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Collected Papers On Caddoan Archaeology In The Upper Sabine River Basin, Northeastern Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

This Special Publication of the Friends of Northeast Texas Archaeology presents a series of papers written and published between 1983-1994 on various aspects of the archaeology of the Upper Sabine River basin in Northeast Texas (Figure 1). Their particular focus is on the lifeways and material culture of the Caddoan peoples who permanently settled in the basin between about A.D. 700-800 (if not earlier) and the mid- 1700s.

This part of Northeast Texas has a highly significant and diverse archaeological record, one that has intrigued professional and a vocational archaeologists alike for at least 75 years (e.g., Pearce 1920; Johnson …

Evidence Of Resource Procurement And Manufacturing Techniques In Caddoan Ceramic Assemblages From The Sabine, Cypress, And Sulphur River Drainage Basins, Rusk And Titus Counties, Texas, Kathryn Reese-Taylor

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Texas Utilities Services and Espey, Huston & Associates, Inc. have conducted ongoing archaeological investigations of cultural resources in Northeast Texas for the past 15 years. As a part of these studies, prehistoric Caddoan ceramic assemblages were recovered from 13 sites in three distinct drainage basins: three sites from the Sabine River drainage; three sites from the Cypress Creek drainage; and seven sites from the Sulphur River drainage. Recent research on the ceramic collections has emphasized variability in surface treatment, vessel form, and paste composition by means of a detailed attribute analysis and petrographic examination of a sample of the Caddoan …

Preliminary Report On A Stratified Late Archaic-Woodland Era Rockshelter In Rogers County, Oklahoma, Robert W. Jobson Jr., Frank Winchell, A. E. Picarella, Kiven C. Hill

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In northeastern Oklahoma, very little is known about the transition from the Late Archaic to the Woodland period (Wyckoff and Brooks, 1983: 55). To date, most of the archeological evidence documenting this time period has been derived from sites with mixed or otherwise uncertain components. In this report, we present a preliminary description of a small rockshelter, 34RO252, which has a Late Archaic deposit stratigraphically below a Woodland era cultural deposit. These two deposits are unmixed, discrete, and are physically separated by an apparently sterile clay soil horizon. It is anticipated that the stratified cultural deposits at this site will …

Archaeological Investigations At The Marshall Powdermill And Arsenal (41hs17), Confederate States Of America 1864-1865, Harrison County, Texas, Thomas E. Speir, David H. Jurney

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Northeast Texas Archeological Society (NETAS), in conjunction with the East Texas, Dallas, and Tarrant County Archeological Societies has completed a year-long project at the Marshall Powder Mill, 41HS17, Harrison County, Texas. The Marshall Powder Mill manufactured gunpowder, small arms and cannon, and refurbished weaponry. It is one of several arsenals that served the Trans-Mississippi Department of the Confederate States of America, and was among the last in operation from 1864 to 1865. None have been thoroughly investigated archaeologically, thereby ignoring a major aspect of the Confederacy's war effort and an important industrial enterprise.

An Early Ceramic Period Pit Feature At The Swan Lake Site (16bo11), Bossier Parish, Lousiana, Jeffery S. Girard

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

A pit feature containing Tchefuncte-like pottery, a Gary point, and fauna) remains recently was investigated at the Swan Lake Site (168011) located near Willow Chute Bayou in the Red River floodplain of eastern Bossier Parish. Three charcoal samples from the pit yielded radiocarbon ages of 2020 + /-60 B. P., 1830+/-70 B.P., and 1690+/-80 B.P. making this the earliest well-dated context in northwestern Louisiana containing ceramics.

The most conspicuous feature at the site is a mound, now approximately 2.5 m high and about 25 min diameter. Clarence Webb first recorded the site, but only made a short description:

"Solitary mound …

Historical Processes And The Political Organization Of The Hasinai Caddo Indians, Daniel A. Hickerson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Recent archaeological and ethnohistoric research has begun to reveal the extent of the depopulation that took place among Native American societies as a result of epidemic diseases that were introduced, in some cases, even before direct continuous interaction with Europeans. The research of Henry Dobyns on native demographic trends in Florida has been particularly influential on recent views of Native American demographic decline. While somewhat controversial, the findings of Dobyns and others have stimulated further research focusing on other areas of North America, including the Caddoan region.

Southwestern Pottery And Turquoise In Northeastern Texas, David H. Jurney, William Young

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Rare and often questionable occurrences of southwestern pottery and turquoise artifacts have been reported in northeastern Texas. These artifacts may mark major interaction networks. Both southwestern pottery and turquoise artifacts have been found at the Sanders site, which is located in the core distribution of these "erratics."

Recent Work At 34pa341 In The Brushy-Peaceable Watershed, Don R. Dickson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In October 1993, Historic Preservation Associates (HPA) conducted Phase II assessments at several sites in SCS Impoundments 26 and 29 in the Brushy-Peaceable watershed, Pittsburg County, Oklahoma. Timothy C. Klinger acted as principal investigator; field director was Don R. Dickson. Most sites had been seriously disturbed by rodent activity and recent erosion. 34PS341, however, was located on a high terrace of Gardner Creek, did not seem to be as disturbed, and appeared to possibly represent a single Caddoan occupation.

In April 1994, the HPA team excavated an additional 14 1x1 m units in the northeastern part of the site, an …

A Probable Spiroan Entrepot In The Red River Valley In Northeast Texas, Frank Schambach

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In 1931, twenty-one graves at an obscure site on the edge of the Eastern Woodlands yielded an astonishing concentration of Mississippian prestige goods:

4 conch shell cups 21 shell gorgets 5,500 shell beads ca. 200 Olivella beads 26 freshwater pearl beads 2 copper-stained siltstone earspools 2 polished sandstone elbow pipes l negative-painted bottle 2 Mississippi Valley-style "bean pots"

In 1933, larger concentrations of similar goods were found at Spiro. But Sanders was 150 mountainous miles from Spiro (Figure l) and the domestic assemblages at both sites were unknown, so Sanders was not considered a Spiroan site. In 1946, Krieger made …

Prehistoric Lithic Procurement Sites: A Vanishing Resource, Don R. Dickson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Unfortunately, many archeologists are unaware of the rapidity with which these lithic procurement sites are being destroyed. Since many of them are located in areas not usually associated with prehistoric sites, such as on elevated ridges or in mountain settings often far from water, they are not monitored regularly by archeologists and often eliminated or damaged without scientific notice of such damage. For example, when I visited the Peoria Quarry in 1992 to obtain samples of the raw material, I discovered that over 90 percent of the site had been destroyed by leveling the ground for several houses. Later, in …

Caddoan Archeological And Historical Workshop For The Caddo Tribe Of Oklahoma In Support Of Their Native American Graves Protection And Repatriation Act Grant, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

As part of the Native American Graves Protection Act (NAGPRA) grant recently received by the Caddo Indian Tribe of Oklahoma, the Caddo Tribe of Oklahoma requested that a professional archeologist (Timothy K. Perttula) conduct an ambitious three-day hands-on archeological and historical training session for tribal members, particularly members of the Caddo Repatriation Committee, in February 1995. The focus of the training session is to familiarize members of the Caddo Tribe in the identification of Caddo material culture (ceramics and lithics, as well as other types of artifacts found on habitation sites and in burial contexts), in learning the locations and …

Book Review: A Naturalist In Indian Territory: The Journals Of S. W. Woodhouse, Barbara Keener

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Samuel Washington Woodhouse, a Philadelphia physician and avid ornithologist, was appointed surgeon-naturalist of two expeditions to survey the Creek-Cherokee boundary in Indian Territory. The Creek boundary expedition that Woodhouse was asked to join was a Corps of Topographical Engineers survey party sent to survey and mark the northern and western boundaries of the Creek Indian lands in Indian Territory to comply with the requirements of the Creek Treaty of 1845. The usual purpose of these surveys was to map the land, describe its topography, and learn about its native inhabitants. Later objectives were to establish roads and to set boundaries …

The Original Distribution Of Bois D'Arc. Part I: Texas, David H. Jurney

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Early historical explorations of the American frontier discuss many tree species and their uses, yet rarely mention bois d'arc (Maclura pomifera). Several important early expeditions sent by President Thomas Jefferson into the southwestern frontier provide the first evidence for the natural and culturally influenced range of the species. Bois d 'arc was important in the trade of Native Americans, specifically used for bow wood.

As early as 1804, John Sibley and Merriwether Lewis reported to President Jefferson about bois d 'arc, drawing on information derived from transplanted saplings and reporting that the source was ca. 300 miles away (i.e., along …

Book Reviews, Ann M. Early, Heidi Vaughn

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Abandonment of Settlements and Regions: Ethnoarchaeological and Archaeological Approaches, edited by Catherine M. Cameron and Steve A. Tomka. Cambridge University Press. 1993.

The Ouachita Mountains: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Travelers, by Milton D. Rafferty and John C. Catau. Norman: The University of Oklahoma Press. 1991. 308 pages, notes, references, index.

Caddoan Archaeology In The Little Cypress Creek Valley: Recent Investigation At The Griffin Mound Site (41ur142), Upshur County, Texas, Bo Nelson, Timothy K. Perttula, Mike Turner

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

As part of the long-term study of the prehistoric archaeology of the Caddo peoples in Northeast Texas, we are currently focusing our investigations on the Little Cypress Creek valley in Upshur County. Although poorly known archaeologically, background research conducted to date, discussions with landowners, and selected survey-limited testing efforts over the last few years indicates that there are extensive Archaic and Caddoan archaeological remains preserved in the Little Cypress Creek valley. Caddoan period archaeologi cal sites (ca. A.O. 800-1600) are particularly common. The investigations of one of the more significant Caddoan sites found to date in the valley, the Griffin …

Archaeology, The Caddo Indian Tribe, And The Native American Graves Protection And Repatriation Act, Mary C. Carter

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Caddo leadership has a long history of working cooperatively with foreign governments. In the seventeenth century, they cooperated with Spanish officials and missionaries who wanted to establish themselves among the southern branch of Caddo tribes--the Hasinai in Northeast Texas. In the eighteenth century, they cooperated with the French who wanted to establish trading posts on the Red River among the Natchitoches and Kadohadacho. In the nineteenth century they cooperated with Americans to establish peaceful relationships with unfriendly tribe. For Caddos, the result of these cooperative efforts was disillusion, decimation, displacement, and finally dispossession. Now, with new hope in the twentieth …

A Summary Of The History Of The Caddo People, Frank F. Schambach

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

I am pleased and very honored that you have invited me here today to tell you something about the past of the Caddo people as it is known to archaeologists. This is a subject that has been both my occupation and my major preoccupation for more than 25 years. The story that I and other archaeologists have been piecing together over many years is long, complex, and endlessly fascinating. It is a heritage that anyone could be proud of. Let me give you some of the highlights.

The story began over 11,500 years ago--or about 9,500 B.C.--when the first people …

The Z.V. Davis-Mcpeek Site, An Early Caddoan Mound Site In The Little Cypress Creek Valley, Upshur County, Texas, Bo Nelson, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Z.V. Davis-McPeek site (41UR4/99) is an Early Caddoan period mound and habitation area located in northwest Upshur County. The mound is on a broad terrace along Little Cypress Creek, in the western portion of the Cypress Basin. Since the initial recording of the site some 60 years ago, there have been several different but limited investigations there, but none have been published. These limited investigations, coupled with the uncertainty of the site's exact location (see below), prompted the authors (with the able assistance of Mike Turner) to relocate the site, assemble known information about it, evaluate the current condition …

A Two-Phase Or Tiered Caddo Mound At The Camp Joy Site (41ur144), Lake 0' The Pines, Mike Turner

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

As the United States expanded in the late eighteenth century and through most of the nineteenth century, much interest and question was raised over the increasing numbers of earthen mounds and earthen constructions encountered by the settlers moving westward across the southeastern woodlands. Mounds? Mound builders? Enough questions were raised about their origins that in 1881, the Division of Mound Exploration of the Bureau of Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, was established to address and resolve these issues. The work of the Division of Mound Exploration can be considered the first "modern archeology" done in the United States. Their mound research covered …

Archaeological Investigations At The Tobert Potter And Harriet Ames Cabin (41mr51) On Potter's Point, Caddo Lake, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

This paper discusses recent archaeological investigations at the Robert Potter and Harriet Ames cabin site (41MR51) on Caddo Lake at Potter's Point. The cabin site represents a relatively intact mid-nineteenth century archaeological deposit from a Northeast Texas cultural resource of considerable historical significance.

The site was located by Mr. Claude McCrocklin and members of the Louisiana Archaeological Society in the summer of 1992. The artifacts collected from these limited investigations were then turned over to the author for study as the first step in assessing the site's archaeological character and preservation potential.

Caddoan Reburial, Thomas E. Speir

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

On February 7, 1993 in eastern Texas, the remains of a prehistoric Caddoan Indian were reburied in the original grave. A small ceremony was held to mark the occasion. Representatives of the Caddo Tribe from Oklahoma and Louisiana were in attendance, as were members of the Nonheast Texas Archeological Society (NETAS). This report deals with one case of recently excavated human remains.

The Sexual Division Of Labor At The Sanders Site (41lr2), Lamar County, Texas, Diane E. Wilson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

This study examined evidence of stress on human bone in order to reconstruct the sexual division of labor for the prehistoric Caddoan culture represented at the Sanders site (41LR2). Specifically, the repeated action stress seen in degenerative joint disease was quantified in order to infer culturally prescribed and habitual actions.

Overall, the division of labor at the Sanders site was somewhat unusual among agricultural societies. Males from the Sanders site had evidence of greater stress loads. In particular, agricultural activities appear to have regardless of sex. Although the Sanders site burial population was believed to be of high social status …

A Look At The Relationship Between The Spiro And Toltec Centers On The Arkansas River: A View From The Ancient Nile Valley, Frank Winchell

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

This paper will look into the relationship between the civic-ceremonial centers of Toltec and Spiro and the intervening area along the Arkansas Valley of Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma. Although it may first appear that there were two separate developments along the Arkansas Valley, this paper presents the possibility that the centers of Toltec and Spiro were intrinsically involved with one another, and that one may have risen to preeminence at the expense of the other. Indeed, the collapse of Toltec and the rise of Spiro may explain why the Arkansas Valley east of Spiro was not heavily occupied during the …

Spiroan Entrepots At And Beyond The Western Border Of The Tans-Mississippi South, Frank Schambach

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Although this paper is primarily a reinterpretation of the Sanders site in the Red River Valley in northeastern Texas, that reinterpretation will make no sense unless I first outline, very quickly, the new paradigm for the archeology of the Arkansas Valley in eastern Oklahoma and western Arkansas upon which it is based.

For the last five years, as I am sure most of you know, I have been challenging the standard interpretation of the archeology of the Arkansas Valley in eastern Oklahoma and western Arkansas--the Northern Caddoan Area paradigm. I have done this on the grounds that there is no …

The Caddo Indian Village, Jacques Bagur

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Kadohadacho, or Great Chiefs, of the Caddo Nation left their home in the Great Bend of the Red River in Arkansas in 1790 because of disease and Osage depredations and moved south, joining a related tribe, the Petit Caddo, on the floodplain of the Red River above present-day Shreveport. In 1800, when the Great Raft began to affect the area, the Caddos moved to higher ground on Sodo Lake (a complex of five lakes that later came to be called Caddo, Clear, Cross, Shifttail, and Soda). They lived there until the early 1840s, when they sold their land to …

An Intermediate Report On The James Bayou Survey, Marion County, Texas: A Search For Caddo Village, Claude Mccrocklin

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

This is a brief report on an archeological survey of James Bayou in East Texas that was organized to find the site of a large Historic Caddo Indian village that was reported to be in the area. Much is known about the village people. They were Kadohadacho Caddo from the Great Bend region of the Red River in Southwest Arkansas who had migrated to the area now known as James Bayou about 1800. The population of the village they established was reported to be near 500 people, and they stayed in the East Texas and Northwest Louisiana area into the …

Native American Integration In 19th Century Anglo-American Society: An Archaeological Perspective From Northeastern Texas, Frank Winchell, David H. Jurney

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

This paper will examine the phenomenon of Native American-Anglo-American integration on the frontier of Northeastern Texas during the 19th century. First, a brief overview of the historic setting will be presented on where and how this integration took place and who were the primary players. Second, we discuss the material cultural manifestations of this interaction, and what problems it presents for interpreting the archaeological record. Finally, we conclude that what have been previously described and defined as typical 19th century Anglo-American frontier homesteads of Northeastern Texas warrant a different interpretive perspective, and in fact, many of these "typical" first wave …

Coles Creek Culture And The Trans-Mississippi South, Frank F. Schambach

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Certain Lower Mississippi Valley (LMV) traits, mostly Coles Creek ceramic traits, but also traits such as temple mounds and certain mortuary patterns, appear at Late Fourche Maline and Early Caddo sites in the Trans-Mississippi South, particularly at sites in the Red River Valley in northwest Louisiana and southwest Arkansas. Explaining how these traits got there and understanding their role in the development of Caddo culture is one of the basic problems in the archaeology of this area. The conventional explanation has long been that they represent a full scale intrusion of Coles Creek culture into the Trans-Mississippi South. Thus Michael …

Preliminary Report On An Archeological Survey Of Stormy Point, Jim Hardey, Claude Mccrocklin

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

This is a report on an archaeological survey of the point of land that extends south into Caddo Lake opposite Mooringsport, Louisiana. The nineteenth century name for this area was Stormy Point, and the area into which Stormy Point extends was called Ferry Lake in 1839. The primary purpose of the survey was to find eighteenth century and early nineteenth century Caddo Indian sites, with the focal point of the survey being the thirty acre southwest tip of the point; other areas were looked at but not thoroughly investigated. Prehistoric Indian and early Anglo-American sites found while surveying for the …

Hudnall-Pirtle Site: An Early Caddoan Mound Complex In Northeast Texas, James E. Burseth

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Hudnall-Pirtle (41RK4) site is situated on a large T-1 alluvial terrace of the Sabine River in northern Rusk County of Texas. This part of Texas, comm.only referred to as Northeast Texas, is part of the Southern Gulf Coastal Plain, a relatively level, sloping plain formed by pre-Pleistocene embayments of the Gulf of Mexico. From a biogeographical perspective, the site is located in the Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest. This area represents the western extension of the Southern coniferous forests, and is dominated by shortleaf, longleaf, slash, and loblolly pine trees. In the floodplains of rivers and major creeks of Northeast Texas, the …