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A Camera For Producing One-Dimensional Reduction In Narrow Records, Hilary B. Moore Jan 1949

A Camera For Producing One-Dimensional Reduction In Narrow Records, Hilary B. Moore

Journal of Marine Research

Many instruments yield long, narrow records which are of an awkward shape for reproduction. In the course of work under Navy contract NObs-2083, numerous fathograms were obtained which showed the diurnal movements of the "deep scattering layer."…


Trajectories Of Small Bodies Sinking Slowly Through Convection Cells, Henry Stommel Jan 1949

Trajectories Of Small Bodies Sinking Slowly Through Convection Cells, Henry Stommel

Journal of Marine Research

Mr. J. C. Neess of the University of Wisconsin has indicated to the writer in a personal communication that he has often observed a greater variability in plankton tows taken up or down wind in a lake than when made across wind….


Experiments In The Fertilization Of A Salt Water Pond, David M. Pratt Jan 1949

Experiments In The Fertilization Of A Salt Water Pond, David M. Pratt

Journal of Marine Research

It has long been recognized that the biological productivity of the sea depends primarily upon the nutrition of the phytoplankton. The aim of these experiments was to study this basic process in the cycle of production by the artificial increase of those plant nutrients most likely to become limiting....


The Use Of The Amidol Test For Dissolved Oxygen In Sea Water, Maxim Lieber, Rolf Eliassen Jan 1949

The Use Of The Amidol Test For Dissolved Oxygen In Sea Water, Maxim Lieber, Rolf Eliassen

Journal of Marine Research

For many years the Winkler method with its various modifications has been the accepted procedure to determine the dissolved oxygen (D. O.) in fresh and saline waters (Amer. Public Health Ass., 1946). The accuracy of this volumetric test has proven itself in the laboratory where proper facilities and apparatus are available for such determinations. However, this test is too awkward and elaborate to be utilized in the field for sanitary and biological studies.


Laboratory Experiments On Wind-Generated Waves, J. R.D. Francis Jan 1949

Laboratory Experiments On Wind-Generated Waves, J. R.D. Francis

Journal of Marine Research

It has long been known that the study of wind-generated waves on a water surface is difficult in the laboratory because of the large "fetch," or distance downwind, needed for the growth of waves large enough to behave as gravity waves rather than capillary ripples. Johnson (1948), on the evidence of experiments by Stanton et al. (1932) and those of his own at Clear Lake, California, concludes that a channel 311 feet long with a windspeed of 4.5 feet/sec. would reproduce the prototype conditions of a 10 mile fetch with a 40 m. p. h. wind....


Mass Transport In Ocean Currents And Lateral Mixing, Koji Hidaka Jan 1949

Mass Transport In Ocean Currents And Lateral Mixing, Koji Hidaka

Journal of Marine Research

1. Equations of Mass Transport, with Lateral Mixing Taken into Account. The problems of mass transport by ocean currents are no less important than are those of the currents themselves. Recently Sverdrup (1947) and Reid (1948) discussed the inter-relation between mass transport, pressure distribution and vertical mixing; they were successful in showing that the pressure distribution in the Pacific Equatorial Currents is being fairly maintained by the winds. In the present paper it is of some interest to discuss a certain relationship between mass transport and lateral mixing in a rotating enclosed sea.


Sampling Atmospheric Sea-Salt Nuclei Over The Ocean, Alfred H. Woodcock, Mary M. Gifford Jan 1949

Sampling Atmospheric Sea-Salt Nuclei Over The Ocean, Alfred H. Woodcock, Mary M. Gifford

Journal of Marine Research

Atmospheric hygroscopic nuclei are of primary interest to meteorologists in studies of haze, fog, clouds, etc. (Simpson, 1941; Middleton, 1941; Sheppard, 1947). The sea surface is presumed to be an important source of these nuclei in the form of drops of concentrated sea water arising from spray.


Comparative Biochemical Studies On The Lipids Of Marine Invertebrates, With Special Reference To The Sterols, Werner Bergmann Jan 1949

Comparative Biochemical Studies On The Lipids Of Marine Invertebrates, With Special Reference To The Sterols, Werner Bergmann

Journal of Marine Research

For a number of years the author and his collaborators have been engaged in a systematic comparative study of the fatty constituents of marine invertebrates. So far special attention has been devoted mainly to the unsaponifiable fractions of such fats, in particular to the sterols which they contain. Work on the phosphatide fractions of invertebrate fats and their saponifiable components is now in progress and will be discussed in a future publication.


Horizontal Diffusion Due To Oceanic Turbulence, Henry Stommel Jan 1949

Horizontal Diffusion Due To Oceanic Turbulence, Henry Stommel

Journal of Marine Research

The purpose of this paper is to discuss some fundamental aspects of horizontal diffusion in the sea and to present some observations that were made especially to obtain quantitive data.


A Precise Determination Of Chlorinity Of Sea Water Using The Ag-Agcl Indicator Electrode, J. C. Hindman, L. J. Anderson, E. G. Moberg Jan 1949

A Precise Determination Of Chlorinity Of Sea Water Using The Ag-Agcl Indicator Electrode, J. C. Hindman, L. J. Anderson, E. G. Moberg

Journal of Marine Research

A knowledge of the relative currents of the oceans depends to a large extent upon a knowledge of the distribution of mass. Measurements of temperature and cblorinity are made to furnish the necessary data for the computations of the density.


Theoretical Analysis Of Seasonal Changes In The Phytoplankton Of Husan Harbor, Korea, Gordon A. Riley, Ruth Von Arx Jan 1949

Theoretical Analysis Of Seasonal Changes In The Phytoplankton Of Husan Harbor, Korea, Gordon A. Riley, Ruth Von Arx

Journal of Marine Research

It has been shown (Riley, 1946, 1947) that seasonal changes in total phytoplankton populations can be depicted with a reasonable degree of accuracy by a simple theoretical construction in which the rate of change of the population is described in terms of physiological processes that increase or decrease its organic content (photosynthesis, respiration, grazing), and in which the rates of the individual processes are quantitatively predictable by reference to a few environmental factors....


Iodine And Bromine In Sponges, Eva M. Low Jan 1949

Iodine And Bromine In Sponges, Eva M. Low

Journal of Marine Research

Iodine and bromine have been known to occur in sponges since the early part of the nineteenth century. Since then a large number of analyses, primarily of the bath sponge but also of other sponges, have been reported. Both iodine and bromine have been found in most cases, although in greatly varying amounts....


The Diatoms Collected By The U.S.S. Cacopan In The Antarctic In 1947, Brian P. Boden Jan 1949

The Diatoms Collected By The U.S.S. Cacopan In The Antarctic In 1947, Brian P. Boden

Journal of Marine Research

For investigation of the Diatomaceae, a series of water samples was collected from the U. S. S. CACOPAN by filling a citrate bottle either with surface water obtained with a bucket or with water obtained from various depths with Nansen bottles….


The Distribution Of The Eggs Of Vampyroteuthis Infernalis Chun, Grace E. Pickford Jan 1949

The Distribution Of The Eggs Of Vampyroteuthis Infernalis Chun, Grace E. Pickford

Journal of Marine Research

Vampyroteuthis infernalis Chun is a bathypelagic dibranchiate cephalopod of such peculiar character, in some respects specialized and in some respects primitive, that it cannot be placed in either of the living suborders but appears to be more nearly akin to certain Mesozoic fossils....


The Field Use Of A Salinity-Temperature-Depth Recorder, William L. Ford Jan 1949

The Field Use Of A Salinity-Temperature-Depth Recorder, William L. Ford

Journal of Marine Research

A salinity-temperature-depth recorder that provides a continuous record of the salinity and temperature of sea water has been described by Jacobson. The present paper is a discussion of the use of this instrument in the field and of its application to a variety of hydrographic problems.


The Determination Of Nitrates In Sea Water, Rex J. Robinson, Thomas G. Thompson Jan 1948

The Determination Of Nitrates In Sea Water, Rex J. Robinson, Thomas G. Thompson

Journal of Marine Research

The concentrations of nitrite-nitrogen in sea water varies from 0.000 to 2.00 microgram atoms (µg. atoms) per liter of sea water at 20° C. In the open ocean nitrites are seldom found in depths below 100 meters, and even at these depths the water may be completely devoid of nitrites. When occurring in waters near the surface, the concentration is generally less than 0.10 µg. atom of nitrite-nitrogen per liter. The higher values are obtained at times in the waters on the continental shelf and in sounds, straits, fjords and estuaries.


Note Concerning Human Respiratory Irritation Associated With High Concentrations Of Plankton And Mass Mortality Of Marine Organisms, Alfred H. Woodcock Jan 1948

Note Concerning Human Respiratory Irritation Associated With High Concentrations Of Plankton And Mass Mortality Of Marine Organisms, Alfred H. Woodcock

Journal of Marine Research

There is increasing evidence that high concentrations of plankton are sometimes associated with mass mortality among marine animals (Taylor, 1917, see ref's pp. 14-16; Marchand, 1928; BrongersmaSanders, 1947; Gunter, et al., 1947).


The Measurement Of The Viscosity Coefficient Of Sea Water, Yasuo Miyake, Masami Koizumi Jan 1948

The Measurement Of The Viscosity Coefficient Of Sea Water, Yasuo Miyake, Masami Koizumi

Journal of Marine Research

In an old study by Ruppin and Krummel (Krümmel, 1907: 281), the viscosity of sea water was measured by the method of Wil. Ostwald. However, at that time the data for the viscosity of sea water were given relative to that of pure water at 0° C. Since then several precise measurements (Dorsey, 1940: 182) have been made and reliable data obtained, and therefore it is necessary to determine more exact values for the viscosity of sea water.


A Study On The Foaming Of Sea Water Part I, Yasuo Miyake, Tomosaburo Abe Jan 1948

A Study On The Foaming Of Sea Water Part I, Yasuo Miyake, Tomosaburo Abe

Journal of Marine Research

In spite of the fact that many marine observers are aware that sea water has a remarkable foaming capacity, there has not been any scientific study of this subject. However, the foaming capacity may be of considerable importance in oceanography. For instance, there must be an intimate relation between the Beaufort scale and the foaming of sea water, since there is no doubt that aspects of white waves generated on the sea by winds largely depend on this effect.


Oceanography And Geomagnetism, J. A. Fleming Jan 1948

Oceanography And Geomagnetism, J. A. Fleming

Journal of Marine Research

Because of the large portion of the Earth that is covered by the oceans, the determination of accurate values of the geomagnetic elements at sea is a major objective in a world survey. It was not until 1905-1929 that realization of this objective was obtained through the ftystematic oceanic surveys sponsored by the Carnegie Institution of Washington through its Department of Terrestrial Magnetism....


Atmospheric Tides, Jacob Bjerknes Jan 1948

Atmospheric Tides, Jacob Bjerknes

Journal of Marine Research

The subject of at mospheric tides has been and still is a great challenge to the theoretical meteorologist. Despite the many bnlliant contributions to atmospheric tidal theory from the time of Laplace up to the present, one of the essential tidal features---- the surprisingly great amplitudes of the semidiurnal tide produced by the sun----still calls for a really convincing explanation....


On Displacements And Intensity Changes Of Atmospheric Vortices, C. G. Rossby Jan 1948

On Displacements And Intensity Changes Of Atmospheric Vortices, C. G. Rossby

Journal of Marine Research

Aerological investigations conducted during the last few years have revealed that the long, meandering disturbances characteristic of the middle latitude belt of westerlies in the upper troposphere frequently increase in amplitude until troughs and ridges finally are cut off from the main current, thus forming cold cyclonic vortices on the equatorial side of the west-wind belt and warm anticyclonic vortices on the north side thereof. True vortices, with nearly vertical axes, are thus characteristic phenomena not only of equatorial regions where they appear as tropical cyclones but also of middle latitudes. The middle latitude vortices seem to be phenomena of …


Progress In The Statistical Theory Of Turbulance, Theodore Von Kármán Jan 1948

Progress In The Statistical Theory Of Turbulance, Theodore Von Kármán

Journal of Marine Research

The fundamental notion of statistical mean values in fluid mechanics was first introduced by Reynolds (1894). In his description of the turbulent motion he started from the molecular disorder. By considering the mean value and correlations in the molecular motion, as it was shown before, one obtains the equation of Stokes-Navier (1845, 1822).


Reflection Of Tsunamis, J. D. Cochrane, R. S. Arthur Jan 1948

Reflection Of Tsunamis, J. D. Cochrane, R. S. Arthur

Journal of Marine Research

Waves are reflected whenever they move into a region where their speed of propagation changes. It has generally been found that for appreciable reflection a large change in speed of propagation must occur over a distance which is small compared to a wave length....


The Transmission Of Energy By Gravity Waves Of Finite Height, Victor P. Starr, George W. Platzman Jan 1948

The Transmission Of Energy By Gravity Waves Of Finite Height, Victor P. Starr, George W. Platzman

Journal of Marine Research

1. Introduction. One of the obvious properties of a train of gravity waves is the transmission of energy in the direction of wave propagation. It is therefore a matter of considerable interest to compute the rate of this energy transfer for waves of given characteristics.


The Effect Of Ocean Current On Internal Waves, Bernhard Haurwitz Jan 1948

The Effect Of Ocean Current On Internal Waves, Bernhard Haurwitz

Journal of Marine Research

In a fluid whose density changes with the height, either abruptly at a sharp surface of discontinuity or gradually, it is possible to have internal wave motions whose amplitude is greatest at the density discontinuity or, in the case of a gradual density change, somewhere in the interior of the fluid and not at the free upper surface where the surface waves have their maximum amplitude....


A Model Of The Vertical Structure Of Mass In Equatorial Wind-Driven Currents Of A Baroclinic Ocean, Robert O. Reid Jan 1948

A Model Of The Vertical Structure Of Mass In Equatorial Wind-Driven Currents Of A Baroclinic Ocean, Robert O. Reid

Journal of Marine Research

A model for the vertical distribution of density, which approximates observed conditions in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, is presented. This consists of a homogeneous layer near the surf ace overlying a baroclinic medium wherein the density varies exponentially in such a manner as to approach a constant value with increasing depth.


Some Empirical Relations Between Seasonal Values Of (E–P) And Surface Salinities Over The North Atlantic, Woodrow C. Jacobs Jan 1948

Some Empirical Relations Between Seasonal Values Of (E–P) And Surface Salinities Over The North Atlantic, Woodrow C. Jacobs

Journal of Marine Research

In the absence of horizontal flow, the surface salinity of any part of the ocean is mainly determined by three processes: Decrease of salinity by precipitation P, increase of salinity by evaporation E, and change of salinity by vertical mixing


The Theory Of The Electric Field Induced In Deep Ocean Currents, Henry Stommel Jan 1948

The Theory Of The Electric Field Induced In Deep Ocean Currents, Henry Stommel

Journal of Marine Research

The Problem. Due to the fact that the water in the ocean is a conductor, and that it is everywhere under the influence of the earth's magnetic field, we should expect, by the law of electric induction, that wherever the water is in motion electric potentials and currents will be established. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the theory of these phenomena in the deep ocean and to indicate certain analytical solutions of the problem which demonstrate the important physical aspects of electlic fields associated with ocean currents.


The Sea Sampler, Athelstan F. Spilhaus, Arthur R. Miller Jan 1948

The Sea Sampler, Athelstan F. Spilhaus, Arthur R. Miller

Journal of Marine Research

The original sea sampler, as described by Spilhaus (1940), consisted of six bottles, each built somewhat like a small version of a standard Nansen bottle. These surrounded a cylinder containing a releasing block which was operated by an ordinary bathythermograph pressure element. The tripping block, which was moved by the pressure element, was scored and grooved to accommodate a series of triggers, one for each bottle, which closed the stop-cocks in turn as the whole instrument reached predetermined pressures....