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Water-Soluble Bis(1,10-Phenanthroline) Octanedioate Cu2+ And Mn2+ Complexes With Unprecedented Nano And Picomolar In Vitro Cytotoxicity: Promising Leads For Chemotherapeutic Drug Development, Andrew Kellett, Mark O'Connor, Malachy Mccann, Orla Howe, Alan Casey, Pauraic Mccarron, Kevin Kavanagh, Mary Mcnamara, Sean Kennedy, Donald May, Philip Skell, Denis O'Shea, Michael Devereux

Articles

Dinuclear Cu^II and Mn^II bis-phenanthroline octanedioate complexes exhibit rapid, unprecedented nano and picomolar in vitro cytotoxicity against colorectal cancer lines and are less toxic than cisplatin when examined in vivo. The complexes are potent generators of cellular reactive oxygen species, avid DNA binders and induce O₂ dependent cleavage of DNA. The Cu(II) complex was found to have self-cleaving nuclease activity.

Synthesis, Characterization And Manipulation Of Creighton Silver Nanoparticles For Future Cytotoxicity Studies, Sesha Lakshmi Paluri

Browse all Theses and Dissertations

Nowadays, 24% of the nanomaterial-based consumer products contain silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and exploit the well-known antimicrobial properties of silver. Although AgNPs have a wide range of biomedical research and industrial applications, very little is known about their toxicity. The main goal of this study is to synthesize, characterize and manipulate Creighton colloidal AgNPs for future cytotoxicity studies. These "naked" AgNPs were free from chemically aggressive capping/stabilizing agents, reaction byproducts or organic solvents. To achieve this goal, colloidal AgNPs were successfully: a) synthesized in large volumes (5L) using a slightly modified Creighton method by the reduction of silver nitrate with sodium …

The Development Of Silver Nanoparticles As Antiviral Agents, John Christopher Trefry

Browse all Theses and Dissertations

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have received tremendous attention for their antimicrobial properties; however, many gaps in knowledge exist. To address these issues, three research objectives were examined. The first objective hypothesized AgNPs can be size selected and concentrated via tangential flow ultrafiltration. The second objective hypothesized a high-throughput method could be developed to screen nanoparticle antiviral-activity and cytotoxicity simultaneously. The third objective hypothesized AgNPs inhibit viruses by preventing viral entry.

For objective one, a tangential flow ultrafiltration scheme was tested on AgNPs synthesized via the Creighton Colloid method. AgNPs were analyzed via transmission electron microscopy. In objective two, an HIV-1 vector …

Bio-Extract Concentrated Of Thai "Yor" Morinda Citrifolia Effects In Analgesic, Acute Toxicity And Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells, Pranee Nandhasri, Sopit Thamaree, Tadsanee Punjanon, Somboon Kietinun

Asian Medical Journal and Alternative Medicine

BCTX, Bio-extract concentrated Thai "Yor" or Noni in English, Morinda citrifolia L. (Rubiaceae),was found the total fatty acids and amino acids content of 149 ± 8.74 and 204 mg/100 g,respectively. It was reported to be a nontoxic bio-extract with the acute toxicity (LD50) of morethan 4,000 mg/kg body weight of Swiss albino mice and Wistar rat. The methyl alcohol extractof M. citrifolia raw material from BCTY product revealed the analgesic effect of 93.1 ± 1.7%inhibition which was quite equivalent to 96.7 ± 1.6% of morphine sulfate 1.5 mg/kg. Human peripheralblood mononuclear cells (HPBMCs) were used for cytotoxicity, CD₄/CD …

Antimicrobial And Anticancer Activity Of Essential Oils From Guatemalan Medicinal Plants, Andrew B. Miller

Theses and Dissertations

Guatemalan medicinal plants were collected and screened for the presence of essential oils using steam distillation. Oil was found in 63 species from 24 families and was tested in tube dilution assays for activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans. Several essential oils were highly active with 20 instances of oils inhibiting the microbes at an MIC of 0.31 µl/ml. Oils were also tested against cancerous and established cell lines using a 15% (v/v) agar-media which was developed to improve essential oil solubility. Assays were performed against three cancer lines: …

Exploring A Therapeutic Role For Igf1r Inhibitors In Triple-Negative Breast Cancer, Onyinye Offor

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

EXPLORING A THERAPEUTIC ROLE FOR IGF1R INHIBITORS IN TRIPLE-NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER Onyinye Offor, Catherine Sullivan, Sofya Rodov, Kimberly Lezon-Geyda, Lyndsay Harris. Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT There is substantial preclinical and clinical data suggesting that triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a breast cancer subtype that lacks HER-2, estrogen- and progesterone-receptor expression is associated with obesity, insulin resistance and metabolic derangements involving the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway. We hypothesized that IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) targeted therapy will be active in TNBC and will enhance the activity of chemotherapeutic agents used for …

Effect Of Overall Charge And Charge Distribution On Cellular Uptake, Distribution And Phototoxicity Of Cationic Porphyrins In Hep2 Cells, Timothy J. Jensen, M. Graça H. Vicente, Raymond Luguya, Jolanna Norton, Frank R. Fronczek, Kevin M. Smith

Faculty Publications

Five cationic porphyrins bearing one to four -N(CH3)3+ groups linked to the p-phenyl positions of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) were synthesized in order to study the effect of overall charge and its distribution on the cellular uptake, phototoxicity and intracellular localization using human carcinoma HEp2 cells. The di-cationic porphyrins DADP-o and DADP-a accumulated the most within cells and preferentially localize within vesicular compartments and in mitochondria. Of these two only DADP-a was phototoxic to the cells (IC50=3μM at 1J/cm2). The mono-cationic porphyrin MAP was found to be the most phototoxic of the series, and it localized mainly in lipid membranes, including the …

Host Signaling Response To Adhesion Of Bifidobacterium Infantis, Reed N. Gann

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Investigations of the molecular binding partners of the probiotic bacterium Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis (B. infantis) and the pathogen Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 (Salmonella ser. Typhimurium) found that these two very different bacteria bind gangliosides. However, these organisms lead to completely different host health outcomes when present in the gut. B. infantis is the founding microbial population in the intestinal tract of breast-fed infants. S. typhimurium is the most important food-borne pathogen that results in humans. This study used an in vitro gut epithelial cell model to examine the host cellular response to adhesion …

Understanding The Biological And Environmental Implications Of Nanomaterials, Sijie Lin

All Dissertations

The last two decades have witnessed the discovery, development, and large-scale manufacturing of novel nanomaterials. While nanomaterials bring in exciting and extraordinary properties in all areas of materials, electronics, mechanics, and medicine, they also could generate potential adverse effects in biological systems and in the environment. The currently limited application of nanomaterials in biological and ecological systems results from the insufficient and often controversial data on describing the complex behaviors of nanomaterials in living systems. The purpose of this dissertation intends to fill such a knowledge void with methodologies from the disciplines of biophysics, biology, and materials science and engineering. …

Cytotoxicity And Efficacy Studies Of S-Phosphorylated Thiols As Radioprotectors And Antioxidants, Emily Sorenson

Honors Capstones

In this study, the cell lines HeLa, 3T3-Swiss albino, CHO-Kl, and ARPE-19 were cultured and co-incubated with variable concentrations of S-phosphorylated thiols and Nacetylcysteine. Using MTT assays, the cultures were analyzed to determine the viability and proliferation of the cultured cell lines. Additionally, the dose measurement of the ¹³⁷Cs Gamma Source used in this experiment was calculated in order to prepare for future studies. Based on the data from this experiment, further testing can be conducted to determine the effect that the cell lines co-incubated with s-phosporylated thiols has compared to the control when exposed to ultraviolet and gamma radiation. …

Combined Treatment Of Human Tumour Cells With Adenovirus Dl1520 And Melphalan As A Strategy To Enhance Cancer Therapy, Alexander Sykelyk

Digitized Theses

Oncolytic adenoviruses exploit tumour-specific properties to selectively kill tumor cells. Anti-tumour effects of combined treatment with adenovirus dll 520 (selective for p53-deficient cells) and chemotherapy are well documented. It was hypothesized that combined treatment of dll 520 and melphalan would be more effective than established dh 520-chemotherapy combinations. Colourimetric- based cell viability assays and flow cytometric analysis of cell death were used to assess anti-tumour effects of combined treatments. Melphalan-mediated changes in coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) mRNA and protein levels were assessed using RT-PCR and immunoblot, respectively. Melphalan enhanced the anti-proliferative effects of dll 520 better than cisplatin and …

Cytotoxicity Of Polyurethane Dimethacrylate Derived From Palm Oil Polyol, N.H. Abu Kasim, F. Al-Sanabani, S. Muhamad, S.N. Gan

Research Publications (2006 to 2010)

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity effect of polyurethane dimethacrylate monomer derived from palm oil polyol (PUDMA) and 2 experimental composite resins based on these monomer PUDMA- based composites) compared to an experimental Bis-GMA/TEGDMA-based composite and EsthetX flowable composite (Dentsply, Caulk, USA). Methods: The experimental composite resins were prepared by mixing 0.25 and 0.75 by weight camphorquinone and ethyl (4-dimethyl amino) benzoate with 60 filler for each of the following monomer systems; I) PUDMA monomer (PUDMA-based composite resin), II) Bis-GMA/TEGDMA at ratio of 75:25 by weight, III) PUDMA/BisGMA-TEGDMA at ratio of 50:50 by weight. Eight …

The Apoptotic Effect Of 1’S-1’-Acetoxychavicol Acetate From Alpinia Conchigera On Human Cancer Cells, Khalijah Awang, Mohamad Nurul Azmi, Lionel In Lian Aun, Ahmad Nazif Aziz, Halijah Ibrahim, Noor Hasima Nagoor

Research Publications (2006 to 2010)

1'-(S)-1'-Acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA) isolated from the Malaysian ethnomedicinal plant Alpinia conchigera Griff. was investigated for its potential as an anticancer drug. In this communication, we describe the cytotoxic and apoptotic properties of ACA on five human tumour cell lines. Data from MTT cell viability assays indicated that ACA induced both time-and dose-dependent cytotoxicity on all tumour cell lines tested and had no adverse cytotoxic effects on normal cells. Total mortality of the entire tumour cell population was achieved within 30 hrs when treated with ACA at 40.0 mu M concentration. Flow cytometric analysis for annexin-V and PI dual staining demonstrated …

Studies On Cytotoxicity Induced By Des And Sa In Vicia Faba Var. Major, Mohd Gulfishan, Ainul Haq Khan, Tarik Ahmad Bhat

Turkish Journal of Botany

The effect of diethyl sulphate (DES) and sodium azide (SA) was studied on the meiotic behaviour of Vicia faba L. var. major in the M1 generation. Five concentrations of SA (0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, and 0.05%) were combined with DES (0.02%) to study the synergistic and antagonistic effects of these 2 mutagens. A dose-dependent increase in chromosomal aberrations was recorded in populations treated with both the mutagens individually and their combination doses. The main chromosomal aberrations were stickiness, precocious separations, univalents, multivalents, laggards, unequal separations of chromosomes, micronuclei, disturbed polarity, multinucleate condition, and cytomixis. The stickiness and stray bivalents at …

Synthesis And Evaluation Of Azetidinone Analogues Of Combretastatin A-4 As Tubulin Targeting Agents, Niamh O'Boyle, Miriam Carr, Lisa M. Greene, Orla Bergin, Seema M. Nathwani, Thomas Mccabe, David G. Lloyd, Daniela M. Zisterer, Mary J. Meegan

Articles

The synthesis and antiproliferative activity of a new series of rigid analogues of combretastatin A-4 are described which contain the 1,4-diaryl-2-azetidinone (β-lactam) ring system in place of the usual ethylene bridge present in the natural combretastatin stilbene products. These novel compounds are also substituted at position 3 of the β-lactam ring with an aryl ring. A number of analogues showed potent nanomolar activity in human MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines, displayed in vitro inhibition of tubulin polymerization and did not cause significant cytotoxicity in normal murine breast epithelial cells. 4-(4-Methoxyaryl)-substituted compound 32, 4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyaryl)-substituted compounds 35 and 41 and …

Cytotoxicity Effects Of Different Surfactant Molecules Conjugated To Carbon Nanotubes On Human Astrocytoma Cells, Lifeng Dong, Colette M. Witkowski, Michael M. Craig, Molly M. Greenwade, Katherine L. Joseph

College of Natural and Applied Sciences

Phase contrast and epifluorescence microscopy were utilized to monitor morphological changes in human astrocytoma cells during a time-course exposure to single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) conjugates with different surfactants and to investigate sub-cellular distribution of the nanotube conjugates, respectively. Experimental results demonstrate that cytotoxicity of the nanotube/surfactant conjugates is related to the toxicity of surfactant molecules attached on the nanotube surfaces. Both sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) are toxic to cells. Exposure to CNT/SDS conjugates (0.5 mg/mL) for less than 5 min caused changes in cell morphology resulting in a distinctly spherical shape compared to untreated cells. …

The Effects Of Bisphenol A On In-Vitro Cell Viability Of Mammalian Cell Line By Neutral Red Assay, Aidan J. Mcglinchey

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Bisphenol-A (BPA), a known oestrogenic endocrine disruptor, has many effects in-vivo. However, most studies on its effects concentrate on this oestrogenic property and not on direct cytotoxicity. An in-vitro approach was taken here, showing that BPA has a dose-dependent effect on the viability of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells. Concentrations at which BPA directly generates cytotoxic effects were investigated by exposing CHO-K1 to BPA for 48 hours at 37oC and their viability assessed by their ability to take up and retain the neutral red staining agent. Cells were exposed to tenfold dilutions of BPA from 1x10-4M to 1x10-9M and viability …

Kinetics And Phenotype Of Vaccine-Induced Cd8+ T-Cell Responses To Toxoplasma Gondii, Kimberly A. Jordan, Emma H. Wilson, Elia D. Tait, Barbara A. Fox, David S. Roos, David J. Bzik

Dartmouth Scholarship

Multiple studies have established that the ability of CD8⁺ T cells to act as cytolytic effectors and produce gamma interferon is important in mediating resistance to the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. To better understand the generation of the antigen-specific CD8⁺ T-cell responses induced by T. gondii, mice were immunized with replication-deficient parasites that express the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA). Class I tetramers specific for SIINFEKL were used to track the OVA-specific endogenous CD8⁺ T cells. The peak CD8⁺ T-cell response was found at day 10 postimmunization, after which the frequency and numbers of antigen-specific cells …

The Proteolytic Stability And Cytotoxicity Studies Of L‐Aspartic Acid And L‐Diaminopropionic Acid Derived Β‐Peptides And A Mixed Α/Β‐Peptide, Sahar Ahmed, Kamaljit Kaur

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

The use of peptides as drugs in pharmaceutical applications is hindered by their susceptibility to proteolysis and therefore low bioavailability. β‐Peptides that contain an additional methylene group in the backbone, are gaining recognition from a pharmaceutical stand point as they are considerably more resilient to proteolysis and metabolism. Recently, we reported two new classes of β‐peptides, β³‐ and β²‐peptides derived from l‐aspartic acid and l‐diaminopropionic acid, respectively. Here, we report the proteolytic stability of these β‐peptidic compounds and a mixed α /β‐peptide against three enzymes (pronase, trypsin and elastase), as well as, human serum. The …

N-Acetylcysteine Amide Decreases Oxidative Stress But Not Cell Death Induced By Doxorubicin In H9c2 Cardiomyocytes, Rong Shi, Chuan-Chin Huang, Robert Aronstam, Nuran Ercal, Adam Martin, Yue-Wern Huang

Biological Sciences Faculty Research & Creative Works

Background: While doxorubicin (DOX) is widely used in cancer chemotherapy, long-term severe cardiotoxicity limits its use. This is the first report of the chemoprotective efficacy of a relatively new thiol antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA), on DOX-induced cell death in cardiomyocytes. We hypothesized that NACA would protect H9c2 cardiomyocytes from DOX-induced toxicity by reducing oxidative stress. Accordingly, we determined the ability of NACA to mitigate the cytotoxicity of DOX in H9c2 cells and correlated these effects with the production of indicators of oxidative stress.

Results: DOX at 5 μM induced cardiotoxicity while 1) increasing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), …

In Vitro Antioxidant And Cytotoxic Analysis Of Boerhaavia Diffusa Linn., Priya Darsini D. Teepica, J. M. Sasikumar, M. Kulandhaivel

Ethnobotanical Leaflets

The present study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of unexploited plant, Boerhaavia diffusa indigenous to India. Different concentrations of the ethanolic whole-plant extracts (1000, 500, 250, 125, 50, 25, 12.5 μg/ml) were subjected to 1,1-diphenyl -2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, reducing power activity and cytotoxic study against vero cell lines. The maximum DPPH radical scavenging potential was found to be 93% at 1000 μg/ml with IC50 (Inhibitory Concentration) value being 49.95±1.15 μg/ml. The maximum reducing power of the extract at 700nm was found to be 0.997±0.081 at 1000 μg/ml. The inhibition percentage with regard to …

Lentinula Edodes (Shiitake) Mushroom Extract Protects Against Hydrogen Peroxide Induced Cytotoxicty In Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells, Umah Rani Kuppusamy, Y.L. Chong, A.A. Mahmood, M. Indran, N. Abdullah, S. Vikineswary

Research Publications (2006 to 2010)

Lentinula edodes (Berk) Pegler, commonly known as Shiitake mushroom has been used as medical food in Asian countries, especially in China and Japan is believed to possess strong immunomodulatory property. In the present study, the methanolic extract of the fruit bodies of L. edodes was investigated for cytoprotective effect against H(2)O(2)-induced cytotoxicity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by measuring the activities of xanthine oxidase (XO) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). H(2)O(2) at a concentration of 5 mu M caused 50 inhibition of PBMCs viability. the extract improved the PBMC viability and exerted a dose-dependent protection against H(2)O(2)-induced cytotoxicity. At …

Cytotoxic Effects Of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (Cape) On The Human Multiple Myeloma Cell Line, Özgür Koru, Feri̇t Avcu, Mehmet Tanyüksel, Ali̇ Uğur Ural, Remzi̇ Engi̇n Araz, Kenan Şener

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Aim: Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) has cytotoxic, apoptotic, and antiproliferative effects on various tumor cells, and is the most active component of propolis. This study aimed to examine the in vitro effects of CAPE on the human multiple myeloma cell line. Materials and methods: CAPE was added to the ARH-77 multiple myeloma cell line and the percentage of dead cells was measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazoyl)-2,5-diphenyl-SH-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The percentage of live cells and growth inhibition were determined using the Trypan blue test. The percentage of IL-6 cells was determined using ELISA. Results: ARH-77 cells treated with CAPE for …

Polyethylenimine-Based Sirna Nanocomplexes Reprogram Tumor-Associated Dendritic Cells Via Tlr5 To Elicit Therapeutic Antitumor Immunity, Juan R. Cubillos-Ruiz, Xavier Engle, Uciane K. Scarlett, Diana Martinez

Dartmouth Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Experimental Design, Synthesis And Application Of Molecular Micelle Modified Polymeric Nanoparticles For Drug Delivery Systems And Free Radical Detection, Gabriela M. Ganea Visser

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Biodegradable and biocompatible polymeric nanoparticles such as poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles have been extensively studied as drug delivery systems for a variety of pharmaceutical agents. Nanoparticle surface properties are primarily determined by the emulsifiers used in the synthesis process, which have a significant impact on nanoparticle physico-chemical and biological properties. Anionic amino acid – based molecular micelles were used in the emulsification process to prepare monodisperse, small (below 100 nm) PLGA nanoparticles with a well defined spherical shape. Such molecular micelle – modified nanoparticles were used as drug carriers for delivery of antioxidants. Thymoquinone is a natural antioxidant, and an …

Cytogenetic Effects Of Fungicide Applications On Meiosis Of Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill.), İlkay Öztürk Çali

Turkish Journal of Biology

In the present study, the cytogenetic effects of the fungicide Agri Fos 400 (400 g/l mono- and di-potassium phosphonate) on meiosis of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (Family: Solanaceae) were studied. The fungicide was applied to tomatoes grown in greenhouse conditions at the dosage (400 ml/100 l water) recommended by the manufacturing company and double the recommended dosage (800 ml/100 l water). All dosages of the fungicide Agri Fos 400 caused various abnormalities in meiosis when compared with the control. This situation could lead to a decrease in the productivity of fruits.

Quantitative Measure Of Cytotoxicity Of Anticancer Drugs And Other Agents., Zhimin Tao, Eyone Jones, Jerry Goodisman, Abdul-Kader Souid

Chemistry - All Scholarship

Many anticancer drugs act on cancer cells to promote apoptosis, which includes impairment of cellular respiration (mitochondrial O(2) consumption). Other agents also inhibit cellular respiration, sometimes irreversibly. To investigate the sensitivity of cancer cells to cytotoxins, including anticancer drugs, we compare the profiles of cellular O(2) consumption in the absence and presence of these agents. Oxygen measurements are made at 37 degrees C, using glucose as a substrate, with [O(2)] obtained from the phosphorescence decay rate of a palladium phosphor. The rate of respiration k is defined as -d[O(2)]/dt in a sealed container. Different toxins produce different profiles of impaired …

Synthesis And In Vitro Properties Of Trimethylamine- And Phosphonate-Substituted Carboranylporphyrins For Application In Bnct, Michael W. Easson, Frank R. Fronczek, Timothy J. Jensen, M. Graça H. Vicente

Faculty Publications

A series of carboranylporphyrins containing either amine or phosphonic acid functionalities and two to six closo-carborane clusters have been synthesized via a [2 + 2] condensation of a dimethylamino- or diethylphosphonate-substituted dipyrromethane with a dicarboranylmethyl-benzaldehyde. The X-ray structures of four key reaction intermediates (1, 2, 3, and 4a) and of two target porphyrins, the diphosphonate ester- and the diamino-tetracarboranylporphyrins 5b and 6a, are presented and discussed. In vitro studies using human carcinoma HEp2 and human glioblastoma T98G cells show that these porphyrins are non-toxic in the dark up to 100 μM concentrations, and that a tetracarboranylporphyrin bearing two quaternary ammonium …

The Cytotoxic And Apoptotic Efects Of 1'S-1'-Acetoxychavicol Acetate From Alpinia Conchigera Griff On Various Human Tumour Cell Lines, Noor Hasima Nagoor, I.L.A. Lionel, A. Nazif, T. Eswary, I. Halijah, Khalijah Awang

Research Publications (2006 to 2010)

No abstract provided.

Role Of Scavenger Receptor Marco In Particle Uptake And Lung Inflammation, Sheetal A. Thakur

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

Alveolar macrophages (AM) form the first line of defense against chronic inflammation caused by occupational exposure to environmental particulates such as crystalline silica (CSiO2). The chronic inflammatory process triggered by CSiO2 is known to culminate into a fibrotic response called silicosis in the human lungs. Previous studies have indicated the role of membrane glycoproteins called scavenger receptors in binding of environmental particles. The scavenger receptors are classified into different classes (A-H) based on their structure and function. Class A scavenger receptors are critical in uptake of variety of ligands such as bacteria, acetylated lipoproteins and are typically found on macrophages, …