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Articles 181 - 210 of 2567
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Some Influences Of Remote Topography On Western Boundary Currents, Michael A. Spall
Some Influences Of Remote Topography On Western Boundary Currents, Michael A. Spall
Journal of Marine Research
The influence of topography in a basin interior on the separation and time-dependence of strongly nonlinear western boundary currents is explored using a shallow water numerical model and scaling theory. In the linear limit, the western boundary current follows the western boundary to the latitude of the gap in the interior topography where it then separates from the coast and flows eastward in a narrow jet. As nonlinearity is increased, the flow initially remains steady but develops a series of stationary meanders extending off the western boundary at the separation latitude. For strongly nonlinear flows the solutions become time-dependent. The …
Symmetric Instability Of Cross-Stream Varying Currents, Joseph Pedlosky
Symmetric Instability Of Cross-Stream Varying Currents, Joseph Pedlosky
Journal of Marine Research
The symmetric instability of a simple shear flow in which the velocity is a linear function of the vertical coordinate but which varies slowly in the cross-stream direction is studied using an asymptotic analytical method. Explicit analytical solutions are found for the evolution of the envelope of the developing linear instability. Although the problem with no lateral variation yields cell-like instabilities growing in place, the lateral variation of the shear produces time dependence and cross-stream propagation of the envelope and accompanying cells. A similar solution is derived for the case of laterally uniform shear in a current whose depth slowly …
Available Energy Of The World Ocean, Peter R. Bannon, Raymond G. Najjar
Available Energy Of The World Ocean, Peter R. Bannon, Raymond G. Najjar
Journal of Marine Research
The available energy of the ocean is the excess of the sum of the ocean's internal and gravitational energies with respect to its equilibrium state, which is in thermodynamic equilibrium and has the same total entropy as the ocean. The equilibrium state for the world ocean is rigorously determined to be an isothermal ocean with a temperature of 3.66˚C and a horizontally uniform absolute salinity that increases monotonically from 27.30 g kg–1 at the surface to 47.39 g kg–1 at a depth of 5.5 km. This salinity profile is consistent with a uniform relative chemical potential of 47.44 …
Anatomy Of A Langmuir Supercell Event, A. E. Gargett, D. K. Savidge, J. R. Wells
Anatomy Of A Langmuir Supercell Event, A. E. Gargett, D. K. Savidge, J. R. Wells
Journal of Marine Research
Langmuir supercells (LS), which are Langmuir circulations (LC) extending over full water column depth during storms and revealed by high water column backscatter from surface-origin microbubbles and bottom-origin sediment, were discovered in 2003 during several months of measurements in 15 m of water near the coast of New Jersey. Both the structures themselves and the specific forcing conditions under which they occur have been documented elsewhere. This paper provides an account of the broader oceanographic setting of supercell events, focusing on conditions at the start and end. The start of events is associated with the presence of surface waves of …
A Comparison Of Transport And Position Between The Gulf Stream East Of Cape Hatteras And The Florida Current, A. Sanchez-Franks, C. N. Flagg, T. Rossby
A Comparison Of Transport And Position Between The Gulf Stream East Of Cape Hatteras And The Florida Current, A. Sanchez-Franks, C. N. Flagg, T. Rossby
Journal of Marine Research
The Florida Current (FC) transport and Gulf Stream (GS) transport and position have been measured almost continuously for many decades in the Florida Straits at ∼27° N and for the last 20 years at ∼38° N along the Oleander line, respectively. Variations in both currents have been linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Here we show five different proxies for the position of the GS near the Oleander line and find all five measures internally consistent. Further, using a zonally averaged index, the local measurements prove to be good representatives of overall meridional shifting of the current (between Cape …
Effects Of Injury And Nutrition On Sediment Reworking By Clymenella Torquata (Annelida: Polychaeta), Beth R. Campbell, Sara M. Lindsay
Effects Of Injury And Nutrition On Sediment Reworking By Clymenella Torquata (Annelida: Polychaeta), Beth R. Campbell, Sara M. Lindsay
Journal of Marine Research
Marine infaunas influence sediment chemistry, nutrient cycling, and microbial communities as they burrow, feed, defecate, and irrigate their tubes and burrows. Nonlethal tissue loss to predators or other disturbances is frequently observed in macrofaunal communities, and previous research has reported significant effects of onetime injury on animal activity. In this study, we examined the effects of injury and nutrient enrichment on sediment reworking rates of a common deposit-feeding polychaete, Clymenella torquata. Individual worms in cores were monitored in a recirculating seawater system, and their defecation and sediment mixing monitored under several experimental conditions. Worms held in control (unenriched) sediment …
Mixing By Microorganisms In Stratified Fluids, Gregory L. Wagner, William R. Young, Eric Lauga
Mixing By Microorganisms In Stratified Fluids, Gregory L. Wagner, William R. Young, Eric Lauga
Journal of Marine Research
We examine the vertical mixing induced by the swimming of microorganisms at low Reynolds and Péclet numbers in a stably stratified ocean, and show that the global contribution of oceanic microswimmers to vertical mixing is negligible. We propose two approaches to estimating the mixing efficiency, η, or the ratio of the rate of potential energy creation to the total rate-of-working on the ocean by microswimmers. The first is based on scaling arguments and estimates η in terms of the ratio between the typical organism size, a, and an intrinsic length scale for the stratified flow, l = (νκ/N …
The Relation Between Unstable Shear Layer Thicknesses And Turbulence Lengthscales, Eric Kunze
The Relation Between Unstable Shear Layer Thicknesses And Turbulence Lengthscales, Eric Kunze
Journal of Marine Research
This note explores the connection between the (i) lengthscales of unstable finescale shear layers which are responsible for turbulence production, (ii) turbulence patch thicknesses and (iii) the outer scales of turbulence, that is, the density overturn (Thorpe) and Ozmidov lengthscales, in the stratified ocean interior. Explanations are offered both for why (i) turbulence patches are often observed to be much thicker than outer turbulence scales and (ii) there is a spectral gap between finescale internal waves and the outer scales of turbulence. A finescale parameterization based on unstable shear predicts Ozmidov lengthscales smaller than unstable-shear-layer thicknesses for moderately unstable gradient …
Refraction Of Swell By Surface Currents, Basile Gallet, William R. Young
Refraction Of Swell By Surface Currents, Basile Gallet, William R. Young
Journal of Marine Research
Using recordings of swell from pitch-and-roll buoys, we have reproduced the classic observations of long-range surface wave propagation originally made by Munk et al. (1963) using a triangular array of bottom pressure measurements. In the modern data, the direction of the incoming swell fluctuates by about ± 10° on a time scale of one hour. But if the incoming direction is averaged over the duration of an event then, in contrast with the observations by Munk et al. (1963), the sources inferred by great-circle backtracking are most often in good agreement with the location of large storms on weather maps …
Influence Of Mean Circulation On Large-Scale Decadal Basin Modes, Dhouha Ferjani, Thierry Huck, Alain Colin De Verdière
Influence Of Mean Circulation On Large-Scale Decadal Basin Modes, Dhouha Ferjani, Thierry Huck, Alain Colin De Verdière
Journal of Marine Research
The effect of large-scale mean circulation on the generic property of intrinsic basin modes of decadal variability is investigated through linear stability analysis of a two-layer shallow water model over a flat- and a variable-bottom topography. The mean circulation is forced through either surface wind stress or vertical velocities at the layers interface representing surface heat flux. Regardless of the type of forcing, the large-scale mean circulation reduces the damping of the decadal basin modes. The wind forcing mostly affects the mode damping, by up to 30% for a climatological amplitude, whereas the heat flux forcing mostly increases the oscillation …
Diatom Control Of The Autotrophic Community And Particle Export In The Eastern Bering Sea During The Recent Cold Years (2008–2010), Matthew S. Baumann, S. Bradley Moran, Michael W. Lomas, Roger P. Kelly, Douglas W. Bell, Jeffrey W. Krause
Diatom Control Of The Autotrophic Community And Particle Export In The Eastern Bering Sea During The Recent Cold Years (2008–2010), Matthew S. Baumann, S. Bradley Moran, Michael W. Lomas, Roger P. Kelly, Douglas W. Bell, Jeffrey W. Krause
Journal of Marine Research
The southeastern Bering Sea has exhibited shifts in climate since the start of the 21st century. The regional climate shifts are manifested in the duration and areal extent of seasonal sea-ice coverage. During a recent cold period (2008–2010) with extensive spring sea-ice cover over the southeastern shelf of the Bering Sea, a total of 77 water column and 24 sediment trap profiles were collected over the shelf and shelf break and analyzed for autotrophic pigment concentrations and elemental (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon) concentrations in suspended and exported particulate material. These results are used to establish the seasonal succession of …
The Transport Of Nutrient-Rich Indian Ocean Water Through The Red Sea And Into Coastal Reef Systems, James H. Churchill, Amy S. Bower, Daniel C. Mccorkle, Yasser Abualnaja
The Transport Of Nutrient-Rich Indian Ocean Water Through The Red Sea And Into Coastal Reef Systems, James H. Churchill, Amy S. Bower, Daniel C. Mccorkle, Yasser Abualnaja
Journal of Marine Research
Driven by upwelling-favorable monsoon winds, nutrient-rich Gulf of Aden Intermediate Water (GAIW) enters the Red Sea from the Indian Ocean each summer. Hydrographic and velocity data acquired in autumn 2011 provide the first indication that GAIW is carried rapidly northward along the eastern Red Sea margin in a well-defined subsurface current with speeds >30 cm s–1. The nutrient-rich (NO2 + NO3 concentrations up to 17 μmol l–1) GAIW overlaps the euphotic zone and appears to fuel enhanced productivity over depths of 35–67 m. GAIW is broadly distributed through the Red Sea, extending northward along …
Group Behavior Among Model Bacteria Influences Particulate Carbon Remineralization Depths, K. A. S. Mislan, Charles A. Stock, John P. Dunne, Jorge L. Sarmiento
Group Behavior Among Model Bacteria Influences Particulate Carbon Remineralization Depths, K. A. S. Mislan, Charles A. Stock, John P. Dunne, Jorge L. Sarmiento
Journal of Marine Research
Organic particles sinking from the sunlit surface are oases of food for heterotrophic bacteria living in the deep ocean. Particle-attached bacteria need to solubilize particles, so they produce exoenzymes that cleave bonds to make molecules small enough to be transported through bacterial cell walls. Releasing exoenzymes, which have an energetic cost, to the external environment is risky because there is no guarantee that products of exoenzyme activity, called hydrolysate, will diffuse to the particle-attached bacterium that produced the exoenzymes. Strategies used by particle-attached bacteria to counteract diffusive losses of exoenzymes and hydrolysate are investigated in a water column model. We …
Simple Models For The Heat Flux From The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Cell To The Atmosphere, M. Behl, D. Nof, S. Van Gorder
Simple Models For The Heat Flux From The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Cell To The Atmosphere, M. Behl, D. Nof, S. Van Gorder
Journal of Marine Research
It has been suggested that a slowdown of the Atlantic meridional overturning cell (AMOC) would cause the Northern Hemisphere to cool by a few degrees. We use a sequence of simple analytical models to show that due to the nonlinearity of the system, the simplified heat flux from the modeled AMOC to the atmosphere above is so robust that even changes of as much as 50% in the present AMOC transport are not enough to significantly change the temperature of the outgoing warmed atmosphere (i.e., the fraction of the atmosphere warmed by the AMOC). Our most realistic model (which is …
Thermohaline Staircases In The Western Mediterranean Sea, Harry L. Bryden, Katrin Schroeder, Stefania Sparnocchia, Mireno Borghini, Anna Vetrano
Thermohaline Staircases In The Western Mediterranean Sea, Harry L. Bryden, Katrin Schroeder, Stefania Sparnocchia, Mireno Borghini, Anna Vetrano
Journal of Marine Research
Thermohaline staircase structures are commonly observed in the western Mediterranean Sea within the halocline-thermocline connecting the Levantine Intermediate Water at about 400 m depth with the western Mediterranean deep waters below 1,500 m. In this halocline-thermocline where warmer, saltier waters overlie colder, fresher deep waters, salt finger mixing processes are thought to be active and produce staircases with layers of order 75 m thickness containing nearly constant properties separated by sharp steps of order 6 m thickness with jumps in properties between the layers. While the layers have nearly constant salinity, potential temperature, and potential density, each property decreases very …
A Constraint On The Thickness-Weighted Average Equation Of Motion Deduced From Energetics, Kunihiro Aoki
A Constraint On The Thickness-Weighted Average Equation Of Motion Deduced From Energetics, Kunihiro Aoki
Journal of Marine Research
This study reviews the system governed by the thickness-weighted average (TWA) equation of motion, considering energetics. It is known that the TWA equation of motion based on the primitive equation describes the fluid motion with the residual mean velocity defined as the TWA velocity and is written in the same form as the nondissipative primitive equation, except that the eddy momentum fluxes (the interfacial form stress and Reynolds flux associated with eddy motion) are embedded in this equation. Also, incompressibility and density (buoyancy) conservation in the adiabatic condition hold in this system. In this study, considering that the TWA system …
On The Structure And Distribution Of Thin Anticyclonic Lenses In The Southeast Pacific Ocean, T. Rossby
On The Structure And Distribution Of Thin Anticyclonic Lenses In The Southeast Pacific Ocean, T. Rossby
Journal of Marine Research
The velocity structure of an anticyclonic lens in the southeast Pacific centered at 300–400 m depth was scanned in detail with a 75 kHz acoustic Doppler current profiler on the RV Atlantis during a February 2010 transit along 20° S. Embedded in the main thermocline with a vertical span of ∼500 m, the lens had an overall diameter of ∼150 km with a peak speed of 0.33 m s–1 at ∼35 km radius. Knowledge of the velocity field permitted determination of energetics and vorticity properties in detail. The ratio of potential to kinetic energy was ∼14, and the relative …
Benthic And Pelagic Pathways Of Methylmercury Bioaccumulation In Estuarine Food Webs Of The Northeast United States, Celia Y. Chen, Mark E. Borsuk, Deenie M. Bugge, Terill Hollweg
Benthic And Pelagic Pathways Of Methylmercury Bioaccumulation In Estuarine Food Webs Of The Northeast United States, Celia Y. Chen, Mark E. Borsuk, Deenie M. Bugge, Terill Hollweg
Dartmouth Scholarship
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a contaminant of global concern that bioaccumulates and bioamagnifies in marine food webs. Lower trophic level fauna are important conduits of MeHg from sediment and water to estuarine and coastal fish harvested for human consumption. However, the sources and pathways of MeHg to these coastal fisheries are poorly known particularly the potential for transfer of MeHg from the sediment to biotic compartments. Across a broad gradient of human land impacts, we analyzed MeHg concentrations in food webs at ten estuarine sites in the Northeast US (from the Hackensack Meadowlands, NJ to the Gulf of Maine). MeHg concentrations …
Cyanobacteria Harmful Algal Blooms In South Louisiana Estuaries : A Synthesis Of Field Research, Management Implications, And Outreach, Emily Anne Smith
Cyanobacteria Harmful Algal Blooms In South Louisiana Estuaries : A Synthesis Of Field Research, Management Implications, And Outreach, Emily Anne Smith
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Estuaries are biologically productive and important habitats for several fisheries. However, human intervention has separated many estuaries from their needed freshwater source and the commonly used solution is to use diversions to regulate the flow. This episodic increase in nutrients into estuaries has sometimes led to the formation of freshwater cyanobacteria HABs (CyanoHABs). The goal of this dissertation was to look at a field research study of phytoplankton bloom dynamics; management implications for cyanobacteria entering estuaries; and an outreach effort in relation to residents knowledge about cyanobacteria and algae. The first study compared the phytoplankton bloom dynamics, specifically CyanoHABs, in …
A Note On The Krone Deposition Equation And Significance Of Floc Aggregation, Aj Mehta, Aj Manning, Yp Khare
A Note On The Krone Deposition Equation And Significance Of Floc Aggregation, Aj Mehta, Aj Manning, Yp Khare
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
No abstract provided.
Fish Assemblages Associated With Natural And Anthropogenically-Modified Habitats In A Marine Embayment: Comparison Of Baited Videos And Opera-House Traps, Corey B. Wakefield, Paul Lewis, Teresa B. Coutts, David V. Fairclough, Timothy J. Langlois
Fish Assemblages Associated With Natural And Anthropogenically-Modified Habitats In A Marine Embayment: Comparison Of Baited Videos And Opera-House Traps, Corey B. Wakefield, Paul Lewis, Teresa B. Coutts, David V. Fairclough, Timothy J. Langlois
Fisheries Research Articles
Marine embayments and estuaries play an important role in the ecology and life history of many fish species. Cockburn Sound is one of a relative paucity of marine embayments on the west coast of Australia. Its sheltered waters and close proximity to a capital city have resulted in anthropogenic intrusion and extensive seascape modification. This study aimed to compare the sampling efficiencies of baited videos and fish traps in determining the relative abundance and diversity of temperate demersal fish species associated with naturally occurring (seagrass, limestone outcrops and soft sediment) and modified (rockwall and dredge channel) habitats in Cockburn Sound. …
The Quantifying, Predicting, And Exploiting Uncertainty Program: Exploring Oceanographic Processes In A Complex Bathymetric Shelf/Slope Environment Affected By The Kuroshio, Glen Gawarkiewicz, Sen Jan
The Quantifying, Predicting, And Exploiting Uncertainty Program: Exploring Oceanographic Processes In A Complex Bathymetric Shelf/Slope Environment Affected By The Kuroshio, Glen Gawarkiewicz, Sen Jan
Journal of Marine Research
We will describe the multi-disciplinary international program, Quantifying, Predicting and Exploiting Uncertainty, which consisted of observations, modeling and remote sensing studies focused on a region northeast of Taiwan in the East China Sea. We focus on results on the physical oceanographic and biogeochemical processes. Concurrent observations of acoustic propagation also occurred during the intensive observation period. This program was a joint Taiwan-U.S. effort involving four different ships sampling the continental shelf and slope during August-September, 2009. Primary goals of the program included 1) studying the structure and variability of the Cold Dome, a cool cyclonic feature frequently present in summer …
Phytoplankton Abundance And Size-Fractionated Structure In Three Contrasting Periods In The Pear River Estuary, Xia Zhang, Zhen Shi, Xiaoping Huang, Feng Ye, Qingxia Liu
Phytoplankton Abundance And Size-Fractionated Structure In Three Contrasting Periods In The Pear River Estuary, Xia Zhang, Zhen Shi, Xiaoping Huang, Feng Ye, Qingxia Liu
Journal of Marine Research
Phytoplankton abundance, composition and size-fractionated chlorophyll a (micro-, nano- and pico-chl. a) in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), South China were assessed in three surveys (Aug. 2010, Jan. 2011 and Aug. 2011) to identify key environmental indicators that shape their distribution patterns. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) showed that the PRE formed three regional clusters that were characterized by a transition from dominant freshwater species to estuarine diatoms in normal summer flow conditions (Aug. 2010). With a reduced river flow in winter (Jan. 2011), the inner estuary was categorized as one group marked by the predominance of the nanoflagellate, Plagioselmis …
Observations Of A Freshwater Pulse Induced By Typhoon Morakot Off The Northern Coast Of Taiwan In August 2009, Sen Jan, Joe Wang, Yiing Jiang Yang, Chin-Chang Hung, Ching-Sheng Chern, Glen Gawarkiewicz, Ren-Chieh Lien, Luca Centurioni, Jia-Yu Kuo, Bee Wang
Observations Of A Freshwater Pulse Induced By Typhoon Morakot Off The Northern Coast Of Taiwan In August 2009, Sen Jan, Joe Wang, Yiing Jiang Yang, Chin-Chang Hung, Ching-Sheng Chern, Glen Gawarkiewicz, Ren-Chieh Lien, Luca Centurioni, Jia-Yu Kuo, Bee Wang
Journal of Marine Research
In this paper we describe large-scale impacts from a typhoon on the circulation over the continental shelf and slope north of Taiwan. Typhoon Morakot was a category 2 tropical storm that landed in central Taiwan, but caused destruction primarily in southern Taiwan from Aug. 8–10, 2009. The typhoon brought record-breaking rainfall; approximately 3 m accumulated over four days in southern Taiwan. River discharge on the west coast of Taiwan increased rapidly from Aug. 6–7 and peaked on Aug. 8, yielding a total volume 27.2 km3 of freshwater discharged off the west coast of Taiwan over five days (Aug. 6–10). …
Linear Dynamics Of A Stably-Neutrally Stratified Ocean, Gregory M. Reznik
Linear Dynamics Of A Stably-Neutrally Stratified Ocean, Gregory M. Reznik
Journal of Marine Research
Linear dynamics of stably-neutrally stratified fluid consisting of the stably stratified upper layer and the homogeneous lower layer is studied with and without rotation. The density and other fields are continuous at the interface between the layers. A special feature of this configuration is existence of the wave mode related to the homogeneous layer. In non-rotating fluid this is the homogeneous layer vortex mode characterized by a stationary three-dimensional velocity field confined to the lower layer. In the presence of rotation, the mode turns into the gyroscopic waves. Besides the mode, the wave spectrum contains internal waves and the zero …
Internal Tides On The East China Sea Continental Slope, Ren-Chieh Lien, Thomas B. Sanford, Sen Jan, Ming-Huei Chang, Barry B. Ma
Internal Tides On The East China Sea Continental Slope, Ren-Chieh Lien, Thomas B. Sanford, Sen Jan, Ming-Huei Chang, Barry B. Ma
Journal of Marine Research
Strong semidiurnal internal tides are observed on the continental slope of the East China Sea (ECS) using an array of subsurface moorings and EM-APEX floats. A Princeton Ocean Model (POM) is used to simulate the effects of stratification profiles on the generation and propagation of M2 internal tides; model simulations are compared with observations. On the ECS continental slope northeast of Taiwan, the semidiurnal barotropic tidal current flows nearly perpendicular to the shelf break and continental slope, favoring the generation of internal tides. Both the critical slope analysis and numerical model results suggest multiple generation sites on the continental …
Influence Of Bottom Topography On Large-Scale Decadal Basin Modes, Dhouha Ferjani, Thierry Huck, Alain Colin De Verdière
Influence Of Bottom Topography On Large-Scale Decadal Basin Modes, Dhouha Ferjani, Thierry Huck, Alain Colin De Verdière
Journal of Marine Research
The influence of bottom topography on the generic properties of the baroclinic basin modes is investigated through linear stability analysis of a two-layer shallow water ocean model. Various idealized bottom profiles imitating a mid-ocean ridge and continental slopes are analyzed in an extratropical β-plane closed basin. Only large-scale features are examined, the eddy effects being parametrized as turbulent eddy viscosity that allows the selection of large-scale eigenmodes. At coarse resolution, the largest-scale lowest-frequency baroclinic modes appear as the least damped modes. For scales much larger than the internal deformation radius, the damping rate is relatively independent of dissipation, the mode …
Significant Internal Waves And Internal Tides Measured Northeast Of Taiwan, Timothy F. Duda, Arthur E. Newhall, Glen Gawarkiewicz, Michael J. Caruso, Hans C. Graber, Yiing Jang Yang, Sen Jan
Significant Internal Waves And Internal Tides Measured Northeast Of Taiwan, Timothy F. Duda, Arthur E. Newhall, Glen Gawarkiewicz, Michael J. Caruso, Hans C. Graber, Yiing Jang Yang, Sen Jan
Journal of Marine Research
Internal gravity waves in an area northeast of Taiwan are characterized using data from multiple sensor types. The data set includes intermittent information collected from a ship and short time series from moorings. Modeled nonlinear waves are fitted to observed nonlinear waves to provide self-consistent estimates of multiple wave parameters. A nonlinear internal wave of over 50 m amplitude, observed in deep water, is examined in detail. This wave was moving northward from the southern Okinawa Trough toward the continental shelf, and presumably formed from internal tides propagating northward from the Ilan Ridge area. A possible scenario for the formation …
Corrigendum To “Nutrient Supply In The Southern East China Sea After Typhoon Morakot", Chin-Chang Hung, Chih-Ching Chung, Gwo-Ching Gong, Sen Jan, Yaling Tsai, Kuo-Shu Chen, Wen Chen Chou, Ming-An Lee, Yi Chang, Meng-Hsien Chen, Wen-Rong Yang, Chiung-Jung Tseng, Glen Gawarkiewicz
Corrigendum To “Nutrient Supply In The Southern East China Sea After Typhoon Morakot", Chin-Chang Hung, Chih-Ching Chung, Gwo-Ching Gong, Sen Jan, Yaling Tsai, Kuo-Shu Chen, Wen Chen Chou, Ming-An Lee, Yi Chang, Meng-Hsien Chen, Wen-Rong Yang, Chiung-Jung Tseng, Glen Gawarkiewicz
Journal of Marine Research
The authors regret that some errors occurred in the Figure 6 published with incorrect data in our recent article (Hung et al. 2013: 145). The corrected data are presented in the revised Figure 6 below. The conclusions drawn in the original article are still supported by the revised results, though some estimates have been corrected.
Foam Triangles, S. A. Thorpe
Foam Triangles, S. A. Thorpe
Journal of Marine Research
Foam patches left by waves breaking as they approach a smooth and gently sloping beach from a near-normal direction sometimes have the distinctly triangular shape that has been studied by Turner and Turner (2011). Explanations of the size of the angle at the apex of the triangles observed by Turner and Turner are suggested in terms of physical processes that determine the speed at which the point of breaking travels along a wave crest. These explanations differ from the entrainment model proposed by Turner and Turner (2011). The range of sizes of the apex angles can most likely be explained …