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Methane Anomalies Over Tag Hydrothermal Field On Mid Atlantic Ridge, J. L. Charlou, P. Rona, H. Bougault Jan 1987

Methane Anomalies Over Tag Hydrothermal Field On Mid Atlantic Ridge, J. L. Charlou, P. Rona, H. Bougault

Journal of Marine Research

Black smoker type hydrothermal venting was discovered in July 1985 at the TAG hydrothermal field in the rift valley of the Mid Atlantic Ridge near 26N. We present here, the first methane profiles in the seawater column over this black smoker along with methane profiles away from the black smokers for comparison. The CH4 plume, spreading over 400 m above the seafloor, shows a maximum concentration of 105 nl/l at 3450 m (238 m above the bottom), correlated with a positive temperature anomaly (0.02°C). CH4 concentrations up to 2422 nl/l, correlated with a huge positive increase of in …

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The Dynamics Of Near-Bed Seston Flux And Suspension-Feeding Benthos, D. K. Muschenheim Jan 1987

The Dynamics Of Near-Bed Seston Flux And Suspension-Feeding Benthos, D. K. Muschenheim

Journal of Marine Research

Benthic suspension feeders depend on the fluid medium for their supply of edible particles. The horizontal flux of organic seston is a function of the interaction of particles of varying densities with the near-bed velocity field. Analytical and numerical models of this process predict that the shape of the flux profile varies with flow rate, bottom roughness and particle settling velocity. Bulk horizontal particle flux may either decrease or increase with height above the bed. Flume experiments with natural sediments from Eastern Passage, Nova Scotia confirmed the trends predicted by the model. In a complex suspension, denser, inorganic particles have …

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Penetrating Outflows And The Dam-Breaking Problem, Doron Nof Jan 1987

Penetrating Outflows And The Dam-Breaking Problem, Doron Nof

Journal of Marine Research

A new analytical method for computing the speed at which the nose of a rotating intrusion advances along a straight coast is proposed. The nonlinear model includes two active layers; the width of the basin in which the intrusion advances is taken to be finite. Friction is assumed to be small but the motions near the leading edge are not constrained to be quasi-geostrophic.In contrast to previous models (Stern et al., 1982; Kubokawa and Hanawa, 1984a, b) which rely on the assumption that the current head behaves like a long wave and the flow is hydrostatic, the propagation rate …

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A Model For The Inertial Recirculation Of A Gyre, Richard J. Greatbatch Jan 1987

A Model For The Inertial Recirculation Of A Gyre, Richard J. Greatbatch

Journal of Marine Research

This paper considers the "time-mean" circulation of wind-driven ocean gyres in the limit referred to as "inertial" or "almost-free." In this limit, potential vorticity is conserved following the flow with sources and sinks of potential vorticity balancing in an integral sense around the gyre. Approximate analytic solutions are obtained for a continuously stratified quasi-geostrophic ocean by neglecting the relative vorticity in the gyre interiors. The solutions have features similar to those found in the western part of ocean basins both in eddy-resolving numerical models and in observations. In particular, a deep westward recirculation, such as proposed by Worthington (1976) for …

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A Model For The Dynamics Of Nutrients And Oxygen In The Baltic Proper, Anders Stigebrandt, Fredrik Wulff Jan 1987

A Model For The Dynamics Of Nutrients And Oxygen In The Baltic Proper, Anders Stigebrandt, Fredrik Wulff

Journal of Marine Research

A horizontally integrated, time-dependent physical-biogeochemical model of high vertical resolution has been developed for the Baltic Sea proper. A seasonal pycnocline model computes the physical state of the mixed surface layer. Below this is an advective-diffusive model. The vertical advection is caused by a time-dependent, entraining bottom current which transports dense seawater into the system. The vertical distributions of volumes and sediment areas are accounted for by the use of the hypsographic function of the system. The chemical/biological processes controlling the distributions of nitrogen and oxygen are modelled as follows: Primary production is controlled by light, temperature, nutrients and density …

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The Influence Of Planetary Rotation On Oceanic Double-Diffusive Fluxes, Dan Kelley Jan 1987

The Influence Of Planetary Rotation On Oceanic Double-Diffusive Fluxes, Dan Kelley

Journal of Marine Research

Does planetary rotation inhibit double-diffusive fluxes of heat and salt in oceanic thermohaline staircases? The Taylor number Ta, which measures the effect of planetary rotation on convection, is O(1) for laboratory diffusive staircases O(104) for oceanic diffusive staircases. Does this mean that laboratory-based flux laws are inapplicable in the ocean? Lacking flux measurements in double-diffusive systems, these questions are addressed using an analogy between double-diffusive convection and thermal convection. It is shown that Ta is an inappropriate parameter, and that rotating thermal fluxes collapse onto a simple curve when a new Taylor number Tano-slip …

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Temporal Variability And The Relationship Between Benthic Meiofaunal And Microbial Populations Of A Natural Coastal Petroleum Seep, Paul A. Montagna, James E. Bauer, Jon Toal, Dane Hardin, Robert B. Spies Jan 1987

Temporal Variability And The Relationship Between Benthic Meiofaunal And Microbial Populations Of A Natural Coastal Petroleum Seep, Paul A. Montagna, James E. Bauer, Jon Toal, Dane Hardin, Robert B. Spies

Journal of Marine Research

Previous studies of the Isla Vista petroleum seep in the Santa Barbara Channel found much higher abundances of macrofauna and concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in sediments near petroleum seepage compared to those from nonseep areas. To further assess the possible effect of petroleum on organisms at the base of benthic food webs, population abundances of meiobenthos and their suspected microbial food (bacteria and diatoms) were measured biweekly for one year at three stations with differing petroleum exposure. Determinations of suspended particulate matter and the abundance and gut contents of juvenile fishes were also made at seep and nonseep stations. …

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Continental-Shelf-Scale Model Of The Leeuwin Current, R. O. R. Y. Thompson Jan 1987

Continental-Shelf-Scale Model Of The Leeuwin Current, R. O. R. Y. Thompson

Journal of Marine Research

A simple model is presented for the poleward eastern boundary current (the Leeuwin Current) off Western Australia. For continental-shelf length-scales and seasonal time-scales, the advective and time-derivative terms are small, and water flows onto the shelf until a sufficient cross-shelf pressure gradient is set up to push the same flux back. In a rotating system, the return flux takes place in a frictional (Ekman) layer at the bottom, and is synonymous with a near-bottom longshore current νB, from−CD|νB|νB = ∫O−H 1/ρ ∂p/∂y dz + u2 …

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Accurately Monitoring The Florida Current With Motionally Induced Voltages, Peter Spain, Thomas B. Sanford Jan 1987

Accurately Monitoring The Florida Current With Motionally Induced Voltages, Peter Spain, Thomas B. Sanford

Journal of Marine Research

A new experimental technique for appraising how accurately submarine-cable (subcable) voltages monitor oceanic volume transport is presented and then used to study voltages induced by the northern Florida Current. Until recently, subcable voltages have been largely dismissed as an oceanographic tool because their interpretation can be ambiguous. They depend upon the transport field, the electrical conductance of the environment, and the mutual spatial distribution of these two quantities. To examine how these three factors affect subcable voltages at a particular site, we combine data from two different velocity profilers: XCP and PEGASUS. These instruments provide vertical profiles of velocity, temperature, …

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Variability Of Diatom Species Populations: From Days To Years, Sargun A. Tont Jan 1987

Variability Of Diatom Species Populations: From Days To Years, Sargun A. Tont

Journal of Marine Research

Based on over 300,000 individual measurements, temporal and spatial variations in diatom abundances and related atmospheric and oceanic variables have been investigated for two locations near the coast of southern California. Time scale of periods investigated ranged from days to 10 years; variability over centuries can be reconstructed from climate records. The results of principal component analysis based on weekly averages indicated that eigenvectors at Scripps and Pt. Hueneme piers, nearly 200 km apart, were similar; removal of seasonal cycles (by calculating anomalies) did not significantly alter these eigenvectors. Principal components derived from matrices based on weekly averages of 20, …

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Components Of The Zooplankton Production Cycle In The Temperate Ocean, Cabell S. Davis Jan 1987

Components Of The Zooplankton Production Cycle In The Temperate Ocean, Cabell S. Davis

Journal of Marine Research

Components of the zooplankton production cycle (assimilation, respiration, and predation) on Georges Bank were analyzed using three models of increasing complexity, i.e., total biomass (Riley, 1947), size-structure (Huntley and Boyd, 1984) and species population (Davis, 1984a). Other temperate marine areas with seasonal cycles in temperature similar to Georges Bank were identified and available data on zooplankton biomass and species cycles were found. For Georges Bank, the species level model, based on well-defined empirical relationships between temperature, development rate, and fecundity, revealed that highest production occurs by small animals during warmest months (e.g., September), when biomass is low. By contrast, the …

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Some Aspects Of The Oxygen-Deficient Conditions And Denitrification In The Arabian Sea, S. W. A. Naqvi Jan 1987

Some Aspects Of The Oxygen-Deficient Conditions And Denitrification In The Arabian Sea, S. W. A. Naqvi

Journal of Marine Research

Utilizing a fairly large amount of recently collected data, some outstanding questions concerning the Arabian Sea denitrification problem are addressed. The true levels of dissolved oxygen, determined colorimetrically, are about an order of magnitude lower than those reported previously from the oxygen minimum zone. Lateral advection of waters from south into the oxygen-deficient layer is suggested by the presence of an intermediate oxygen maximum discernible even at very low oxygen levels. An unusual minimum in nitrate and a corresponding maximum in nitrite are observed occasionally within the depth range 700–1,200 m at several stations, generally located in the northeastern Arabian …

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On The Dynamics Of The California Current System, Julian P. Mccreary Jr., Pijush K. Kundu, Shenn-Yu Chao Jan 1987

On The Dynamics Of The California Current System, Julian P. Mccreary Jr., Pijush K. Kundu, Shenn-Yu Chao

Journal of Marine Research

The dynamics of the California Current system are studied using two ocean models, one with a shelf and one without. Both models are viscid and linearized about a background density field Pb(Z), Solutions are forced by steady and annually periodic winds with and without curl, and by an idealization of the observed wind field off California. Solutions forced by a steady, equatorward, curl-free wind τy all have an equatorward surface coastal jet and a poleward undercurrent. Due to the β-effect and horizontal mixing, the circulation is not necessarily confined within a Rossby radius of …

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On The Energetics Of The Gulf Stream At 73w, T. Rossby Jan 1987

On The Energetics Of The Gulf Stream At 73w, T. Rossby

Journal of Marine Research

From September 1980 through May 1983 a series of nineteen sections of velocity profiles were obtained across the Gulf Stream 200 km northeast of Cape Hatteras. By decomposing the velocity and temperature observations into mean and fluctuating fields in two coordinate systems, geographic (or Eulerian) and 'stream' coordinates, it is shown that at least ⅔ of the eddy kinetic and potential energy is caused by the meandering of a well defined baroclinic front with a structure that is nearly independent of space and time. It is also shown that more than 95% of the kinetic energy of the front can …

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Single-Particle Dispersion, Lagrangian Structure Function And Lagrangian Energy Spectrum In Two-Dimensional Incompressible Turbulence, Armando Babiano, Claude Basdevant, Pascal Le Roy, Robert Sadourny Jan 1987

Single-Particle Dispersion, Lagrangian Structure Function And Lagrangian Energy Spectrum In Two-Dimensional Incompressible Turbulence, Armando Babiano, Claude Basdevant, Pascal Le Roy, Robert Sadourny

Journal of Marine Research

The single-particle dispersion, Lagrangian structure functions and Lagrangian energy spectra characteristic of two-dimensional incompressible turbulent flows are investigated theoretically and numerically. The domain of validity of the classical asymptotic estimates is extended; it is shown in particular that the asymptotic behavior of the single-particle dispersion at small times remains valid throughout the whole self-similar range when the Lagrangian energy spectrum is steeper than ω−1. Straightforward estimates of the Lagrangian integral time scale TL and the diffusion coefficient at large times K, based on energy and enstrophy, are proposed; to some extent, they remain valid locally, which …

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Lagrangian Properties Of Eddy Fields In The Northern North Atlantic As Deduced From Satellite-Tracked Buoys, W. Krauss, C. W. Böning Jan 1987

Lagrangian Properties Of Eddy Fields In The Northern North Atlantic As Deduced From Satellite-Tracked Buoys, W. Krauss, C. W. Böning

Journal of Marine Research

One hundred and thirteen satellite-tracked buoys have been used during their first 5 months after deployment in order to calculate Lagrangian statistics of the eddy field in the northern North Atlantic between Newfoundland and the Canary basin. r.m.s. velocities are isotropic and increase from southeast to northwest. Lagrangian integral time scales, derived both from correlation function and from dispersion, are slightly anisotropic and decrease from the subtropics toward the North Atlantic Current. Time scale is inversely proportional to the r.m.s. velocity of the eddies. Eddy length scale is approximately constant in the North Atlantic. Dispersion is in good agreement with …

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A Least-Squares Fit Of The Advective-Diffusive Equations To Levitus Atlas Data, Nelson G. Hogg Jan 1987

A Least-Squares Fit Of The Advective-Diffusive Equations To Levitus Atlas Data, Nelson G. Hogg

Journal of Marine Research

The distributions of temperature, oxygen and potential vorticity on two isopycnals and the geostrophic shear between them are used to obtain the flow fields and diffusivities through a least-squares inversion of the steady state, advective-diffusive equations. The source of the data is the Levitus Atlas, and the two isopycnals are located in a 24° square centered on the Mediterranean Water tongue in the eastern North Atlantic. One isopycnal is in the thermocline and the other beneath so chosen to be near the level of maximum salinity and temperature anomaly.Although tracer distributions on the two levels are similar, the inversion suggests …

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Seasonal Fluxes Of Silicoflagellates And Actiniscus In The Subarctic Pacific During 1982-1984, Kozo Takahashi Jan 1987

Seasonal Fluxes Of Silicoflagellates And Actiniscus In The Subarctic Pacific During 1982-1984, Kozo Takahashi

Journal of Marine Research

A seasonal flux study of silicoflagellates and Actiniscus was conducted at subarctic Pacific Station PAPA (50N, 145W; water depth 4200 m) during September, 1982 through August, 1984 using PARFLUX high resolution time series sediment traps deployed at 1000 m and 3800 m depths. The time series sediment trap samples were collected for 4 to 16-day periods depending on the samples; most of the samples were collected for 14 to 16-day periods. From a depth of 3800 m, a total of 47 samples represents a nearly two-year continuous record of the fluxes of silicoflagellate and Actiniscus taxa. An additional 12 samples …

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Modeling Eddy Transport Of Passive Tracers, Russ E. Davis Jan 1987

Modeling Eddy Transport Of Passive Tracers, Russ E. Davis

Journal of Marine Research

The mean advective and eddy transport of a passive scalar property is examined. Using a theory based on rational approximation of Lagrangian particle statistics, a transport equation relating the mean eddy flux and the mean concentration field Θ is developed. The transport equation is an elaborated advection-diffusion model in which the mean eddy flux is determined by the recent history of the gradient of Θ. The flux law involves an eddy diffusivity which depends on time lag and is defined in terms of fluid particle trajectories. Particle trajectories in simulated geophysical turbulence are used to test the applicability of the …

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The Importance Of A Plume Of Tidally-Mixed Water To The Biological Oceanography Of The Gulf Of Maine, David W. Townsend, John P. Christensen, David K. Stevenson, Joseph J. Graham, Stanley B. Chenoweth Jan 1987

The Importance Of A Plume Of Tidally-Mixed Water To The Biological Oceanography Of The Gulf Of Maine, David W. Townsend, John P. Christensen, David K. Stevenson, Joseph J. Graham, Stanley B. Chenoweth

Journal of Marine Research

During the warmer months of the year the eastern Gulf of Maine features a plume of cold water which extends from the tidally well-mixed area adjacent to Grand Manan Island at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy southwest along the Maine coast to well beyond Penobscot Bay. Near Grand Manan Island the plume waters are cold (ca. 10°C), nearly vertically isothermal and carry high concentrations of dissolved inorganic nutrients. The analysis of temperature-salinity diagrams and hydrographic vertical section plots indicate that the deeper waters in Jordan Basin, of slope water origin, upwell and contribute a significant fraction of the …

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The Freshwater Pulse—A Numerical Model With Application To The St. Lawrence Estuary, Kim-Tai Tee, Thin-Hock Lim Jan 1987

The Freshwater Pulse—A Numerical Model With Application To The St. Lawrence Estuary, Kim-Tai Tee, Thin-Hock Lim

Journal of Marine Research

The freshwater pulse, characterized by a salinity minimum, has been observed in many coastal areas. A 2-D numerical model was developed to investigate the laterally averaged estuarine circulation, and the freshwater pulse in the St. Lawrence Estuary. The effects on the circulation and salinity of various parameters, including vertical eddy coefficients, river runoff, the bottom friction coefficient and the open boundary condition were studied.The freshwater pulse in the St. Lawrence Estuary was simulated using a seasonal variation of the freshwater runoff. In addition to simulating the downstream propagation and the reduction of the pulse's amplitude toward both the ocean and …

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Zooplankton Grazers As Transformers Of Ocean Optics: A Dynamic Model, Mark E. Huntley, Victor Marin, Florence Escritor Jan 1987

Zooplankton Grazers As Transformers Of Ocean Optics: A Dynamic Model, Mark E. Huntley, Victor Marin, Florence Escritor

Journal of Marine Research

A model was developed, based on data collected in the Southern California Bight region, to assess the effect of zooplankton grazing on the attenuation of light due to suspended particles. Diel vertical distribution and grazing activity of the principal zooplankton grazers in the coastal waters of southern California were studied during mid-March, 1986. Calanus pacificus exhibited vertical migration, but Acartia spp. and Paracalanus spp. did not. All species had a diel feeding rhythm, whether or not they migrated; grazing activity, measured by the gut fluorescence method, increased at night. Model parameters are temperature, particle doubling rate, particle size-frequency distribution, zooplankton …

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Deep Zonal Currents In The Central Equatorial Pacific, Eric Firing Jan 1987

Deep Zonal Currents In The Central Equatorial Pacific, Eric Firing

Journal of Marine Research

A complex system of deep zonal currents in the central equatorial Pacific persisted during 16 months of current measurements spanning the 1982–1983 EI Niño episode. At least three extra equatorialcurrents appear to be permanent: the north and south intermediate countercurrents, with eastward velocity cores at 600 m depth, located 1.5–2.0° from the equator; and the south equatorial intermediate current, with a westward core at 900 m depth three or more degrees south of the equator. On the equator, the deep jets were nearly stationary during the period of these measurements. Comparison with earlier measurements shows that over longer periods the …

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Relative Mobility Of Radioactive Trace Elements Across The Sediment-Water Interface In The Merl Model Ecosystems Of Narragansett Bay, Peter H. Santschi, Michael Amdurer, Dennis Adler, Patricia O'Hara, Yuan-Hui Li, Peter Doering Jan 1987

Relative Mobility Of Radioactive Trace Elements Across The Sediment-Water Interface In The Merl Model Ecosystems Of Narragansett Bay, Peter H. Santschi, Michael Amdurer, Dennis Adler, Patricia O'Hara, Yuan-Hui Li, Peter Doering

Journal of Marine Research

The "mobilities" of radioactive trace elements across the water sediment boundary of a coastal marine ecosystem were investigated. The studies carried out included chemical speciation experiments ofthe solution and solid phases, as well as verification experiments in controlled model ecosystems ("MERL" tanks). The latter included backdiffusion experiments under oxic and anoxic conditions and experiments with artificially increased sediment resuspension rates. These studies have produced seven general conclusions: (1) The backdiffusion of Cs, Mn, Co, and Zn radiotracers across the sediment-water interface into oxic waters and of Mn and Co radiotracers into anoxic waters was predicted from laboratory experiments. (2) The …

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Bomb Radiocarbon In The Pacific: Annual And Seasonal Timescale Variations, Ellen R. M. Druffel Jan 1987

Bomb Radiocarbon In The Pacific: Annual And Seasonal Timescale Variations, Ellen R. M. Druffel

Journal of Marine Research

Banded corals are used as proxy recorders of bomb radiocarbon in the surface of the Pacific Ocean. Bomb radiocarbon levels appeared to still be rising in the tropical Pacific by 1982, in contrast to temperate locations that peaked in the early 1970's. This is representative of the geostrophic transport of bomb-laden waters from higher latitudes toward the equator. The seasonal radiocarbon signal at Canton Island (3S, 172W) during the early 1970's was twice the amplitude of that at Fanning Island (4N, 159W), and the radiocarbon minima at these locations were offset by several months. The phase lag is caused primarily …

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Bottom Waters Of The Gulf Of Maine, 1978-1983, David G. Mountain, Paul F. Jessen Jan 1987

Bottom Waters Of The Gulf Of Maine, 1978-1983, David G. Mountain, Paul F. Jessen

Journal of Marine Research

The properties of the bottom waters (>100 m) of the Gulf of Maine are described using hydrographic data from 26 surveys between May 1978 and December 1983. The average temperature and salinity of the bottom water are presented from the different surveys for four regions of the Gulf—Wilkinson, Jordan, and Georges Basins and the Northeast Channel. The spatial variability across the Gulf was larger than the temporal variability in any region. The bottom water originates from Slope Water that enters the Gulf through the Northeast Channel. It is modified within the Gulf by vertical mixing with the near-surface waters …

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Observations Of Fronts In The North Sea, H. M. Van Aken, G. J. F. Van Heijst, L. R. M. Maas Jan 1987

Observations Of Fronts In The North Sea, H. M. Van Aken, G. J. F. Van Heijst, L. R. M. Maas

Journal of Marine Research

The persistent presence of a cold bottom layer and associated bottom fronts was observed in the stratified central North Sea during an observational program in 1981 and 1982. Moored instruments, capturing a snap-shot of such a front while it was advected past these moorings, revealed the simultaneous presence of a well-defined frontal jet with velocities up to 15 cm s−1. The Coriolis force acting on this jet appeared to be in geostrophic balance with the locally intense pressure gradient forces. Hydrographic surveys revealed the presence of both small-scale and large-scale baroclinic waves on this front, the latter reaching …

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Spatial And Temporal Variability Of Cadmium In Gulf Stream Warm-Core Rings And Associated Waters, Carole M. Sakamoto-Arnold, Alfred K. Hanson Jr., Douglas L. Huizenga, Dana R. Kester Jan 1987

Spatial And Temporal Variability Of Cadmium In Gulf Stream Warm-Core Rings And Associated Waters, Carole M. Sakamoto-Arnold, Alfred K. Hanson Jr., Douglas L. Huizenga, Dana R. Kester

Journal of Marine Research

Seawater samples were collected and analyzed for cadmium during four cruises studying Gulf Stream warm-core rings and associated waters. Warm-core ring (WCR) 82-B was sampled in April (approximately two months after formation), in June (after seasonal stratification), and in August (during its interaction with the Gulf Stream). The September–October cruise studied closure and separation of a meander that formed ring 82-H. The depth of the cadmium maximum varied with the depth of the main thermocline; the maximum occurred at a potential temperature of 7.8 ± 0.5°C and sigma-theta 27.4 ± 0.05 in the Slope Water, Gulf Stream, and Sargasso Sea …

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Stoichiometry Of C, N, P, And Si Fluxes In A Temperate-Climate Embayment, S. V. Smith, W. J. Wiebe, J. T. Hollibaugh, S. J. Dollar, S. W. Hager, B. E. Cole, G. W. Tribble, P. A. Wheeler Jan 1987

Stoichiometry Of C, N, P, And Si Fluxes In A Temperate-Climate Embayment, S. V. Smith, W. J. Wiebe, J. T. Hollibaugh, S. J. Dollar, S. W. Hager, B. E. Cole, G. W. Tribble, P. A. Wheeler

Journal of Marine Research

Dissolved C, N, P, and Si budgets for Tomales Bay, California, have been used to solve simultaneous stoichiometric equations which describe a plausible material balance for net organic matter reactions in the bay. Dissolved Si and P were both exported hydrographically. Dissolved C and fixed N were imported hydrographically. If we assume that C, N, P, and Si were supplied to the bay as organic detritus and remineralized at a rate required to balance dissolved Si and P exports, we can calculate reasonable rates of denitrification and CO2 gas evasion across the air-water interface. The system is thus interpreted …

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The Relationship Of Upwelling To Mussel Production In The Rias On The Western Coast Of Spain, J. O. Blanton, K. R. Tenore, F. Castillejo, L. P. Atkinson, F. B. Schwing, A. Lavin Jan 1987

The Relationship Of Upwelling To Mussel Production In The Rias On The Western Coast Of Spain, J. O. Blanton, K. R. Tenore, F. Castillejo, L. P. Atkinson, F. B. Schwing, A. Lavin

Journal of Marine Research

We have calculated an upwelling index for each month over a 17-year period (1969–1985) for a point off the western coast of Spain. We interpret April through September values of the index to indicate the flux of nitrate-rich water into the Spanish Rias. The index representing the 6-month upwelling series has been correlated with an index representing the conditions of mussels grown during that season on rafts in Ria de Arosa. Two seasons represent extreme upwelling conditions over the 17-year sampling period: 1977 when the upwelling index was the highest, and 1983 when it was the lowest. A comparison of …

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