs, practice patterns, scientific developments, and economic conditions”(Haden, et al., 2006). Guiding any institution through such …
The Role Of Followership During Periods Of Absent Leadership, Robert Alan Leonard
The Role Of Followership During Periods Of Absent Leadership, Robert Alan Leonard
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
With a culture focused on leadership, the purpose in this study was to explore untested assumptions about followers and their being ignored as independent productive actors in the workplace. The lived experience of followers and their impact on the success or failure of organizations during periods of absent leadership was explored via 4 independent situations. A qualitative, phenomenological research design based primarily on the theoretical framework of Moustakas and the research design of Patton guided the study. The 3 key research questions were explored with regard to followers during periods of absent leadership: how they respond, what actions they take …
Leading Under Pressure, Coping Practices Of Executives: A Mixed Methods Study, Darlene Thomas
Leading Under Pressure, Coping Practices Of Executives: A Mixed Methods Study, Darlene Thomas
Theses and Dissertations
Work-related stress continues is the largest contributor to the rise in insurance cost for most organizations (Dewe, O'Driscoll, & Cooper, 2010). The biopharmaceutical industry is no exception. Today's leaders must focus on efficiencies, cost reduction, and organization performance while restructuring the organization to do more with less, which can create tremendous stress. This research explored coping strategies practiced by executive leaders in the biopharmaceutical industry. The overarching research question was: How do senior leaders confronted by work pressure attempt to cope, and are the coping strategies practiced effective at reducing and deflecting stress in a way that doesn't adversely affect …
Development And Initial Findings Of An Implementation Process Measure For Child Welfare System Change, Mary I. Armstrong, Julie S. Mccrae, Michelle Graef, Tammy Richards, David Lambert, Charlotte Lyn Bright, Cathy Sowell
Development And Initial Findings Of An Implementation Process Measure For Child Welfare System Change, Mary I. Armstrong, Julie S. Mccrae, Michelle Graef, Tammy Richards, David Lambert, Charlotte Lyn Bright, Cathy Sowell
Center on Children, Families, and the Law: Faculty Publications
This article describes a new measure designed to examine the process of implementation of child welfare systems change. The measure was developed to document the status of the interventions and strategies that are being implemented and the drivers that are being installed to achieve sustainable changes in systems. The measure was used in a Children’s Bureau-supported national effort to assess the ongoing implementation of 24 systems-change projects in child welfare jurisdictions across the country. The article describes the process for measure development, method of administration and data collection, and quantitative and qualitative findings.
Individualized Consideration: Poverty Countermeasure, Lawrence Wilson
Individualized Consideration: Poverty Countermeasure, Lawrence Wilson
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Despite more than $1 trillion spent annually on poverty remediation, impoverishment in the United States persists unabated. With a U.S. poverty rate greater than 10% for more than 4 decades, economics are neither poverty's cause nor cure. As such, non-economic poverty remedies require exploration and expansion. Linking greater leadership and poverty theories, this non-experimental, cross sectional, quantitative, survey-based research effort correlated individualized consideration's (IC) practice with collegiate athlete graduation rates in order to identify and isolate possible leadership based social poverty remediation measures. Leveraging a two-stage random sample, this research effort correlated student athlete Multi-Factor Leadership Questionnaire (form 5X) responses …
The Importance Of Integrity In Christian Leadership : Giftedness + Integrity(3) = Productivity, Jasmin O. Brown
The Importance Of Integrity In Christian Leadership : Giftedness + Integrity(3) = Productivity, Jasmin O. Brown
ATS Dissertations
No abstract provided.
Transformational And Strategic Leadership : Its Impact On The Capacity For Organizational Effectiveness, Barbara Angela Dobson
Transformational And Strategic Leadership : Its Impact On The Capacity For Organizational Effectiveness, Barbara Angela Dobson
ATS Dissertations
No abstract provided.
Understanding Relational Agility: Exploring Constructs Of Relational Leadership Through Story, David M.I. Mclean
Understanding Relational Agility: Exploring Constructs Of Relational Leadership Through Story, David M.I. Mclean
Antioch University Dissertations & Theses
Organizational storytelling was used within Tri Fit, a Canadian health promotion and fitness company, to explore relational leadership practices. Through 27 confidential one-on-one interviews and an interview of the four-person leadership team, the research attempted to examine how relational agility, a new leadership construct, exists, how it is defined, and to describe its organizational impacts. Two hundred and forty unique stories were shared through this process, out of which nine storylines emerged. The distillation of these revealed three cultural themes: a culture of relational connection; a culture of nice and a culture that values positivity. Demonstrations of transformational leadership, authentic …
Review Of Reflecting On The Future Of Academic And Public Libraries By Peter Hernon And Joseph R. Matthews, W. Bede Mitchell
Review Of Reflecting On The Future Of Academic And Public Libraries By Peter Hernon And Joseph R. Matthews, W. Bede Mitchell
University Libraries: Faculty Publications
Review Excerpt: A book about trends and issues shaping the evolution of American libraries by Peter Hernon and Joseph Matthews is almost self-recommending. The authors have many years of teaching, research, and service to the profession under their belts and are recognized as significant and influential leaders. Reflecting on the Future of Academic and Public Libraries offers guidance to library leaders on how to anticipate and manage change. Hernon and Matthews fear that librarians who are reactive and deal only incrementally with today’s profound challenges will preside over the withering of libraries into little used warehouses of legacy collections. The …
Economic Empowerment Through Income Generating Activities And Social Mobilization: The Case Of Married Amhara Women Of Wadla Woreda, North Wollo Zone, Ethiopia, Belete Deribie Woldegies
Economic Empowerment Through Income Generating Activities And Social Mobilization: The Case Of Married Amhara Women Of Wadla Woreda, North Wollo Zone, Ethiopia, Belete Deribie Woldegies
Antioch University Dissertations & Theses
Wadla Woreda is located in North Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. The woreda is predominantly agrarian and the population produces mainly subsistence food crops with small amounts of cash crops. Access to basic social and economic services such as health, education, and employment for rural communities is limited due to poor development of rural infrastructure. Wadla is one of the food insecure woredas in the region. As a result some of the people are internally displaced and a portion of the population is included in safety-net programs. The Wadla Woreda is prone to famine due to severe droughts, soil …
To Transform A Culture: The Rise And Fall Of The U.S. Army Organizational Effectiveness Program, 1970–1985, James Michael Young
To Transform A Culture: The Rise And Fall Of The U.S. Army Organizational Effectiveness Program, 1970–1985, James Michael Young
Antioch University Dissertations & Theses
In the early 1970s, following a decade of social upheaval in the US and a traumatizing military defeat in Vietnam, a group of progressive army officers, armed with recent graduate degrees in the social and behavioral sciences, created a grass roots movement that soon led to the implementation of the largest organizational development program ever conducted. Wartime atrocities and chronic careerism in the Army officer corps, along with President Richard Nixon’s promise to create an All-Volunteer Force (AVF), opened up a window of opportunity for these progressives to promote transformational leadership theories grounded in humanistic psychology. In institutionalizing OD across …
Leadership And The Australian Greens, Christine Cunningham, Stewart Jackson
Leadership And The Australian Greens, Christine Cunningham, Stewart Jackson
Research outputs 2014 to 2021
This paper examines the inherent tension between a Green political party’s genesis and official ideology and the conventional forms and practices of party leadership enacted in the vast bulk of other parties, regardless of their place on the ideological spectrum. A rich picture is painted of this ongoing struggle through a case study of the Australian Greens with vivid descriptions presented on organisational leadership issues by Australian state and federal Green members of parliaments. What emerges from the data is the Australian Green MPs’ conundrum in retaining an egalitarian and participatory democracy ethos while seeking to expand their existing frame …
Leadership As Influence: Reflective Models To Create Work Environments Focused On Quality And Safety, Gwen D. Sherwood
Leadership As Influence: Reflective Models To Create Work Environments Focused On Quality And Safety, Gwen D. Sherwood
Biennial Convention (CONV)
Session presented on: Monday, November 18, 2013:
Nurses must constantly respond to change, in practice, shifting organizational systems, and evolving team relationships. Developing a work place for all to thrive belongs to all and challenges traditional leadership models. Leadership is influence. How we develop, manage, and influence relationships within nursing and inter-professional teams determines our effectiveness, affects satisfaction, and a key factor in quality and safety outcomes. Reflective practice helps advance leadership capacity. This symposium explores three models grounded in reflective practices to facilitate transformation of team members; developing leadership and influence creates the potential to achieve common goals and …
Gay, Straight, Or Slightly Bent? The Interaction Of Leader Sexual Orientation And Gender On Leadership Evaluations, Fred George Macoukji
Gay, Straight, Or Slightly Bent? The Interaction Of Leader Sexual Orientation And Gender On Leadership Evaluations, Fred George Macoukji
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Abstract
Existing research has shown that gender stereotypes regarding characteristics of men and women influence others' perceptions of their fit with organizational roles, including leadership roles (cf. Eagly & Karau, 2002). However, little research has examined stereotypes regarding other demographic characteristics (e.g., race, sexual orientation) and how they may interact with gender stereotypes to influence leadership evaluations. The current study examined whether leader gender and sexual orientation interact to influence subordinates' evaluations of leader effectiveness, likability, and boss desirability using an experimental design. In addition to examining whether leader gender and sexual orientation interacted to predict leader evaluations, the present …
Miguel A. Nevárez: A Life History Of Educational Leadership, Rolando Avila
Miguel A. Nevárez: A Life History Of Educational Leadership, Rolando Avila
Theses and Dissertations - UTB/UTPA
The purpose of this qualitative study was to analyze Miguel A. Nevárez’s educational leadership style by focusing on his notable contributions to The University of Texas-Pan American. The researcher defined leadership style as actions by the leader. After examining Nevárez’s background to place his motivations and actions in proper context, this study analyzed what Nevárez did, how he perceived his actions, and how others perceived his actions. The life history written by the researcher was primarily based on data collected through 25 interviews; however, the researcher also utilized other available published and unpublished sources to supplement the interview data. The …
The Effects Of Sexual Orientation And Behavioral Style On Perceptions Of Men's Leadership Potential And Effectiveness, Kristin Elizabeth Mann
The Effects Of Sexual Orientation And Behavioral Style On Perceptions Of Men's Leadership Potential And Effectiveness, Kristin Elizabeth Mann
College of Science and Health Theses and Dissertations
This study addressed a gap in the industrial-organizational psychology research by investigating perceptions of LGBTQ leaders in the workplace. Specifically, it investigated the theory that gay men and heterosexual women experience similar scrutiny and resulting discrimination when in leadership roles. Participants were 363 psychology students who evaluated an applicant for a managerial position. Participants scored the candidate’s leadership potential (hirability) and effectiveness based upon his resume, biography, and short video interview. The candidate’s sexual orientation (gay, heterosexual, control) and behavioral style (agentic/masculine, communal/feminine) were manipulated, for a resulting 2 x 3 research design. By integrating gender and leadership theories with …
The Effect Of Leadership On Job Morale For Graduate Students, Nicole Rose Terrell
The Effect Of Leadership On Job Morale For Graduate Students, Nicole Rose Terrell
Masters Theses, 2010-2019
Leadership techniques have a vast effect on job morale and intentions to remain with an organization. Studies often base their inquiries on how to apply leadership strategies in a versatile, hierarchical format to situations that require astute leadership practices (Maslow, 1954), but do not assess the opinions of graduate students with some degree of workforce experience. Given the lack of research on the graduate student population with workforce experience, the current study sought to understand which leadership techniques have positive and negative impacts on their job morale and employee satisfaction utilizing a web-based survey. The following research questions were addressed: …
Development And Validation Of A Scale To Measure An Adaptive Culture Profile Using Student Affairs Divisions In Higher Education, Tammy Lynne Fowler
Development And Validation Of A Scale To Measure An Adaptive Culture Profile Using Student Affairs Divisions In Higher Education, Tammy Lynne Fowler
Student Theses and Dissertations
The landscape of higher education in the United States shifts and moves in response to environmental challenges often hard to predict or measure. A joint taskforce of the American College Personnel Association and the National Association of Student Personnel Administrators taskforce expressed the concern that no other time in history has the incentive for real change been more powerful or the consequences for not changing more significant. How institutions, particularly Divisions of Student Affairs assess and respond to these changes has far reaching effects. Student affairs professionals must possess the skill set necessary to effectively assess the challenges facing their …