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Nitrification And Oxygen Consumption In Northwest Atlantic Deep-Sea Sediments, John P. Christensen, Gilbert T. Rowe Jan 1984

Nitrification And Oxygen Consumption In Northwest Atlantic Deep-Sea Sediments, John P. Christensen, Gilbert T. Rowe

Journal of Marine Research

The importance of nitrification in the oxygen consumption by deep-sea sediments was investigated by modelling pore water nitrate profiles from 6 northwest Atlantic cores. Total nitrification and denitrification rates were calculated from the thickness of the nitrification layer, the nitrification rate at the sediment surface (N), the coefficient of exponential decrease of the nitrification rate (B), and the first-order rate constant for denitrification. The four unknowns were determined by best fit of the model to the nitrate profiles. The nitrate profile from the furthest offshore station indicated no denitrification, so that only N and B were …

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Copper Complexation During Spring Phytoplankton Blooms In Coastal Waters, Donald M. Anderson, John S. Lively, Ralph F. Vaccaro Jan 1984

Copper Complexation During Spring Phytoplankton Blooms In Coastal Waters, Donald M. Anderson, John S. Lively, Ralph F. Vaccaro

Journal of Marine Research

Cupric ion bioassays were conducted throughout the spring phytoplankton bloom season at two stations-one estuarine, dominated by dinoflagellates, the other coastal, dominated by diatoms. Copper-complexing ligands were detected at both locations throughout this period. Ligand concentrations varied between 0.1 and 0.75 μM, with the estuarine concentrations typically 2–4 times higher than coastal values. Ligands from both locations were destroyed by UV-oxidation and had similar conditional stability constants (range 108.3 to 109.2) that were significantly correlated with pH, suggesting that the complexing materials are organic chelators with weak acid functional groups. All measured or calculated parameters (DOC, …

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Observations Of Current Rings In The Antarctic Zone At Drake Passage, R. D. Pillsbury, J. S. Bottero Jan 1984

Observations Of Current Rings In The Antarctic Zone At Drake Passage, R. D. Pillsbury, J. S. Bottero

Journal of Marine Research

Time series of current velocity and temperature from several depths at a site near the center of Drake Passage show features that can plausibly be interpreted as current rings. Between June 1975 and January 1976, five cyclonic rings from the Continental Water Boundary and one anticyclonic ring from the Polar Front passed over the site. The diameters of the rings varied from 30 km to 130 km, and all of them extended vertically to a depth of at least 2500 m. The rings exhibited maximum spin velocities of about 20 cm sec−1 at 1000 m depth and 10 cm …

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Dissipation And Diffusion By Internal Wave Breaking, Ann E. Gargett, Greg Holloway Jan 1984

Dissipation And Diffusion By Internal Wave Breaking, Ann E. Gargett, Greg Holloway

Journal of Marine Research

Recent direct observations of the rate of kinetic energy dissipation, ε, tend to vary systematically with buoyancy frequency, N. This note presents arguments leading to an expected relationship between these two parameters. We first suggest that the classical separation of velocity field into “turbulent” and “mean” (including internal waves) is inappropriate for a stratified system such as the ocean, in which nonlinear forces and buoyant restoring forces act over a wide range of space-time scales. Reconsidering the steady-state kinetic energy equation without this separation, we obtain ε ∝ N1.0 or ε ∝ N1.5, where the ambiguity …

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The Importance Of Predation By Horseshoe Crabs, Limulus Polyphemus, To An Intertidal Sand Flat Community, Mark L. Botton Jan 1984

The Importance Of Predation By Horseshoe Crabs, Limulus Polyphemus, To An Intertidal Sand Flat Community, Mark L. Botton

Journal of Marine Research

Horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus (L.), are abundant in the lower Delaware Bay during their spring spawning activity. The impact of predation on the benthic community of intertidal flats in the vicinity of breeding beaches was investigated using exclosures and enclosures. In 1978 and 1979, protected sediments contained significantly more individuals, biomass and species per core than unprotected sediments. In 1978, the bivalves Gemma gemma, Mulinia lateralis, and Mya arenaria were significantly more numerous within cages. At that time, unprotected sediments contained very few Mya or Mulinia over 4 mm, suggesting that predators “cropped off” these species as they attained …

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On The Mean Flow In The Tiran Strait In Winter, Stephen P. Murray, Artur Hecht, Arthur Babcock Jan 1984

On The Mean Flow In The Tiran Strait In Winter, Stephen P. Murray, Artur Hecht, Arthur Babcock

Journal of Marine Research

Direct observations with 12 moored current meters of the velocity field in the Tiran Strait has confirmed the presence of a well-developed two-layered gravitational convection circulation between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba. Measurements indicate a level of no motion at 100 m in the deep (270 m) Enterprise Passage, whereas the shallower Grafton Passage (80 m) is completely in the upper layer. Characteristic speeds are 30 cm/sec and 60 cm/sec in the upper and lower layers, respectively. Integration over the channel area indicates an average discharge in each layer of ∼29,000 m3/sec for February 1982. …

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A Continental Shelf Upwelling Event Off Vancouver Island As Revealed By Satellite Infrared Imagery, M. Ikeda, W. J. Emery Jan 1984

A Continental Shelf Upwelling Event Off Vancouver Island As Revealed By Satellite Infrared Imagery, M. Ikeda, W. J. Emery

Journal of Marine Research

A series of nine relatively cloud-free infrared satellite images, of the coastal ocean off Vancouver Island, reveals the evolution of sea-surface temperature patterns during a 16-day period of upwelling favorable winds in the summer of 1980. Early in the upwelling event, the cold water in the north was restricted to a narrow band, while in the south cold surface water extended out to the continental shelf break. This southern feature is believed to be an expression of a semipermanent, cold cyclonic eddy (Freeland and Denman, 1982). As upwelling continued, the cold water boundary propagated offshore at about 10 km/day eventually …

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Forced Double Kelvin Waves In A Stratified Ocean, Andrew J. Willmott Jan 1984

Forced Double Kelvin Waves In A Stratified Ocean, Andrew J. Willmott

Journal of Marine Research

This paper examines the linear response of a two-layer uniformly rotating ocean of infinite horizontal extent with a discontinuity in depth to a divergence-free transient wind stress. Initially the ocean is at rest and the wind stress is directed perpendicular to the escarpment. A rigid lid is employed to filter out the external double Kelvin wave and an analytic solution is derived, using transform techniques, for the forced internal double Kelvin wave which is trapped along the depth discontinuity. Parameter values are chosen which most accurately model the Mendocino escarpment oriented almost zonally off the northern California coast. Soon after …

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Vertical Eddy Diffusivity In The Ocean Interior, A. E. Gargett Jan 1984

Vertical Eddy Diffusivity In The Ocean Interior, A. E. Gargett

Journal of Marine Research

Vertical turbulent transport of density (mass) in a system of stable stratification ∂p/∂z < 0 (z positive upward) is often modelled by an “eddy” diffusivity Kv ≡ −ρω/(∂p/∂z), normally assumed to be constant. Recent evidence from stratified lakes, fjords and oceans suggests that Kv may be more accurately described as a decreasing function of buoyancy frequency N ≡ (–g(ρo)–1 (∂p/∂z))1/2. A main purpose of this paper is to review available estimates of Kv from a variety of stratified geophysical systems. Particular emphasis is placed upon the degree to which these estimates are dependent upon underlying …

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Equatorial Beams, Julian P. Mccreary Jr. Jan 1984

Equatorial Beams, Julian P. Mccreary Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

A linear stratified model is used to study the response of the equatorial ocean to forcing by the wind at periods from one month to one year. Solutions are represented as double sums of vertical modes (designated by the index n) and of the various types of waves associated with each mode (designated by the index l). Waves associated with a considerable number of vertical modes contribute to the solutions. They superpose in such a way that energy and phase propagate vertically as well as horizontally. It is useful to isolate the individual contributions of various pieces of …

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An Analytic Model Of Tidal Waves In The Yellow Sea, Yong Q. Kang Jan 1984

An Analytic Model Of Tidal Waves In The Yellow Sea, Yong Q. Kang

Journal of Marine Research

Co-oscillating tides in the Yellow Sea south of Shantung Peninsula are investigated analytically by a superposition of Kelvin and Poincaré waves. The Yellow Sea is approximated by a rectangular bay of uniform depth with an opening at the head, and a variable portion of tidal energy is allowed to penetrate through the opening. The analytical results basically agree with the available tidal charts. For the semi-diurnal tide the Poincaré waves play an important role throughout the whole basin of the Yellow Sea, but for the diurnal tide their influence is restricted to the vicinity of the bay head. The asymmetry …

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Construction Of Net Isopleth Plots In Cross-Sections Of Tidal Estuaries, Björn Kjerfve, Harvey E. Seim Jan 1984

Construction Of Net Isopleth Plots In Cross-Sections Of Tidal Estuaries, Björn Kjerfve, Harvey E. Seim

Journal of Marine Research

Construction of isopleth plots of net velocity, material concentration, or material flux in cross-sections of tidal estuaries is not a trivial matter. To construct a flux-preserving isopleth plot requires that each instantaneous measure is weighted by the subarea for which the measure is representative. This area-weighted averaging procedure is outlined. Without area-weighting, net isopleth plots typically yield misleading results in tidal estuaries. In our example, net fluxes of total nitrogen are over-estimated without area-weighting.

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Interaction Of A Copepod Population With The Mean Circulation On Georges Bank, Cabell S. Davis Jan 1984

Interaction Of A Copepod Population With The Mean Circulation On Georges Bank, Cabell S. Davis

Journal of Marine Research

The population structure of the copepod, Pseudocalanus sp., on Georges Bank in February 1975 had distinct shifts from younger to older developmental stages in a clockwise pattern around the bank. It is hypothesized that this spatial pattern resulted from the interaction of copepod population dynamics and the mean circulation of sea water around Georges Bank. To test this idea, a combined physical/biological model is developed which simulates copepod population dynamics at each of a series of fixed spatial points around a hypothetical gyre. This simple physical scheme incorporates both advection and diffusion of copepods around the gyre. Rates of advection …

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Wave Damping By Monomolecular Surface Films And Their Chemical Structure. Part Ii: Variation Of The Hydrophilic Part Of The Film Molecules Including Natural Substances, Heinrich Hühnerfuss, Philipp Lange, Wolfgang Walter Jan 1984

Wave Damping By Monomolecular Surface Films And Their Chemical Structure. Part Ii: Variation Of The Hydrophilic Part Of The Film Molecules Including Natural Substances, Heinrich Hühnerfuss, Philipp Lange, Wolfgang Walter

Journal of Marine Research

The direct wave attenuation influence of surface active compounds on plunger-generated water waves (1.0, 1.3, 1.8, 2.0, 2.3, and 2.5 Hz) was investigated in the Hamburg wind-wave tunnel by systematic variation of the hydrophilic group. Long-chain alcohols, acids, and amines exhibit a considerable wave damping effect. An additional wave energy dissipation term is active in the presence of carboxylic acid ester (E/Z-isomerization). It is concluded from the experimental results that hydrophobic interactions between the hydrophobic alkyl chains and the adjacent water layer play a dominant role by inducing “ice-like clathrate structures.” Some hydrophilic groups (mono- and di-oxyethylenated alcohols) may also …

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Tidal Period Upwelling Within Raine Island Entrance Great Barrier Reef, Richard E. Thomson, Eric J. Wolanski Jan 1984

Tidal Period Upwelling Within Raine Island Entrance Great Barrier Reef, Richard E. Thomson, Eric J. Wolanski

Journal of Marine Research

Temperature and current measurements collected from November 1981 to May 1982 at the head of Raine Island Entrance reveal tidally-induced upwelling of cold continental slope water onto the continental shelf. Daily tidal motions account for approximately 80% of the total cross-shelf eddy heat flux of 0.79 ± 1.01 cal cm−2 s−1. Although temperature and current fluctuations are principally of semidiurnal period, the heat flux is principally at diurnal period. Based on empirical nutrient-temperature relations we estimate the onshore inorganic nutrient fluxes to be 0.9 (±1.2) × 10−2 mmol m−2 s−1 for nitrate, 0.6 (±0.8) …

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The Life Of A Thermohaline Intrusion, Barry Ruddick Jan 1984

The Life Of A Thermohaline Intrusion, Barry Ruddick

Journal of Marine Research

The effects of salt finger and diffusive interface transports on the thermohaline properties of an oceanic intrusion are modelled by considering the time evolution of a well-mixed layer with a single diffusive interface below it and a single finger interface above. Both cause the T-S anomaly to decrease. At short times, the diffusive interface buoyancy flux dominates, and can cause the central layer to overturn the finger interface. Initial conditions are deduced for which the central layer must lose its S contrast while remaining intermediate in density between the top and bottom layers. Under these conditions, the diffusive interface buoyancy …

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Zooplankton Abundance In Relation To State And Type Of Intrusions Onto The Southeastern United States Shelf During Summer, Gustav-Adolf Paffenhöfer, Bryan T. Wester, William D. Nicholas Jan 1984

Zooplankton Abundance In Relation To State And Type Of Intrusions Onto The Southeastern United States Shelf During Summer, Gustav-Adolf Paffenhöfer, Bryan T. Wester, William D. Nicholas

Journal of Marine Research

The vertical distribution of zooplankton on the continental shelf of northeastern Florida was determined in and around upwelling events and related to concentrations of particulate matter. Doliolida and the cladoceran Penilia avirostris were significantly more abundant in upwelled water <22°C and the cyclopoid genus Oncaea more abundant at warmer temperatures. The abundance of doliolida, Oithona and Oncaea in intrusions and the thermocline was significantly higher in older than in recently upwelled waters. The vertical sequences of the abundance of zooplankton and particulate matter (2-114 μm ESD) were identical. Zooplankton maxima co-occurred primarily with maxima in phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a) and only partly with …

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On The Equivalence Of Nonlocal And Radial-Diffusion Models For Porewater Irrigation, Bernard P. Boudreau Jan 1984

On The Equivalence Of Nonlocal And Radial-Diffusion Models For Porewater Irrigation, Bernard P. Boudreau

Journal of Marine Research

Aller (1977, 1978, 1980) and Aller and Yingst (1978) have demonstrated that the presence of well-irrigated worm-tubes and other animal burrows in sediments can significantly alter the rate of exchange of solutes between porewater and the overlying waters. Specifically, the burrows modify the geometry of the porewater system such that solutes can diffuse toward or away from either the sediment-water interface or the burrow. The burrow constitutes an additional boundary source or sink...

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Vertical Flux Of Fatty Acids In The North Atlantic Ocean, Hein J. W. De Baar, John W. Farrington, Stuart G. Wakeham Jan 1983

Vertical Flux Of Fatty Acids In The North Atlantic Ocean, Hein J. W. De Baar, John W. Farrington, Stuart G. Wakeham

Journal of Marine Research

The quantitative and qualitative composition of fatty acids in particulate material collected in traps deployed during 98 days at 389, 988, 3755 and 5068 m depths in the equatorial North Atlantic was determined. The fatty acid composition indicates a predominantly marine source (14:0, 16:0, 16:1, 18:0, 18:1, 20:5, 20:4, 22:6, 22:5) with possibly a minor terrigenous component in the bathypelagic traps. The vertical fluxes of fatty acids and lipids decrease rapidly with depth. The rate of net loss of carboxylic acids increases with number of double bonds and decreases with number of carbon atoms. Iso- and anteiso- as well as …

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Toxic Binding Of Cupric Ion By Marine Phytoplankton, Jerome Gavis Jan 1983

Toxic Binding Of Cupric Ion By Marine Phytoplankton, Jerome Gavis

Journal of Marine Research

The data presented by Gavis et al. (1981, J. Mar. Res., 39, 315–333) for the specific growth rate of phytoplankton in nutrient replete medium as a function of cupric ion activity can be described quantitatively by equations that relate the equilibrium binding of cupric ions to a cell receptor site. Statistically significant conditional binding constants could be estimated from the data for at least eight clones among three species. One clone could bind only one cupric ion per site. The others could bind a maximum of two cupric ions per site. For one of these clones K1 > K2 …

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Westward Propagation Of Short-Term Climatic Anomalies In The Western North Pacific Ocean From 1964-1974, Warren B. White Jan 1983

Westward Propagation Of Short-Term Climatic Anomalies In The Western North Pacific Ocean From 1964-1974, Warren B. White

Journal of Marine Research

Short-term climatic anomalies in the surface dynamic height (O/400 db) structure of the western North Pacific from 1964-1974 are investigated on a seasonal basis for propagational character. From the equator to 32.5N, negative dynamic height anomalies occurred in 1965, 1969 and 1972, approximately every three years, associated with E1 Nino events in the eastern tropical Pacific (Wyrtki, 1977). The decorrelation time scale of these short-term climatic anomalies was independent of latitude (i.e., 6-9 months), but the decorrelation longitude scale decreased poleward; i.e., from 10° longitude at 7.5N to 5° longitude at 32.5N. Time/longitude correlation studies find these anomalies to have …

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Tidally Generated High-Frequency Internal Wave Packets And Their Effects On Plankton In Massachussetts Bay, Loren R. Haury, Peter H. Wiebe, Marshall O. Orr, Melbourne G. Briscoe Jan 1983

Tidally Generated High-Frequency Internal Wave Packets And Their Effects On Plankton In Massachussetts Bay, Loren R. Haury, Peter H. Wiebe, Marshall O. Orr, Melbourne G. Briscoe

Journal of Marine Research

Tidally generated internal wave packets occur twice a day during late summer in Massachusetts Bay, U.S.A. The packets are formed at Stellwagen Bank and propagate into the Bay at about 60 cm sec—1; they dissipate in shallow water at the western side of the Bay. The dominant waves in packets have lengths of about 300 m, periods of between 8 and 10 min, and amplitudes of up to 30 m. Overturning of the waves has been observed acoustically over Stellwagen Bank, in the deep (80 m) waters in the center of the Bay, and during dissipation in shallow …

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Quasi-Lagrangian Structure And Variability Of The Subtropical Western North Atlantic Circulation, Stephen C. Riser, H. Thomas Rossby Jan 1983

Quasi-Lagrangian Structure And Variability Of The Subtropical Western North Atlantic Circulation, Stephen C. Riser, H. Thomas Rossby

Journal of Marine Research

A large body of quasi-Lagrangian trajectory (SOFAR float) data collected from 1976-1979 from 700 m and 2000 m in the western North Atlantic is examined, and it is shown that the character of the trajectories varies markedly over regions as small as a few degrees of latitude and longitude. Kinetic energy increases to the north and west in the basin at both levels. At 700 m a large northwest energy gradient is present between 30N and 31N at 70W. At 2000 m kinetic energy increases to the north and west with the largest gradients very near to the Blake Escarpment …

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Control Of Seagrass Communities And Sediment Distribution By Callianassa (Crustacea, Thalassinidea) Bioturbation, Thomas H. Suchanek Jan 1983

Control Of Seagrass Communities And Sediment Distribution By Callianassa (Crustacea, Thalassinidea) Bioturbation, Thomas H. Suchanek

Journal of Marine Research

Shallow tropical lagoons at St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands were found to have high densities of the ghost shrimp Callianassa spp. The ecology of four species of Callianassa is discussed: C. acanthochirus, C. longiventris, C. rathbunae and C. quadracuta. The first two species capture and store in their burrows drifting detritus of seagrass and algae. The latter two species build volcano-shaped mounds of ejected sediment during feeding and burrowing. Massive quantities of sediment (up to 2.59 kg/m2/day) are funneled into subsurface galleries, gleaned for organic material and sorted. Fine grains (< 1.4 mm diam.) are then pumped back up to the surface forming mounds. Coarse-grained material (≥ 1.4 mm) such as shell debris and coral fragments are not pumped back to the surface, but are stored in many deep chambers which extend > 1.5 m below the sediment surface. In cross-section, cores …

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Observations On The Degradation Of Biogenic Material In The Deep Ocean With Implications On Accuracy Of Sediment Trap Fluxes, Wilford D. Gardner, Kenneth R. Hinga, John Marra Jan 1983

Observations On The Degradation Of Biogenic Material In The Deep Ocean With Implications On Accuracy Of Sediment Trap Fluxes, Wilford D. Gardner, Kenneth R. Hinga, John Marra

Journal of Marine Research

The results of several observations and experiments indicate that the decay of organic material inside and outside of sediment traps in the deep ocean is on the order of 0.1-1.0% day−. These results must be considered when using sediment traps to determine the flux of organic material through the water column. The effectiveness of poisons in traps has not been adequately determined since the concentration of poisons in traps has not been monitored. Even traps containing poison may lose organic matter through leaching or from rapid grazing. A model is presented to quantify the loss of organic carbon …

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The Importance Of The Diffusive Permeability Of Animal Burrow Linings In Determining Marine Sediment Chemistry, Robert C. Aller Jan 1983

The Importance Of The Diffusive Permeability Of Animal Burrow Linings In Determining Marine Sediment Chemistry, Robert C. Aller

Journal of Marine Research

Many of the abundant burrows formed by animals in marine sediments are lined with thin layers of organic material. The permeability of these linings to solute diffusion can be an important determinant of the chemical composition of surrounding sediment and the burrow habitat. Measurement of the diffusive permeability of burrow linings from 8 species of marine invertebrates indicates that the diffusion coefficients of small inorganic solutes within linings are ∼ 10-40% that in free solution. The diffusion of anions, represented by Br−, is hindered somewhat relative to cations, represented by NH4+, indicating that linings have …

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Why Is There No Deep Water Formed In The North Pacific?, Bruce A. Warren Jan 1983

Why Is There No Deep Water Formed In The North Pacific?, Bruce A. Warren

Journal of Marine Research

According to climatological data, the low salinity of near-surface water in the northern North Pacific, which reduces its density so much as to prevent sinking to great depth there, is due to the small regional evaporation rate (which allows a substantial net freshwater input to the surface layer from precipitation and runoff), in combination with the small rate of flow through the surface layer (which amplifies the effect of the freshwater flux on the salinity). The low evaporation rate is due in turn to the relatively low surface temperature (decreasing the specific humidity of the air at the air-sea interface), …

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Synoptic Estimates Of Air-Sea Fluxes, Richard F. Marsden, Stephen Pond Jan 1983

Synoptic Estimates Of Air-Sea Fluxes, Richard F. Marsden, Stephen Pond

Journal of Marine Research

Synoptic and climatological dynamic studies generally rely on bulk aerodynamic flux formulae to describe air-sea heat and momentum exchange on synoptic and climatological scales. Barometric pressure maps (which involve an intrinsic spatial and temporal averaging of the wind) and wind roses provide two sources of spatial and temporal wind information for flux calculations. Several investigators have shown that time-averaged estimates of the fluxes based on vector-averaged winds systematically underestimate the actual time-averaged fluxes.Using surface meteorological observations from 9 weatherstations in the North Atlantic Ocean and 2 weatherstations in the North Pacific Ocean, the three hourly stresses, latent heat fluxes and …

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On The Migration Of Isolated Eddies With Application To Gulf Stream Rings, Doron Nof Jan 1983

On The Migration Of Isolated Eddies With Application To Gulf Stream Rings, Doron Nof

Journal of Marine Research

An analytical model describing the β-induced drift of isolated nonlinear eddies such as the cold- and warm-core rings observed in the Atlantic Ocean is proposed. The ocean is approximated by two layers and attention is focused on frictionless upper ocean eddies whose surface area is finite. These isolated eddies are nonlinear in the sense that (a) the corresponding Rossby number is relatively large and (b) the interface vertical displacements ("amplitudes") are comparable to the upper layer undisturbed depth. Solutions for steadily translating eddies which carry their entire mass as they move are sought. Examination of the problem in a …

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Exploratory Observations Of Abyssal Currents In The South Atlantic Near Vema Channel, William J. Schmitz Jr., Nelson G. Hogg Jan 1983

Exploratory Observations Of Abyssal Currents In The South Atlantic Near Vema Channel, William J. Schmitz Jr., Nelson G. Hogg

Journal of Marine Research

Vema Channel (nominal location 30S, 40W) is a major passage for the flow of Antarctic Bottom Water on its way northward from the Argentine Basin to the Brazil Basin. New data based on approximately year-long current meter deployments at abyssal depths yield mean or time-averaged kinetic energies as strong as 240 cm2s−2, and eddy kinetic energies from 8 to 40 cm2s−2. We observe a persistent northward flow of AABW with maximum speed near 40 cm s−1, as is found at abyssal depths in the vicinity of the Gulf Stream. The …

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