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Articles 961 - 990 of 2516
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Displacement Of Water Masses And Remineralization Rates Off The Iberian Peninsula By Nutrient Anomalies, Fiz F. Perez, C. Mouriño, F. Fraga, Aida F. Rios
Displacement Of Water Masses And Remineralization Rates Off The Iberian Peninsula By Nutrient Anomalies, Fiz F. Perez, C. Mouriño, F. Fraga, Aida F. Rios
Journal of Marine Research
Temperature, salinity, oxygen, nutrients and CO2 data obtained in the areas west and north of the Iberian Peninsula have been analyzed. We assume that the composite parameters such as Broecker's “NO” and “PO” and our own “CAO” and “SiO” are conservative for our water mass analysis. We demonstrate that the observations can be well represented by mixing between five end-members and estimate the relative proportions of these end-members in waters between 40N and 47N. Furthermore, based upon the differences between the observed and computed concentrations of oxygen and nutrients, the approximate rates of oxygen utilization and nutrient production in …
Phytoplankton Bloom And The Vertical Thermal Structure Of The Upper Ocean, Malgorzata Stramska, Tommy D. Dickey
Phytoplankton Bloom And The Vertical Thermal Structure Of The Upper Ocean, Malgorzata Stramska, Tommy D. Dickey
Journal of Marine Research
Local heating rate within the oceanic mixed layer (ML) depends not only on the amount of solar radiation incident on the sea surface, but also on the vertical distribution of the irradiance in the water column. We have evaluated the effect of a phytoplankton bloom on mixed layer depth and temperature at a high latitude site near Iceland. The level 2½ version of the Mellor-Yamada (1982) turbulence scheme has been modified to include the vertical distribution of irradiance. This has allowed the investigation of the ML temperature and stability structure resulting from both physical and biological effects. An important part …
Low-Density Particles As Potential Nitrogenous Foods For Benthos, Lawrence M. Mayer, Peter A. Jumars, Gary L. Taghon, Stephen A. Macko, Susan Trumbore
Low-Density Particles As Potential Nitrogenous Foods For Benthos, Lawrence M. Mayer, Peter A. Jumars, Gary L. Taghon, Stephen A. Macko, Susan Trumbore
Journal of Marine Research
The demonstrated bias of both macrobenthos and fluids to mobilize low-density particles leads to their potential importance as nutritional materials in benthic systems. We fractionated sediments from three coastal regions into low- and high-density separates, and examined both their organic geochemical characteristics and effects on ingestion rates of a deposit feeder. The low-density separates were highly enriched in total organic matter relative to the high-density phases. Enzymatically hydrolyzable protein concentrations in low-density separates were as much as 57-fold higher than the corresponding high-density separates, though some samples from Puget Sound and the Mediterranean Sea showed no enrichment at all. Low-density …
The Recent Return Of The Alaskan Stream To Near Strait, R. K. Reed, P. J. Stabeno
The Recent Return Of The Alaskan Stream To Near Strait, R. K. Reed, P. J. Stabeno
Journal of Marine Research
A hydrocast survey was conducted near the western Aleutian Islands and in the Bering Sea in September 1992. Presence of the Alaskan Stream was indicated by temperatures > 4°C to depths in excess of 200 m. Geopotential topography showed the Alaskan Stream flowing through Near Strait into the Bering Sea, with branches also flowing northward through Amchitka and Buldir passes. Satellite-tracked drifter paths were in general agreement with these features. Transport through Near Strait was ≈5 × 106 m3 s−1. Previous research indicated that the Stream had been absent from the Strait for more than a year. …
Steady Wind Forcing Of A Density Front Over A Circular Bank, Glen Gawarkiewicz
Steady Wind Forcing Of A Density Front Over A Circular Bank, Glen Gawarkiewicz
Journal of Marine Research
The response of a density front along the edge of a circular bank to steady wind forcing is examined using a primitive equation numerical model. Initially, the fluid is at rest with relatively light, vertically homogeneous water over the bank. The density field is allowed to adjust geostrophically and frictionally for ten days, after which a spatially uniform wind stress is applied for three days. The resulting surface velocity field over the bank is asymmetrical, with a relative maximum on the downwind side of the bank to the left of the wind direction and a relative minimum on the upwind …
The Nonlinear Response Of An Equatorial Ocean To Oscillatory Forcing, Luanne Thompson, Mitsuhiro Kawase
The Nonlinear Response Of An Equatorial Ocean To Oscillatory Forcing, Luanne Thompson, Mitsuhiro Kawase
Journal of Marine Research
The effect of upper ocean variability on deep equatorial flow is simulated by prescribing a forcing wave field near the eastern boundary in a one and a half layer shallow water model. Equatorially trapped long Rossby waves are generated by the forcing, have approximately linear dynamics, and propagate westward. Near the western boundary the dynamics are nonlinear, and there is a large mean flow. With forcing symmetric about the equator, the nonlinear response has two distinct phases. When the interior flow in the vicinity of the equator is westward near the western boundary, a poleward flowing western boundary current forms. …
Buoyancy And Wind Forcing Of A Coastal Current, Andreas Münchow, Richard W. Garvine
Buoyancy And Wind Forcing Of A Coastal Current, Andreas Münchow, Richard W. Garvine
Journal of Marine Research
Local winds and lateral buoyancy fluxes from estuaries constitute two major forcing mechanisms on the inner continental shelf of the Mid Atlantic Bight on the eastern seaboard of the U.S.A. We report observations of the resulting coastal current that suggest a linear superposition of the wind and buoyancy forced motions. This current, which we term the Delaware Coastal Current, has a mean flow of about 10 cm/s in the direction of Kelvin wave phase propagation. It opposes the generally upwelling favorable local winds there. The same winds, however, force important across-shelf flows that agree qualitatively with Ekman dynamics with Ekman …
Seabirds At Sea In Relation To Oceanography, Robert Hugh Day
Seabirds At Sea In Relation To Oceanography, Robert Hugh Day
Marine Biology
This study investigated the macroscale distribution of seabirds in relation to oceanography in a neritic environment characterized by well-defined water masses (the northern Bering Sea) and an oceanic environment characterized by weaker differences between water masses (the northern North Pacific Ocean). In the northern Bering Sea, the total density (birds/km$\sp2)$ of all seabirds combined and densities and/or frequencies of occurrence of seven of nine species of seabirds that exhibited significant differences among water masses showed the strongest attraction to Anadyr Water. In general, attractions were second highest in Bering Shelf Water, third highest in Two-layered Water (Alaska Coastal Water overlying …
Henry Melson Stommel: 27 September, 1920 - 17 January, 1992, George Veronis
Henry Melson Stommel: 27 September, 1920 - 17 January, 1992, George Veronis
Journal of Marine Research
Henry Stommel's heart stopped beating shortly after midnight on Friday, January 17, 1992, four days after he had undergone surgery for liver cancer at Deaconness Hospital in Brookline, Mass. His death brought to an end the career of a man who, for 45 years, was the most significant scientific contributor to the development of oceanography and who brought a rare degree of harmony and collegiality to the field.
Integral Equation Approach To Tropical Ocean Dynamics: Part I-Theory And Computational Methods, Marcio L. Vianna, Paulo R. Holvorcem
Integral Equation Approach To Tropical Ocean Dynamics: Part I-Theory And Computational Methods, Marcio L. Vianna, Paulo R. Holvorcem
Journal of Marine Research
In linear, three-dimensional, continuously stratified equatorial β-plane ocean models with arbitrary eastern and western boundaries the shallow water equations for each vertical mode must be solved numerically in the horizontal variables. This paper introduces a new numerical method of solution for the time-Fourier transformed shallow water equations with slip boundary conditions at boundaries of arbitrary geometry. The method is based on a boundary integral equation (BIE) for the pressure perturbation response to the specified wind-stress forcing field. All other dependent variables are expressed as boundary functionals of the pressure perturbation. The kernels of all functionals are constructed from the Green's …
Multi-Year Current Time Series In The Eastern North Atlantic Ocean, Thomas J. Müller, Gerold Siedler
Multi-Year Current Time Series In The Eastern North Atlantic Ocean, Thomas J. Müller, Gerold Siedler
Journal of Marine Research
Time series of currents from an array of 22 subsurface moorings in the Canary and Iberian Basins of the North Atlantic are analyzed with respect to low-frequency variability. The record lengths are usually 1 to 2 years but almost 9 years (site KIEL276, 33N, 22W) in one case. Maximal energies are observed at periods between 50 and 500 days, and high-energy events are found from time to time. The 9-year long series indicates changes in currents with a 3-4 year period, primarily in the zonal component, and anisotropic energy distributions are found for both current components at periods around 200 …
A Thermocline Model For Ocean-Climate Studies, Sheng Zhang, Charles A. Lin, Richard J. Greatbatch
A Thermocline Model For Ocean-Climate Studies, Sheng Zhang, Charles A. Lin, Richard J. Greatbatch
Journal of Marine Research
A 3-dimensional planetary geostrophic (PG) ocean general circulation model in spherical coordinates is formulated to examine the thermocline structure and thermohaline circulation of an idealized ocean basin. The model equations consist of full prognostic temperature and salinity equations and diagnostic momentum equations. A simple linear friction is used to close the barotropic circulation at the western boundary. An extensive sensitivity study is conducted with different model parameters and processes. The results are also compared with those obtained using the Bryan-Cox primitive equation model. For the steady state case, the PG model can reproduce the primitive equation model results, and displays …
The Measurement Of Sediment Irrigation Rates: A Comparison Of The Br- Tracer And 222rn/226ra Disequilibrium Techniques, W. R. Martin, G. T. Banta
The Measurement Of Sediment Irrigation Rates: A Comparison Of The Br- Tracer And 222rn/226ra Disequilibrium Techniques, W. R. Martin, G. T. Banta
Journal of Marine Research
We have carried out a series of experiments designed to allow comparison of sediment irrigation rates determined simultaneously using two methods: the measurement of 222Rn/226Ra disequilibrium in pore waters, and the measurement of distributions of a tracer, Br−, which was added to the water overlying sediments at the start of incubation experiments. The experiments were carried out on fine-grained sediments from Buzzards Bay, MA. We made irrigation rate measurements on sediments in their natural state, as well as on sediments that had been treated to alter macrofaunal abundance and diversity. The range of irrigation rates …
Water Characteristics, Mixing And Circulation In The Bay Of Bengal During Southwest Monsoon, V. S. N. Murty, Y. V. B. Sarma, D. P. Rao, C. S. Murty
Water Characteristics, Mixing And Circulation In The Bay Of Bengal During Southwest Monsoon, V. S. N. Murty, Y. V. B. Sarma, D. P. Rao, C. S. Murty
Journal of Marine Research
Influence of the freshwater influx, the wind forcing and the Indian Ocean monsoon drift current on the property distributions and the circulation in the Bay of Bengal during southwest monsoon has been quantified. At the head of the Bay, waters of low salinity, affected by the freshwater influx, occupy the upper 90 m water column. The isohaline 34.0 × 10−3 separating these waters from those of underlying saline waters shoals southward gradually and outcrops around 14N, 10N and 6N in the western, central and southeastern regions of the Bay respectively. The wind-stress-curl-induced upwelling effect is confined to depth limits …
Benthic Community Metabolism And The Role Of Deposit-Feeding Callianassid Shrimp, Richard C. Murphy, James N. Kremer
Benthic Community Metabolism And The Role Of Deposit-Feeding Callianassid Shrimp, Richard C. Murphy, James N. Kremer
Journal of Marine Research
In temperate and tropical seas, bioturbation resulting from the burrowing and feeding activities of deposit-feeding callianassid shrimp can have an important impact on the ecosystem. In Gorda Sound, British Virgin Islands, 97 μmol NH4 ˙ m−2 ˙ d−1 and 0.2 μmol PO4 ˙ m−2 ˙ d−1 were released to the water column from burrows of callianassid shrimps (Callianassa rathbunae and Calliax Jonesi). Benthic gross primary production was 288 mg C ˙ m−2 ˙ d−1 and the ratio of gross production to total community 24-hr. respiration was 0.86. The flux of …
Surface-Intensified Rossby Waves Over Rough Topography, R. M. Samelson
Surface-Intensified Rossby Waves Over Rough Topography, R. M. Samelson
Journal of Marine Research
Observations and numerical experiments that suggest that sea-floor roughness can enhance the ratio of thermocline to abyssal eddy kinetic energy, motivate the study of linear free wave modes in a two layer quasi-geostrophic model for several eases of idealized variable bottom topography. The foeus is on topography with horizontal seale comparable to that of the waves, that is, on "rough" small-amplitude topography. Surface-intensified modes are found to exist at frequencies greater than the flat-bottom baroclinic cut-off frequency. These modes exist for topography that varies in both one and two horizontal dimensions. An approximate bound indicates that the maximum frequency of …
A Two-Layer Gulf Stream Over A Continental Slope, Rick Salmon
A Two-Layer Gulf Stream Over A Continental Slope, Rick Salmon
Journal of Marine Research
We consider the two-layer form of the planetary geostrophic equations, in which a simple Rayleigh friction replaces the inertia, on a western continental slope. In the frictionless limit, these equations can be written as characteristic equations in which the potential vorticities of the top and bottom layers play the role of Riemann invariants. The general solution is of two types. In the first type, the characteristics can cross, and friction is required to resolve the resulting shocks. In the second type, one of the two Riemann invariants is uniform, the remaining characteristic is a line of constant f/H, and …
Models Of Abyssal Flow In Basins Separated By Amid-Ocean Ridge, Scott A. Condie, Mitsuhiro Kawase
Models Of Abyssal Flow In Basins Separated By Amid-Ocean Ridge, Scott A. Condie, Mitsuhiro Kawase
Journal of Marine Research
Numerical and laboratory models have been used to study source-driven flows in a system consisting of two basins (with sloping sidewalls) separated by a mid-ocean ridge. Numerical spin-up occurs via topographically modified Kelvin waves which propagate away from the source region around the outer perimeter of the model ocean. Energy is then carried along the ridge by topographic waves and westward by planetary waves. The resulting flow eventually concentrates in strong cyclonic circulation patterns, defined by regions of closed geostrophic contours in the lower latitude portion of each basin. When the deep water source is located at the latitude of …
Circulation And Water Mass Balance In The Brazil Basin, Huai-Min Zhang, Nelson G. Hogg
Circulation And Water Mass Balance In The Brazil Basin, Huai-Min Zhang, Nelson G. Hogg
Journal of Marine Research
Analysis of data from the Levitus (1982) atlas shows that the application of the Montgomery streamfunction to the potential density surfaces induces an error which cannot be ignored in some regions in the ocean. The error arises from the variation of the specific volume anomaly along isopycnal surfaces. By including the major part of this effect, new streamfunctions, named the "pressure anomaly" and "mean pressure" streamfunctions, are suggested for use in potential density coordinates. By including the variations of specific volume anomaly and pressure along isopycnal surfaces, the inverse model proposed by Hogg (1987) is modified for increased accuracy and …
Modelling The Deep-Chlorophyll Maximum: A Coupled Physical-Biological Approach, Ramiro A. Varela, Antonio Cruzado, Joaquín Tintoré, Emilio García Ladona
Modelling The Deep-Chlorophyll Maximum: A Coupled Physical-Biological Approach, Ramiro A. Varela, Antonio Cruzado, Joaquín Tintoré, Emilio García Ladona
Journal of Marine Research
The Deep Chlorophyll Maximum (DCM) is simulated in two oligotrophic regions (SW Sargasso Sea and NW Mediterranean) using a physical/biological model that couples an upper ocean turbulent model to a nutrient/phytoplankton model. The biological model considers two types of primary producers, heterotrophs and atmospheric in addition to internal nitrate inputs. Model results appear to adequately reproduce the DCM structure in those regions. The DCM depth and magnitude is mainly determined by the vertical eddy diffusion and light extinction. The grazing parameters mainly affect the intensity of the DCM. This suggest the DCM is primarily the result of a balance between …
Inertial Gyres In Decaying And Forced Geostrophic Turbulence, Patrick F. 0
Inertial Gyres In Decaying And Forced Geostrophic Turbulence, Patrick F. 0
Journal of Marine Research
Numerical simulations of the motion of a turbulent homogeneous fluid in a rectangular beta-plane ocean basin are conducted to examine the influence of lateral boundary conditions on the development of inertial circulations. Three different boundary conditions are considered. Firstly, with a condition of zero vorticity gradient normal to the boundary, inertial Fofonoff gyres, which coincide with the maximum entropy solution of statistical mechanics, develop from the release of an initial random eddy field. Secondly, under a condition of no-stress (free-slip) at the boundary, inertial gyres resembling the Fofonoff flow develop. However, in this case, the linear relationship between potential vorticity …
Deposit And Suspension Feeding In Oscillatory Flows And Sediment Fluxes, Douglas C. Miller, Michael J. Bock, Elizabeth J. Turner
Deposit And Suspension Feeding In Oscillatory Flows And Sediment Fluxes, Douglas C. Miller, Michael J. Bock, Elizabeth J. Turner
Journal of Marine Research
We present a survey of feeding behavior of benthic organisms in oscillatory flow and sediment fluxes. These results are based on seventeen species from five phyla and several feeding guilds from an intertidal sandflat and the continental shelf of the Mid-Atlantic coast, U.S.A. General responses to oscillatory flows are: (1) nearly immediate change in feeding behavior or position of feeding appendage when flow is initiated, (2) decrease in feeding area for surface deposit feeders, often (3) alteration of feeding mode, and when anatomically permitted (4) rotation of feeding appendages to track flow direction. At high sediment fluxes, responses are functional …
Active Habitat Selection By Capitella Sp. I Larvae. Ii. Multiple-Choice Experiments In Still Water And Flume Flow, Judith P. Grassie, Cheryl Ann Butman, Suan W. Mills
Active Habitat Selection By Capitella Sp. I Larvae. Ii. Multiple-Choice Experiments In Still Water And Flume Flow, Judith P. Grassie, Cheryl Ann Butman, Suan W. Mills
Journal of Marine Research
Experiments on larval settlement of the opportunistic polychaete, Capitella sp. I, using three natural sediment treatments from the Buzzards Bay area (organic-rich mud from Sippewissett Marsh, organic-rich mud from New Bedford Harbor and low-organic sand from off the Weepecket Islands), and a glass bead mixture similar in grain size distribution to the New Bedford Harbor mud, were carried out in still water and two flume flows (near-surface velocities of 5 cm s−1 and 15 cm s−1; boundary-shear velocities of 0.26 cm s−1 and 0.64 cm s−1). For all three flow conditions the larvae settled …
Active Habitat Selection By Capitella Sp. I Larvae. I. Two-Choice Experiments In Still Water And Flume Flow, Cheryl Ann Butman, Judith P. Grassie
Active Habitat Selection By Capitella Sp. I Larvae. I. Two-Choice Experiments In Still Water And Flume Flow, Cheryl Ann Butman, Judith P. Grassie
Journal of Marine Research
Sediment selection by settling larvae of the opportunistic polychaete Capitella sp. I was determined in laboratory still-water and flume experiments, where larvae were given a choice between two highly contrasting sediment treatments. In most cases, 2-h experiments were conducted with a natural, organic-rich mud and an abiotic, glass-bead mixture with a grain-size distribution similar to the mud, as the sediment treatments. Spatial settlement patterns were also determined in sediment arrays containing mud only. Two types of flume flows were tested, both with a near-surface velocity of ∼5 cm s−1, but one flow was cyclical, varying between about 2 …
Effects Of Polychaetes On Silicate Dynamics And Fluxes In Sediments: Importance Of Species, Animal Activity And Polychaete Effects On Benthic Diatoms, Roberta L. Marinelli
Effects Of Polychaetes On Silicate Dynamics And Fluxes In Sediments: Importance Of Species, Animal Activity And Polychaete Effects On Benthic Diatoms, Roberta L. Marinelli
Journal of Marine Research
Laboratory experiments tested the effects of two polychaetes, a surface deposit feeder Eupolymnia heterobranchia, and a head-down deposit feeder Abarenicola pacifica, on silicate dynamics in sediment porewaters and overlying waters. Experimental chambers of sediment containing an individual deposit feeder, and controls with no macrofauna, were studied over a one month period during the summers of 1989 and 1990. Measurements included temporal changes in vertical depth profiles of pore water silicate concentrations, concurrent determinations of silicate accumulation in the water column, and the activities of experimental. organisms. A diffusion-nonlocal exchange-reaction model was devised to determine, from the pore water profiles, both …
Nutrient And Biogenic Particulate Distributions, Primary Productivity And Nitrogen Uptake In The Weddell-Scotia Sea Marginal Ice Zone During Winter, Glenn F. Cota, Walker O. Smith Jr., David M. Nelson, Robin D. Muench, Louis I. Gordon
Nutrient And Biogenic Particulate Distributions, Primary Productivity And Nitrogen Uptake In The Weddell-Scotia Sea Marginal Ice Zone During Winter, Glenn F. Cota, Walker O. Smith Jr., David M. Nelson, Robin D. Muench, Louis I. Gordon
Journal of Marine Research
During austral winter of 1988, we determined the distributions of inorganic nutrients (nitrate, silicic acid, phosphate, nitrite and ammonium) and particulate materials (chlorophyll, biogenic silica, particulate organic carbon and particulate organic nitrogen), as well as primary productivity and rates of nutrient (NO3− and NH4+) uptake in the upper 150 m of the marginal ice zone of the Weddell-Scotia Sea. Nutrient concentrations were high and particulate matter levels were low throughout the study area, but occasionally nutrient minima and particulate maxima occurred near the ice edge associated with warm-core eddies. Chlorophyll concentrations and primary productivity averaged …
A Model For Death Assemblage Formation: Can Sediment Shelliness Be Explained?, Eric N. Powell
A Model For Death Assemblage Formation: Can Sediment Shelliness Be Explained?, Eric N. Powell
Journal of Marine Research
A numerical model for carbonate (shell) accumulation in marine sediments is proposed. Sediment shelliness is controlled by carbonate addition, taphonomic loss, carbonate reorganizing processes, and sedimentation rate. Using representative rates of carbonate production, taphonomic loss, and sedimentary carbonate content, the model shows that insufficient carbonate is produced today in many environments to explain sedimentary carbonate content and that most produced carbonate must be preseIVed despite a generally high capacity for taphonomic loss. An anthropogenically-produced decrease in carbonate production over the last ∼100 yr may explain the former. Representative rates of burial and sedimentation, and a temporal and spatial offset between …
The Dynamic Changes Of Stable Isotopic Ratios Of Carbon And Nitrogen In Suspended And Sedimented Particulate Organic Matter During A Phytoplankton Bloom, Takeshi Nakatsuka, Nobuhiko Handa, Eitaro Wada, Chi Shing Wong
The Dynamic Changes Of Stable Isotopic Ratios Of Carbon And Nitrogen In Suspended And Sedimented Particulate Organic Matter During A Phytoplankton Bloom, Takeshi Nakatsuka, Nobuhiko Handa, Eitaro Wada, Chi Shing Wong
Journal of Marine Research
The dynamic changes of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic ratios in suspended and sedimented particulate matter were observed together with many other chemical and biological properties during a phytoplankton bloom induced by nutrient addition in a controlled ecosystem enclosure (CEE, about 70 m3) in Saanich Inlet, British Columbia, Canada. Both of the stable isotopic ratios of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) in suspended particulate organic matter showed characteristic patterns of variations in surface water during the bloom. The δ13C of suspended particulate matter increased with the growth of phytoplankton population and decreased …
The Radiolarian Fauna At The Ice Edge In The Greenland Sea During Summer, 1988, N. R. Swanberg, L. K. Eide
The Radiolarian Fauna At The Ice Edge In The Greenland Sea During Summer, 1988, N. R. Swanberg, L. K. Eide
Journal of Marine Research
Radiolaria were sampled from the plankton at 18 stations during two cruises in the Greenland Sea during summer, 1988. A total of 43 species or categories of radiolaria was found, but over 90% of the radiolarian fauna was dominated by adults or juveniles of 4 species: the spumellarian, Actinomma leptodermum and the nassellaria, Amphimelissa setosa, Pseudodictyophimus gracilipes, and Peridium longispinum. The stations sampled ranged from ice-covered areas high in nutrients to open water areas which were depleted in nutrients. These stations encompassed a gradient in the composition of the radiolarian fauna from an assemblage dominated by juveniles and adults …
The Rise Of Bubbles In A Glass Tube And The Spectrum Of Bubbles Produced By A Splash, P. A. Bowyer
The Rise Of Bubbles In A Glass Tube And The Spectrum Of Bubbles Produced By A Splash, P. A. Bowyer
Journal of Marine Research
Bubbles produced by a volume of 500 cc of water falling through a distance of 1.07 m into a water-filled basin were allowed to rise into an adjacent water-filled tube whose top was sealed at a level of 1.7 m above the level of water in the basin. The rise of these bubbles was recorded on video at a height of 1.5 m above the level of the splash: larger bubbles were recorded first. A model has been devised to describe the rise of such bubbles. The rise speed of the bubbles at the level of the video camera decreased …